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Sachi S, Jahan MP, Islam P, Rafiq K, Islam MZ. Evaluation of hematoprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory potentials of chia seed ( Salvia hispanica L.) extract in rats. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 24:100349. [PMID: 38590834 PMCID: PMC10999476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chia seed extract on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hematological profile, and carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Water-ethanol-acetone extract of chia seeds at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight/day were applied to evaluate the comparative protective roles. Hematological profile and serum biochemical parameters were measured to evaluate the hematoprotective, and hepatoprotective effects of chia seed extract. Paw thickness and motility level were assessed at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 h after sub-planter injection of carrageenan to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential. Tissue histopathology was performed in both cases. Chia seed extract reduced the elevated level of serum AST and ALT significantly in a dose-dependent manner following intra-peritoneal injection of CCl4. Histopathological study of the liver tissue exhibited acute impairment of the hepatocytes and liver parenchyma following CCl4 exposure, which was markedly regenerated by the chia seed extract treatment. Protective effects of the extracts were also evidenced by the RBC count, Hb (%), PCV (%), ESR, and neutrophil count. Chia seed extract was found to inhibit the carrageenan-induced paw edema and increase motility level in a dose-oriented fashion. Histological examination of the paw tissue revealed severe inflammation characterized by massive infiltration of inflammatory cells in the carrageenan group, which was significantly reduced by chia seed extract treatment. The higher dose of chia seed extract showed significant increases in bodyweight gain and feed efficiency ratio but decrease in visceral fat deposition. These results suggest that chia seeds possess potentials for hematoprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbya Sachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Prianka Jahan
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Purba Islam
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Rafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Zahorul Islam
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
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Mondal M, Bala J, Mondal KR, Afrin S, Saha P, Saha M, Jamaddar S, Roy UK, Sarkar C. The protective effects of nerol to prevent the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride to the liver in Sprague-Dawley rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23065. [PMID: 38125544 PMCID: PMC10731234 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) is well-known to cause liver damage due to severe oxidative stress. Nerol, on the other hand, is a monoterpene that is antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic. This study set out to determine if nerol may be used as a prophylactic measure against the oxidative stress mediated hepatic injury caused by CCl4. Materials and methods For the aim of this experiment, 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats ranging in body weight (BW) from 140 to 180 g were split into five separate groups. With the exception of vehicle control group 1, all experimental rats were subjected to carbon tetrachloride exposure through intra-peritoneal injection at a 0.7 mL/kg body weight dose once a week for 4 weeks (28 days). The treatment groups 3 and 4 received oral administration of nerol at 50 and 100 mg/kg BW for 28 days. In the same time period, the standard control group received 100 mg/kg BW silymarin. Results Serum hepatic markers, lipid profiles, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, and total protein were all substantially improved in nerol-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner that had been exposed to CCl4 compared to the only CCl4-treated group. Carbon tetrachloride-exposed rats had lower glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels and higher thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels than normal rats. In contrast, administration of nerol shown a significant augmentation in the concentrations of these antioxidant compounds, while concurrently inducing a decline in the levels of TBARS in the hepatic tissue. In a similar vein, the histo-pathological examination yielded further evidence indicating that nerol offered protection to the hepatocyte against damage generated by CCl4. Conclusion According to the findings of our investigation, nerol has potential as a functional element to shield the liver from harm brought on by ROS that are caused by CCL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milon Mondal
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Jibanananda Bala
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Protyaee Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Moumita Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sarmin Jamaddar
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Uttam Kumar Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
