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Li HD, Li MX, Zhang WH, Zhang SW, Gong YB. Effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1422-1449. [PMID: 37771328 PMCID: PMC10523233 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i9.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently recognized as one of the most serious diabetic microangiopathies and a major cause of adult blindness. Commonly used clinical approaches include etiological control, microvascular improvement, and surgical intervention, but they are ineffective and have many side effects. Oral Chinese medicine (OCM) has been used for thousands of years to treat DR and is still widely used today, but it is unclear which OCM is more effective for DR. AIM To estimate relative effectiveness and safety profiles for different classes of OCMs for DR, and provide rankings of the available OCMs. METHODS The search time frame was from the creation of the database to January 2023. RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0 software were used to perform the systematic review and Network meta-analyses (NMA). RESULTS A total of 107 studies and 9710 patients were included, including 4767 cases in the test group and 4973 cases in the control group. Based on previous studies and clinical reports, and combined with the recommendations of Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of DR, 9 OCMs were finally included in this study, namely Compound Xueshuantong Capsules, Qiming Granules, Compound Danshen Dripping Pills, Hexue Mingmu Tablets (HXMM), Qiju Dihuang Pills (QJDH), Shuangdan Mingmu Capsules (SDMM), Danggui Buxue Decoction (DGBX), Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction and Buyang Huanwu Decoction. When these nine OCMs were analyzed in combination with conventional western medicine treatment (CT) compared with CT alone, the NMA results showed that HXMM + CT has better intervention effect on the overall efficacy of DR patients, HXMM + CT has better effect on improving patients' visual acuity, SDMM + CT has better effect on inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor, DGBX + CT has better effect on reducing fundus hemorrhage area, HXMM + CT has better effect on reducing fasting blood glucose, and QJDH + CT has better effect on reducing glycated hemoglobin. When there are not enough clinical indicators for reference, SDMM + CT or HXMM + CT treatments can be chosen because they are effective for more indicators and demonstrate multidimensional efficacy. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that combining OCMs with CT leads to better outcomes in all aspects of DR compared to using CT alone. Based on the findings, we highly recommend the use of SDMM or HXMM for the treatment of DR. These two OCMs have demonstrated outstanding efficacy across multiple indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Dian Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Li
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shu-Wen Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yan-Bing Gong
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
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2
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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3
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Jin D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Duan L, Zhou R, Duan Y, Sun Y, Lian F, Tong X. Panax Ginseng C.A.Mey. as Medicine: The Potential Use of Panax Ginseng C.A.Mey. as a Remedy for Kidney Protection from a Pharmacological Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734151. [PMID: 34512359 PMCID: PMC8426624 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. has been widely consumed as food/diet supplements from natural sources, and its therapeutic properties have also aroused widespread concern. Therapeutic properties of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. such as anti-inflammatory, ameliorating chronic inflammation, enhancing the immunity, resisting the oxidation again, and regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism have been widely reported. Recent years, lots of interesting studies have reported the potential use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in the management of DKD. DKD has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, which increases the risk of premature death and poses a serious financial burden. Although DKD is somehow controllable with different drugs such as Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) and lowering-glucose agents, modern dietary changes associated with DKD have facilitated research to assess the preventive and therapeutic merits of diet supplements from natural sources as medicine including Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Findings from many scientific evidences have suggested that Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. can relieve the pathological status in cellular and animal models of DKD. Moreover, a few studies showed that alleviation of clinical phenotype such as reducing albuminuria, serum creatinine and renal anemia in DKD patients after application or consumption of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the effectiveness of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. as medicine for targeting pathological phenotypes in DKD from a pharmacological perspective. This review will provide new insights into the potential understanding use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in the management of DKD in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyin Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Barro L, Hsiao