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Macit M, Duman G, Cumbul A, Sumer E, Macit C. Formulation development of Silybum marianum seed extracts and silymarin nanoparticles, and evaluation of hepatoprotective effect. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Aydemir Celep N, Gedikli S. Protective Effect of Silymarin on Liver in Experimental in the Sepsis Model of Rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2023; 56:9-19. [PMID: 36890848 PMCID: PMC9986308 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.22-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study, it was investigated whether silymarin has a protective effect by performing histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical evaluations on the liver damage induced by cecal ligation perforation (CLP). CLP model was established and silymarin was treated at a dose of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg, by oral one hour before the CLP. As an effect of the histological evaluations of the liver tissues, venous congestion, inflammation, and necrosis in the hepatocytes were observed in the CLP group. A situation close to the control group was observed in the Silymarin (SM)100 and SM200 groups. As a result of the immunohistochemical evaluations, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokeratine (CK)18, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukine (IL)-6 immunoreactivities were intense in the CLP group. In the biochemical analysis, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly increased in the CLP group, while a significant decrease was observed in the treatment groups. TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations were in parallel with histopathological evaluations. In the biochemical analysis, Malondialdehyte (MDA) level increased significantly in the CLP group, but there was a significant decrease in the SM100 and SM200 groups. Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were relatively low in the CLP group. According to these data, it was concluded that using silymarin reduces the existing liver damage in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevra Aydemir Celep
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Semin Gedikli
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Didamoony MA, Atwa AM, Abd El-Haleim EA, Ahmed LA. Bromelain ameliorates D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury: role of SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK, GSK3β/Nrf2 and NF-κB p65/TNF-α/caspase-8, -9 signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1765-1775. [PMID: 36227279 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present research focused on estimating, for the first time, the potential protective effects of bromelain against D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats as well as identifying the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Silymarin (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) as a reference drug or bromelain (20 and 40 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were administered for 10 days, and on the 8th day of the experiment, a single dose of galactosamine (400 mg/kg/i.p.) induced acute liver injury. KEY FINDINGS Pretreatment with bromelain improved liver functions and histopathological alterations induced by galactosamine. Bromelain ameliorated oxidative stress by inducing SIRT1 protein expression and increasing LKB1 content. This resulted in phosphorylating the AMPK/GSK3β axis, which stimulated Nrf2 activation in hepatic cells and thus increased the activity of its downstream antioxidant enzymes [HO-1 and NQO1]. Besides, bromelain exerted significant anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing hepatic contents of TNF-α, NF-κB p65, as well as caspase-8 and caspase-9. The protective effects of bromelain40 were proved to be better than silymarin and bromelain20 in most of the assessed parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the significant hepatoprotective effects of bromelain against acute liver injury through modulation of SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK, GSK3β/Nrf2 signalling in addition to NF-κB p65/TNF-α/ caspase-8 and -9 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar A Didamoony
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt
| | - Enas A Abd El-Haleim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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Opyd PM, Jurgoński A. Intestinal, liver and lipid disorders in genetically obese rats are more efficiently reduced by dietary milk thistle seeds than their oil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20895. [PMID: 34686715 PMCID: PMC8536690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that milk thistle seed or seed oil dietary supplementation reduces intestinal, liver and lipid disorders specific to genetic obesity, and the seeds can be more efficient in doing so. Lean and obese male Zucker rats were allocated to 4 groups: the lean (LC) and obese control (OC) groups fed a standard diet and the other 2 obese groups fed a diet supplemented with milk thistle seed oil (O + MTO) or milk thistle seeds (O + MTS). After 5 weeks of feeding, the cecal SCFA pool was slightly and significantly lower in OC and O + MTO compared with LC and O + MTS. The liver fat content was greater in OC, O + MTO and O + MTS compared with LC; however, it was significantly lower in O + MTS than in OC and O + MTO. The plasma cholesterol was greater in OC compared with LC, O + MTO and O + MTS; however, it was significantly greater in O + MTO and O + MTS compared with LC. The plasma bilirubin was detected in OC and O + MTO, whereas it was not present in LC and O + MTS. Milk thistle seeds can improve fermentation events in the distal intestine and reduce other disorders specific to genetically obese rats, and the seed PUFAs are responsible for that to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Opyd
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5 Str., 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Jurgoński
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Faryadi S, Sheikhahmadi A, Farhadi A, Nourbakhsh H. Effects of silymarin and nano-silymarin on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of laying hens during storage. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1975503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Faryadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ardashir Sheikhahmadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ayoub Farhadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Himan Nourbakhsh
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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Rezaee-Tazangi F, Varaa N, Khorsandi L, Abbaspour M. Effects of Silymarin-Loaded Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid Nanoparticles on Osteoarthritis in Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-020-00870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Parvez MK, Al-Dosari MS, Arbab AH, Alam P, Alsaid MS, Khan AA. Hepatoprotective effect of Solanum surattense leaf extract against chemical- induced oxidative and apoptotic injury in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:154. [PMID: 31269948 PMCID: PMC6610804 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Of over 35 Saudi plants traditionally used to treat liver disorders, majority still lack scientific validations. We therefore, evaluated the anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and hepatoprotective potential of Solanum surattense leaves total ethanol-extract (SSEE). Methods The cytoprotective (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide/ MTT assay) and anti-apoptotic (caspase-3/7) potential of SSEE (25–200 μg/mL) were assessed in cultured HepG2 cells against dichlorofluorescein (DCFH)-induced toxicity. The hepatoprotective salutation of SSEE (100 and 200 mg/kg.bw/day) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-intoxicated rats was evaluated by serum biochemistry and histopathology. The anti-oxidative activity of SSEE (31.25–500 μg/mL) was tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and linoleic acid bleaching assays. Also, SSEE was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis, and standardized by validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPTLC). Results SSEE at doses 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL showed HepG2 cell proliferative and protective potential by about 61.0, 67.2 and 95%, respectively through inhibition of caspase-3/7 against DCFH-toxicity. In CCl4-injured rats, SSEE (200 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.001) normalized serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total protein, including tissue malondialdehyde and nonprotein sulfhydryls levels, supported by the liver histopathology. SSEE further showed strong in vitro anti-oxidative and anti-lipid peroxidative activities, evidenced by the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and saponins. Identification of β-sitosterol (3.46 μg/mg) strongly supported the anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective salutation of SSEE. Conclusion Our findings suggest the therapeutic potential of S. surattense against chemical-induced oxidative stress and liver damage. However, isolation of the active principles and elucidation of mechanism of action remain to be addressed.
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Formulation of Nanomicelles to Improve the Solubility and the Oral Absorption of Silymarin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091688. [PMID: 31052197 PMCID: PMC6540123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel nanomicellar formulations were developed to improve the poor aqueous solubility and the oral absorption of silymarin. Polymeric nanomicelles made of Soluplus and mixed nanomicelles combining Soluplus with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) were prepared using the thin film method. Physicochemical parameters were investigated, in particular the average diameter, the homogeneity (expressed as polydispersity index), the zeta potential, the morphology, the encapsulation efficiency, the drug loading, the critical micellar concentration and the cloud point. The sizes of ~60 nm, the narrow size distribution (polydispersity index ≤0.1) and the encapsulation efficiency >92% indicated the high affinity between silymarin and the core of the nanomicelles. Solubility studies demonstrated that the solubility of silymarin increased by ~6-fold when loaded into nanomicelles. Furthermore, the physical and chemical parameters of SLM-loaded formulations stored at room temperature and in refrigerated conditions (4 °C) were monitored over three months. In vitro stability and release studies in media miming the physiological conditions were also performed. In addition, both formulations did not alter the antioxidant properties of silymarin as evidenced by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. The potential of the nanomicelles to increase the intestinal absorption of silymarin was firstly investigated by the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Subsequently, transport studies employing Caco-2 cell line demonstrated that mixed nanomicelles statistically enhanced the permeability of silymarin compared to polymeric nanomicelles and unformulated extract. Finally, the uptake studies indicated that both nanomicellar formulations entered into Caco-2 cells via energy-dependent mechanisms.