JT, Chen CY, Chang YL, Hsieh MF. Cytoprotective Effect of Liposomal Puerarin on High Glucose-Induced Injury in Rat Mesangial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081177. [PMID: 34439425 PMCID: PMC8388880 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic patients, high glucose and high oxidative states activate gene expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and further translocate Smad proteins into the nucleus of renal cells. This signal pathway is characterized as the onset of diabetic nephropathy. Puerarin is an active ingredient extracted from Pueraria lobata as an anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative agent. However, the poor oral availability and aqueous solubility limit its pharmaceutical applications. The present paper reports the liposomal puerarin and its protective effect on high glucose-injured rat mesangial cells (RMCs). The purity of puerarin extracted from the root of plant Pueraria lobata was 83.4% as determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The liposomal puerarin was fabricated by membrane hydration followed by ultrasound dispersion and membrane extrusion (pore size of 200 nm). The fabricated liposomes were examined for the loading efficiency and contents of puerarin, the particle characterizations, the radical scavenge and the protective effect in rat mesangial cells, respectively. When the liposomes were subjected to 20 times of membrane extrusion, the particle size of liposomal puerarin can be reduced to less than 200 nm. When liposomal puerarin in RMCs in high glucose concentration (33 mM) was administered, the over-expression of TGF-β and the nuclear translocation of Smad 2/3 proteins was both inhibited. Therefore, this study successfully prepared the liposomal puerarin and showed the cytoprotective effect in RMCs under high glucose condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassina Barro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (L.B.); (J.-T.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Jui-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (L.B.); (J.-T.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Chu-Yin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (L.B.); (J.-T.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Yu-Lung Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (L.B.); (J.-T.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
- Department of Urology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (L.B.); (J.-T.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3265-4550
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5
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Midgley AC, Wei Y, Zhu D, Gao F, Yan H, Khalique A, Luo W, Jiang H, Liu X, Guo J, Zhang C, Feng G, Wang K, Bai X, Ning W, Yang C, Zhao Q, Kong D. Multifunctional Natural Polymer Nanoparticles as Antifibrotic Gene Carriers for CKD Therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2292-2311. [PMID: 32769144 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive fibrosis is the underlying pathophysiological process of CKD, and targeted prevention or reversal of the profibrotic cell phenotype is an important goal in developing therapeutics for CKD. Nanoparticles offer new ways to deliver antifibrotic therapies to damaged tissues and resident cells to limit manifestation of the profibrotic phenotype. METHODS We focused on delivering plasmid DNA expressing bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-NK1 (HGF/NK1) by encapsulation within chitosan nanoparticles coated with hyaluronan, to safely administer multifunctional nanoparticles containing the plasmid DNA to the kidneys for localized and sustained expression of antifibrotic factors. We characterized and evaluated nanoparticles in vitro for biocompatibility and antifibrotic function. To assess antifibrotic activity in vivo, we used noninvasive delivery to unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse models of CKD. RESULTS Synthesis of hyaluronan-coated chitosan nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA expressing either BMP7 or NGF/NKI resulted in consistently sized nanoparticles, which-following endocytosis driven by CD44+ cells-promoted cellular growth and inhibited fibrotic gene expression in vitro. Intravenous tail injection of these nanoparticles resulted in approximately 40%-45% of gene uptake in kidneys in vivo. The nanoparticles attenuated the development of fibrosis and rescued renal function in unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse models of CKD. Gene delivery of BMP7 reversed the progression of fibrosis and regenerated tubules, whereas delivery of HGF/NK1 halted CKD progression by eliminating collagen fiber deposition. CONCLUSIONS Nanoparticle delivery of HGF/NK1 conveyed potent antifibrotic and proregenerative effects. Overall, this research provided the proof of concept on which to base future investigations for enhanced targeting and transfection of therapeutic genes to kidney tissues, and an avenue toward treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Midgley
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China .,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongzhen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anila Khalique
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenya Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiasen Guo
- Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuangnian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Feng
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ning
- Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China .,Rongxiang Xu Center for Regenerative Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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6