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Parvez MK, Al-Dosari MS, Arbab AH, Niyazi S. The in vitro and in vivo anti-hepatotoxic, anti-hepatitis B virus and hepatic CYP450 modulating potential of Cyperus rotundus. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:558-564. [PMID: 31061625 PMCID: PMC6488921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the hepatotoprotective, hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitory and hepatic CYP450 enzyme (CYP3A4) modulatory potential of Cyperus rotundus rhizome fractions. The crude ethanol-extract, including different organic and aqueous fractions were tested for in vitro cytoprotection on HepG2 cells (MTT assay), followed by in vivo evaluation in Wistar rats (serum biochemistry and lipid profile). The in vitro anti-HBV activity was tested on HepG2.2.15 cells (HBsAg and HBeAg Elisa). Of these, the n-butanol and aqueous fractions showed the most promising, dose-dependent hepatoprotection in DCFH-injured HepG2 cells. Further, in CCl4-injured rats, oral administration of C. rotundus (100 and 200 mg/kg·bw/day) significantly normalized serum markers of healthy liver function (SGOT, SGPT, GGT, ALP and bilirubin) and lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, TG and MDA), including tissue NP-SH and TP levels. Compared to other fractions, the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions exhibited the best inhibitory effects on viral HBsAg and HBeAg secretions in dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, reporter gene assay (Dual-luciferase) of transfected HepG2 cells showed mild activation of nuclear PXR-mediated CYP3A4 gene by the three active fractions. Taken together, C. rotundus showed very promising hepatoprotective and anti-HBV potential in experimental settings. In addition, this is the first report on modulation of CYP3A4 by C. rotundus that suggests its safe consumption in relation to drug metabolism and efficacy. Our data could therefore, provide the basis for the ethnobotanical medicinal use of C. rotundus in metabolic liver disorder and hepatitis B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al-Dosari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Khartoum University, Khartoum 14415, Sudan
| | - Sakina Niyazi
- Department of Biosciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482001, India
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Gharbia S, Balta C, Herman H, Rosu M, Váradi J, Bácskay I, Vecsernyés M, Gyöngyösi S, Fenyvesi F, Voicu SN, Stan MS, Cristian RE, Dinischiotu A, Hermenean A. Enhancement of Silymarin Anti-fibrotic Effects by Complexation With Hydroxypropyl (HPBCD) and Randomly Methylated (RAMEB) β-Cyclodextrins in a Mouse Model of Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 30150935 PMCID: PMC6099081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (Sy) shows limited water solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Water-soluble hydroxypropyl (HPBCD) and randomly methylated (RAMEB) β-cyclodextrins were designed to enhance anti-fibrotic efficiency of silymarin in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Experimental fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection with 2 ml/kg CCl4 (20% v/v) twice a week, for 7 weeks. Mice were orally treated with 50 mg/kg of Sy-HPBCD, Sy-RAMEB and free silymarin. For assessment of the spontaneous reversion of fibrosis, CCl4 treated animals were investigated after 2 weeks of recovery time. The CCl4 administration increased hepatic oxidative stress, augmented the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad 2/3, and decreased Smad 7 expression. Furthermore, increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression indicated activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), while up-regulation of collagen I (Col I) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression led to an altered extracellular matrix enriched in collagen, confirmed as well by trichrome staining and electron microscopy analysis. Treatment with Sy-HPBCD and Sy-RAMEB significantly reduced liver injury, attenuating oxidative stress, restoring antioxidant balance in the hepatic tissue, and significantly decreasing collagen deposits in the liver. The levels of pro-fibrogenic markers' expression were also significantly down-regulated, whereas in the group for spontaneous regression of fibrosis, they remained significantly higher, even at 2 weeks after CCl4 administration was discontinued. The recovery was significantly lower for free silymarin group compared to silymarin/β cyclodextrins co-treatments. Sy-HPBCD was found to be the most potent anti-fibrotic complex. We demonstrated that Sy-HPBCD and Sy-RAMEB complexes decreased extracellular matrix accumulation by inhibiting HSC activation and diminished the oxidative damage. This might occur via the inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signal transduction and MMP/tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP) rebalance, by blocking the synthesis of Col I and decreasing collagen deposition. These results suggest that complexation of silymarin with HPBCD or RAMEB represent viable options for the its oral delivery, of the flavonoid as a potential therapeutic entity candidate, with applications in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Gharbia
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Cornel Balta
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Hildegard Herman
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Marcel Rosu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Vecsernyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Gyöngyösi
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sorina N Voicu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miruna S Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana E Cristian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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Eftekhari A, Dizaj SM, Chodari L, Sunar S, Hasanzadeh A, Ahmadian E, Hasanzadeh M. The promising future of nano-antioxidant therapy against environmental pollutants induced-toxicities. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1018-1027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Chen Y, Ye P, Ren C, Ren P, Ma Z, Zhang L, Zhou W, Jiang C. Pharmacoeconomics of three Therapeutic Schemes for Anti-tuberculosis Therapy Induced Liver Injury in China. Open Med (Wars) 2018; 13:53-63. [PMID: 29607414 PMCID: PMC5874510 DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the pharmacoeconomics of three therapeutic schemes in treating anti-tuberluosis therapy -induced liver injury (anti-TB DILI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zheng zhou, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Hebi Infectious Disease Hospital, Hebi, China
| | - Chongwu Ren
- Zhoukou Infectious Disease Hospital, Zhoukou, China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zheng zhou, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zheng zhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hebi Infectious Disease Hospital, Hebi, China
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Parvez MK, Arbab AH, Al-Dosari MS, Al-Rehaily AJ, Alam P, Ibrahim KE, Alsaid MS, Rafatullah S. Protective effect of Atriplex suberecta extract against oxidative and apoptotic hepatotoxicity. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3883-3891. [PMID: 29581744 PMCID: PMC5863606 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atriplex suberecta I. Verd is a known phytomedicinal species of Atriplex; however, studies into its bioactivity remain inconclusive. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidative and hepatoprotective potential of A. suberecta ethanol-extract (ASEE) was assessed in the present study. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching assays revealed that ASEE possesses free radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidative activities. These results were supported by the in vitro protection of HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells via abating 2,7-dichlorofluorescein-activated oxidative and apoptotic molecules (caspase-3/-7). In carbon tetrachloride-treated rats, the oral administration of ASEE significantly normalized serum biomarkers of liver function (serum glutamate oxaloacetate, serum pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase and bilirubin) and the lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides and malondialdehyde), including tissue non-protein sulfhydryl and total protein levels. These results were also supported by liver histopathology, which demonstrated that the therapeutic effect of ASEE was comparable to silymarin. Furthermore, phytochemical analysis of ASEE revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. Rutin, an antioxidant flavonoid, was identified using the validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method. In conclusion, this is the first report on the therapeutic potential of A. suberecta against chemical-induced oxidative stress and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al-Dosari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan J Al-Rehaily
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perwez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour S Alsaid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rafatullah
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kaur G, Mehta S. Developments of Polysorbate (Tween) based microemulsions: Preclinical drug delivery, toxicity and antimicrobial applications. Int J Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Protective effect of polysaccharide from maca ( Lepidium meyenii ) on Hep-G2 cells and alcoholic liver oxidative injury in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Kalam MA, Raish M, Ahmed A, Alkharfy KM, Mohsin K, Alshamsan A, Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Mohizea AM, Shakeel F. Oral bioavailability enhancement and hepatoprotective effects of thymoquinone by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:319-329. [PMID: 28482534 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a poorly water soluble bioactive compound which shows poor oral bioavailability upon oral administration. Due to poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability of TQ, various self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of TQ were developed and evaluated for enhancement of its hepatoprotective effects and oral bioavailability. Hepatoprotective and pharmacokinetic studies of TQ suspension and TQ-SNEDDS were carried out in rat models. Different SNEDDS formulations of TQ were developed and thermodynamically stable TQ-SNEDDS were characterized for physicochemical parameters and evaluated for drug release studies via dialysis membrane. Optimized SNEDDS formulation of TQ was selected for further evaluation of in vivo evaluation. In vivo hepatoprotective investigations showed significant hepatoprotective effects for optimized TQ-SNEDDS in comparison with TQ suspension. The oral administration of optimized SNEDDS showed significant improvement in in vivo absorption of TQ in comparison with TQ suspension. The relatively bioavailability of TQ was enhanced 3.87-fold by optimized SNEDDS in comparison with TQ suspension. The results of this research work indicated the potential of SNEDDS in enhancing relative bioavailability and therapeutic effects of natural bioactive compounds such as TQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaz Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Alkharfy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kazi Mohsin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad I Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Mohizea
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Hosseini SY, Kalantar K, Shahin K, Ghayour M, Rajabi Bazl M, Fattahi MR, Moini M, Amirghofran Z. Comparison of the In Vitro Antifibrogenic Effects of Silymarin, Silybin A and 18α-Glycyrrhizin on Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-40285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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20
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Yeh YL, Ting WJ, Kuo WW, Hsu HH, Lin YM, Shen CY, Chang CH, Padma VV, Tsai Y, Huang CY. San Huang Shel Shin Tang beta-cyclodextrin complex augmented the hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:150. [PMID: 27234802 PMCID: PMC4884430 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND San Huang Shel Shin Tang (SHSST) is a traditional herbal decoction used as a hepato-protective agent and is composed of Rheum officinale Baill, Scutellaria baicalnsis Geprgi and Coptis chinensis Franch (2:1:1 w/w). Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modification may potentially increase the solubility and spectral properties of SHSST. METHODS In this research, the hepato-protective effects of unmodified SHSST, β-CD modified SHSST complex (SHSSTc) and silymarin were evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. RESULTS SHHSTc (40 mg/kg/day) and silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) both decreased the CCl4-induced cirrhosis pathway-related transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and apoptosis pathway-related caspase-8 protein expressions, but SHSST (40 mg/kg/day) did not reduce TGF-β and caspase-8 significantly . Moreover, SHHSTc (40 mg/kg/day) enhanced the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) mediated survival pathway than the silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) to protect the liver from damage induced by CCl4. CONCLUSIONS β-CD modification promotes hepato-protective effects of SHSST and reduces the required-dosage of the SHSST.