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Ginsenoside Rb1 as an Anti-Diabetic Agent and Its Underlying Mechanism Analysis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030204. [PMID: 30823412 PMCID: PMC6468558 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng, two well-known medical plants with economic value, have a long history of use for managing various diseases in Asian countries. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests that notoginsenosides and ginsenosides, which are the major bioactive components of the plants, have a variety of beneficial effects on several types of disease, including metabolic, vascular, and central nervous system disease. Considerable attention has been focused on ginsenoside Rb1 derived from their common ownership as an anti-diabetic agent that can attenuate insulin resistance and various complications. Particularly, in vitro and in vivo models have suggested that ginsenoside Rb1 exerts various pharmacological effects on metabolic disorders, including attenuation of glycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, which depend on the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagy, and anti-apoptosis effects. Regulation of these pathophysiological mechanisms can improve blood glucose and insulin resistance and protect against macrovascular/microvascular related complications. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of ginsenoside Rb1 in the management of diabetes or diabetic complications. Moreover, a multi-target effect and mechanism analysis of its antidiabetic actions were performed to provide a theoretical basis for further pharmacological studies and new drug development for clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, ginsenoside Rb1 exerts significant anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-diabetic effects by regulating the effects of glycolipid metabolism and improving insulin and leptin sensitivities. All of these findings suggest ginsenoside Rb1 exerts protective effects on diabetes and diabetic complications by the regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, improving insulin resistance and alleviating the occurrence complications, which should be further explored. Hence, ginsenoside Rb1 may be developed as a potential anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-diabetic agent with multi-target effects.
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Ke YQ, Liu C, Hao JB, Lu L, Lu NN, Wu ZK, Zhu SS, Chen XL. Morin inhibits cell proliferation and fibronectin accumulation in rat glomerular mesangial cells cultured under high glucose condition. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:622-627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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8
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Peng L, Li J, Xu Y, Wang Y, Du H, Shao J, Liu Z. The Protective Effect of Beraprost Sodium on Diabetic Nephropathy by Inhibiting Inflammation and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:1690474. [PMID: 27212945 PMCID: PMC4860249 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1690474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a crucial role in regulating signaling pathways implicated in inflammatory processes leading to diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aimed to examine p38 MAPK activation in DN and determine whether beraprost sodium (BPS) ameliorates DN by inhibiting inflammation and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in diabetic rats. Methods. Forty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, type 2 diabetic group, and BPS treatment group. At the end of the 8-week experiment, we measured renal pathological changes and the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and inflammation. Result. After BPS treatment, renal function, 24-hour urine protein, lipid profiles, and blood glucose level were improved significantly; meanwhile, inflammation and the expression of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the diabetic kidney were attenuated. Conclusions. BPS significantly prevented type 2 diabetes induced kidney injury characterized by renal dysfunction and pathological changes. The protective mechanisms are complicated but may be mainly attributed to the inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and inflammation in the diabetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command (Jinling Hospital), 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command (Jinling Hospital), 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Yixing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command (Jinling Hospital), 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Yangtian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command (Jinling Hospital), 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command (Jinling Hospital), 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Jiaqing Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command (Jinling Hospital), 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
- *Jiaqing Shao:
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
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9
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Li KK, Gong XJ. A review on the medicinal potential of Panax ginseng saponins in diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article summarizes the anti-diabetic effects and mechanisms ofPanax ginsengsaponins and its active specific ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Li