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Arbab AH, Parvez MK, Al-Dosari MS, Al-Rehaily AJ, Ibrahim KE, Alam P, Alsaid MS, Rafatullah S. Therapeutic efficacy of ethanolic extract of Aerva javanica aerial parts in the amelioration of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30864. [PMID: 27059702 PMCID: PMC4826463 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver diseases, the fifth most common cause of global death, can be metabolic, toxin-induced, or infective. Though approximately 35 Saudi medicinal plants are traditionally used to treat liver disorders, the hepatoprotective potential of Aerva javanica has not been explored. Objective To investigate the antioxidative and hepatoprotective effect of Aerva javanica. Design Total ethanol extract of A. javanica aerial parts was prepared and tested on DCFH-toxicated HepG2 cells ex vivo, and in CCl4-injured Wistar rats in vivo. MTT assay was used to determine cell viability and the serum biochemical markers of liver injury as well as histopathology was performed. In vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and β-carotene free-radical scavenging assay and phytochemical screening of the extract were done. Furthermore, A. javanica total extract was standardized and validated by high-performance thin layer chromatographic method. Results MTT assay showed that, while DCFH-injured cells were recovered to ~56.7% by 100 µg/ml of the extract, a 200 µg/ml dose resulted in hepatocytes recovery by ~90.2%. Oral administration of the extract (100 and 200 mg/kg.bw/day) significantly normalized the serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and malondialdehyde levels, including tissue nonprotein sulfhydryl and total protein in CCl4-injured rats. In addition, the histopathology of dissected liver also revealed that A. javanica cured the tissue lesion compared to silymarin treatment. In vitro assays revealed strong free-radical scavenging ability of the extract and presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and saponins where rutin, a well-known antioxidant flavonoid, was identified. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the potential of A. javanica in the attenuation of ex vivo and in vivo hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage. This further suggests its therapeutic value in various liver diseases. However, isolations of the active principles, their mechanisms of action, and other therapeutic contributions remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed S Al-Dosari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan J Al-Rehaily
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perwez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour S Alsaid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rafatullah
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Parveen R, Baboota S, Ali J, Ahuja A, Ahmad S. Stability studies of silymarin nanoemulsion containing Tween 80 as a surfactant. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:321-4. [PMID: 26681893 PMCID: PMC4678981 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.168037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silymarin, a flavonolignan from "milk thistle" (Silybum marianum) plant is used almost exclusively for hepatoprotection. Because of its low bioavailability, it was incorporated into a nanoemulsion formulation. The aim of the present study was to check the stability of silymarin nanoemulsion at different temperatures for 3 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oil-in-water based nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by titration method. Silymarin nanoemulsion was characterized by droplet size, viscosity, and refractive index. Droplet size, viscosity, and refractive index were determined every month. The shelf-life of silymarin nanoemulsion was determined by accelerated stability testing. RESULTS It was found that there was no significant change in the droplet size, viscosity, and refractive index at refrigerator and room temperature during the period of 3 months. The half-life of the optimized nanoemulsion formulation was found to be 4.74 years at room temperature. CONCLUSION These results indicated that stability of silymarin can be enhanced in nanoemulsion formulation using Tween 80 as a surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Ahuja