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Gong
- School of Medical
- Dalian University
- Dalian 116622
- P. R. China
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10
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Yuan HD, Kim JT, Kim SH, Chung SH. Ginseng and diabetes: the evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:27-39. [PMID: 23717101 PMCID: PMC3659569 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng exhibits pleiotropic beneficial effects on cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and immune system. In the last decade, numerous preclinical findings suggest ginseng as a promising therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. The mechanism of ginseng and its active components is complex and is demonstrated to either modulate insulin production/secretion, glucose metabolism and uptake, or inflammatory pathway in both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manners. However, human studies are remained obscure because of contradictory results. While more studies are warranted to further understand these contradictions, ginseng holds promise as a therapeutic agent for diabetes prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the evidences for the therapeutic potential of ginseng and ginsenosides from in vitro studies, animal studies and human clinical trials with a focus on diverse molecular targets including an AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Dan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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11
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Quan HY, Kim DY, Chung SH. Korean red ginseng extract alleviates advanced glycation end product-mediated renal injury. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:187-93. [PMID: 23717171 PMCID: PMC3659634 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on diabetic renal damage was investigated using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The diabetic rats showed loss of body weight gain, and increases in kidney weight and urine volume, whereas the oral administration of KRG at a dose of 100 or 250 mg/kg of body weight per day for 28 d prevented these diabetes-induced physiological abnormalities. Among the kidney function parameters, elevated plasma levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine in diabetic control rats tended to be lowered in KRG-treated rats. In addition, administration of KRG at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight in the diabetic rats showed significant decreases in serum glucose and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), implying that KRG might prevent the pathogenesis of diabetic complications caused by impaired glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. KRG also significantly reduced advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and secretion from kidney of diabetic rats. Furthermore, KRG decreased the levels of N-(carboxymethyl) lysine and expression of AGE receptor. KRG also reduced the overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the kidney via deactivation of nuclear factor-kappa B. We also found that KRG prevented STZ-induced destruction of glomerular structure and significantly suppressed high glucose-induced fibronectin production. Taken together, KRG ameliorates abnormalities associated with diabetic nephropathy through suppression of inflammatory pathways activated by TNF-α and AGEs. These findings indicate that KRG has a beneficial effect on pathological conditions associated with diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Quan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Sen S, Chen S, Feng B, Wu Y, Lui E, Chakrabarti S. Preventive effects of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) on diabetic nephropathy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:494-505. [PMID: 22326549 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ginseng has been used as an herbal medicine and nutritional supplement in East Asia for thousands of years and gained popularity in the west because of its various pharmacological properties. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolium (North American ginseng) both are reported to possess antihyperglycemic properties. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the preventive effects of North American ginseng on diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the underlying mechanisms of such effects. METHODS Models of both type 1 (C57BL/6 mice with STZ-induced diabetes) and type 2 diabetes (db/db mice) and age- and sex-matched controls were examined. Alcoholic ginseng root (200mg/kgbodywt, daily oral gavage) extract was administered to the diabetic mice (type 1 and type 2) for two or four months in order to evaluate its effects on DN. RESULTS Dysmetabolic state in the diabetic mice was significantly improved by ginseng treatment. In the kidneys of diabetic animals, ginseng significantly prevented oxidative stress and reduced the NF-κB (p65) levels. Diabetes-induced up-regulations of ECM proteins and vasoactive factors in the kidneys were significantly diminished by ginseng administration. Furthermore, albuminuria and mesangial expansion in the diabetic mice were prevented by ginseng therapy. CONCLUSION North American ginseng has preventive effects on DN and it works through a combination of mechanisms such as antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrojit Sen
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang L, Pang S, Deng B, Qian L, Chen J, Zou J, Zheng J, Yang L, Zhang C, Chen X, Liu Z, Le Y. High glucose induces renal mesangial cell proliferation and fibronectin expression through JNK/NF-κB/NADPH oxidase/ROS pathway, which is inhibited by resveratrol. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:629-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ha TS, Choi JY, Park HY, Lee JS. Ginseng total saponin improves podocyte hyperpermeability induced by high glucose and advanced glycosylation endproducts. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1316-21. [PMID: 22022184 PMCID: PMC3192343 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.10.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular hyperpermeability as a result of impaired glomerular filtration structure caused by hyperglycemia, glycated proteins or irreversible advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE). To investigate the effect of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the pathologic changes of podocyte ZO (zonula occludens)-1 protein and podocyte permeability induced by diabetic conditions, we cultured mouse podocytes under: 1) normal glucose (5 mM, = control); 2) high glucose (HG, 30 mM); 3) AGE-added; or 4) HG plus AGE-added conditions and treated with GTS. HG and AGE increased the dextran filtration of monolayered podocytes at early stage (2-8 hr) in permeability assay. In confocal imaging, ZO-1 colocalized with actin filaments and β-catenin at cell contact areas, forming intercellular filtration gaps. However, these diabetic conditions suppressed ZO-1 immunostainings and disrupted the linearity of ZO-1. In Western blotting, diabetic conditions also decreased cellular ZO-1 protein levels at 6 hr and 24 hr. GTS improved such quantitative and qualitative changes. These findings imply that HG and AGE have an influence on the redistribution and amount of ZO-1 protein of podocytes thereby causing hyperpermeability at early stage, which can be reversed by GTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
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Bai XY, Ma Y, Ding R, Fu B, Shi S, Chen XM. miR-335 and miR-34a Promote renal senescence by suppressing mitochondrial antioxidative enzymes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1252-61. [PMID: 21719785 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for aging of the kidney is not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to processes such as development, differentiation, and apoptosis, but their contribution to the aging process is unknown. Here, we analyzed the miRNA expression profile of young (3-month) and old (24-month) rat kidneys and identified the biologic pathways and genes regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs. We observed upregulation of 18 miRNAs with aging, mainly regulating the genes associated with energy metabolism, cell proliferation, antioxidative defense, and extracellular matrix degradation; in contrast, we observed downregulation of 7 miRNAs with aging, principally targeting the genes associated with the immune inflammatory response and cell-cycle arrest. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and thioredoxin reductase 2 (Txnrd2), located in the mitochondria, are potential targets of miR-335 and miR-34a, respectively. Aging mesangial cells exhibited significant upregulation of miR-335 and miR-34a and marked downregulation of SOD2 and Txnrd2. miR-335 and miR-34a inhibited expression of SOD2 and Txnrd2 by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions of each gene, respectively. Overexpression of miR-335 and miR-34a induced premature senescence of young mesangial cells via suppression of SOD2 and Txnrd2 with a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, antisense miR-335 and miR-34a inhibited senescence of old mesangial cells via upregulation of SOD2 and Txnrd2 with a concomitant decrease in ROS. In conclusion, these results suggest that miRNAs may contribute to renal aging by inhibiting intracellular pathways such as those involving the mitochondrial antioxidative enzymes SOD2 and Txnrd2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Bai
- Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Yang G, Bu X, Liu G, Ding J, Li P, Jia W. Cell-type-specific regulation of raft-associated Akt signaling. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e145. [PMID: 21490677 PMCID: PMC3122059 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
20S-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) is a metabolite of ginseng saponins, which is reported to be pro-apoptotic in some cells but anti-apoptotic in neuronal cells by regulating Akt signaling. Owing to its cholesterol-like structure, we hypothesized that aPPD may regulate Akt signaling by interacting with lipid rafts. Here, we compared Akt signaling in glioblastoma U87MG and neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells treated with aPPD. aPPD did not change Akt activity in the total plasma membranes of each cell type, but drastically altered the activity of raft-associated Akt. Strikingly, Akt activity was decreased in the rafts of U87MG cells but increased in N2a cells by aPPD through regulating raft-associated dephosphorylation. The bidirectional regulation of raft-associated Akt signaling by aPPD enhanced the chemotoxicity of Paclitaxel or Vinblastine in U87MG cells but attenuated the excitotoxicity of N-methyl--aspartate in N2a cells. Our results demonstrated that the activity of raft-associated but not total membrane Akt determines its cellular functions. Lipid rafts differ in different types of cells, which allows for the possibility of cell-type-specific targeting for which aPPD might prove to be a useful agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, China
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