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Abdel-Moneim AM, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Kersh MA, Al-Omair MA. Free Radical-Scavenging, Anti-Inflammatory/Anti-Fibrotic and Hepatoprotective Actions of Taurine and Silymarin against CCl4 Induced Rat Liver Damage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144509. [PMID: 26659465 PMCID: PMC4676695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of taurine (TAU) alone or in combination with silymarin (SIL) on CCl4-induced liver damage. Twenty five male rats were randomized into 5 groups: normal control (vehicle treated), toxin control (CCl4 treated), CCl4+TAU, CCl4+SIL and CCl4+TAU+SIL. CCl4 provoked significant increases in the levels of hepatic TBARS, NO and NOS compared to control group, but the levels of endogenous antioxidants such as SOD, GPx, GR, GST and GSH were significantly decreased. Serum pro-inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines including TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-6, leptin and resistin were increased while the anti-inflammatory (adiponectin) cytokine was decreased in all treated rats. Our results also showed that CCl4 induced an increase in liver injury parameters like serum ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and bilirubin. In addition, a significant increase in liver tissue hydroxyproline (a major component of collagen) was detected in rats exposed to CCl4. Moreover, the concentrations of serum TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C and FFA were significantly increased by CCl4. Both TAU and SIL (i.e., antioxidants) post-treatments were effectively able to relieve most of the above mentioned imbalances. However, the combination therapy was more effective than single applications in reducing TBARS levels, NO production, hydroxyproline content in fibrotic liver and the activity of serum GGT. Combined treatment (but not TAU- or SIL-alone) was also able to effectively prevent CCl4-induced decrease in adiponectin serum levels. Of note, the combined post-treatment with TAU+SIL (but not monotherapy) normalized serum FFA in CCl4-treated rats. The biochemical results were confirmed by histological and ultrastructural changes as compared to CCl4-poisoned rats. Therefore, on the basis of our work, TAU may be used in combination with SIL as an additional adjunct therapy to cure liver diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Kahtani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. El-Kersh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Omair
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmad U, Faiyazuddin M, Hussain MT, Ahmad S, M Alshammari T, Shakeel F. Silymarin: an insight to its formulation and analytical prospects. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2015; 37:253. [DOI: 10.1007/s11738-015-2008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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25
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Shakeel F, Anwer MK. Dissolution thermodynamics and solubility of silymarin in PEG 400-water mixtures at different temperatures. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 41:1819-23. [PMID: 25698078 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1009914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An isothermal method was used to measure the solubility of silymarin in binary polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) + water co-solvent mixtures at temperatures T = 298.15-333.15 K and pressure p = 0.1 MPa. Apelblat and Yalkowsky models were used to correlate experimental solubility data. The mole fraction solubility of silymarin was found to increase with increasing the temperature and mass fraction of PEG 400 in co-solvent mixtures. The root mean square deviations were observed in the range of 0.48-5.32% and 1.50-9.65% for the Apelblat equation and Yalkowsky model, respectively. The highest and lowest mole fraction solubility of silymarin was observed in pure PEG 400 (0.243 at 298.15 K) and water (1.46 × 10(-5) at 298.15 K). Finally, thermodynamic parameters were determined by Van't Hoff and Krug analysis, which indicated an endothermic and spontaneous dissolution of silymarin in all co-solvent mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Shakeel
- a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .,b Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , and
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University , Al-Kharj , Saudi Arabia
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YANG CHENGHSUN, TING WEIJEN, SHEN CHIAYAO, HSU HISHSIEN, LIN YUEHMIN, CHANG SHENGHUANG, TSAI FUUJEN, PADMA VISWANADHAVIJAYA, HUANG CHIHYANG, TSAI YUHSIN. SHSST-cyclodextrin complex inhibits TGF-β/Smad3/CTGF to a greater extent than silymarin in a rat model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6053-9. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hepatoprotective and antiviral efficacy of Acacia mellifera leaves fractions against hepatitis B virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:929131. [PMID: 25950002 PMCID: PMC4407411 DOI: 10.1155/2015/929131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the hepatoprotective and anti-HBV efficacy of Acacia mellifera (AM) leaves extracts. The crude ethanolic-extract, including organic and aqueous fractions, were tested for cytotoxicity on HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells (IC50 = 684 μg/mL). Of these, the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions showed the most promising, dose-dependent hepatoprotection in DCFH-toxicated cells at 48 h. In CCl4-injured rats, oral administration of AM ethanol extract (250 and 500 mg/kg·bw) for three weeks significantly normalized the sera aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein levels and elevated tissue nonprotein sulphydryl and total protein. The histopathology of dissected livers also revealed that AM cured the tissue lesions. The phytochemical screening of the fractions showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and saponins. Further, anti-HBV potential of the fractions was evaluated on HepG2.2.15 cells. Of these, the n-butanol and aqueous fractions exhibited the best inhibitory effects on HBsAg and HBeAg expressions in dose- and time-dependent manner. Taken together, while the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions exhibited the most promising antioxidant/hepatoprotective and anti-HBV activity, respectively, the n-butanol partition showed both activities. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of AM extracts warrants further isolation of the active principle(s) and its phytochemical as well as biological studies.
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Wang H, Yan T, Xie Y, Zhao M, Che Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Cao L, Cheng X, Xie Y, Li F, Qi Q, Wang G, Hao H. Mechanism-based inhibitory and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-dependent modulating effects of silybin on principal hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:444-54. [PMID: 25587127 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybin, a major pharmacologically active compound in silymarin, has been widely used in combination with other prescriptions in the clinic to treat hepatitis and a host of other diseases. Previous studies suggested that silybin is a potential inhibitor of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs); however, the in vitro to in vivo translation and the mechanisms involved remain established. The aim of this study was to provide a mechanistic understanding of the regulatory effects of silybin on principal DMEs. Silybin (50 or 150 mg/kg/d) was administered to mice for a consecutive 14 days. The plasma and hepatic exposure of silybin were detected; the mRNA, protein levels, and enzyme activities of principal DMEs were determined. The results demonstrated that the enzyme activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C, CYP3A11, and UGT1A1 were significantly repressed, whereas little alteration of the mRNA and protein levels was observed. Silybin inhibits these DMEs in a mechanism-based and/or substrate-competitive manner. More importantly, silybin was found to be a weak agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, as evidenced from the molecular docking, reporter gene assay, and the targeting gene expression analysis. However, silybin could significantly compromise the activation of PPARα by fenofibrate, characterized with significantly repressed expression of PPARα targeting genes, including L-FABP, ACOX1, and UGT1A6. This study suggests that silybin, despite its low bioavailability, may inhibit enzyme activities of multiple DMEs in a mechanism-based mode, and more importantly, may confer significant drug-drug interaction with PPARα agonists via the repression of PPARα activation in a competitive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Varshosaz J, Minaiyan M, Khaleghi N. Eudragit nanoparticles loaded with silybin: a detailed study of preparation, freeze-drying condition and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:211-23. [PMID: 25561026 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.995728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was use of silybin nanoparticles in treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Eudragit RL PO nanoparticles loaded with silybin were produced using solvent-evaporation emulsification technique. Then, they were coated by Eudragit FS30D. Drug release was studied in different physiological environments. Colitis was induced by 4% of acetic acid in rats which received freeze-dried nanoparticles of silybin (75 mg/kg/day), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg/day), blank nanoparticles and normal saline orally for 5 days. Then macroscopic, histopathological evaluation and biochemical analysis, including myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in colon tissues were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Macroscopic and histopathological scores were improved by the optimised nanoparticles. The optimised nanoparticles had a particle size of 109 ± 6 nm, zeta potential of 15.4 ± 2 mV, loading efficiency of 98.3 ± 12% and release efficiency of 40.8 ± 5.5% at 24 h. TNF-α, IL-6 and MPO activity were reduced significantly by nanoparticles compared to control group (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran and
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Cybulski W, Radko L, Rzeski W. Cytotoxicity of monensin, narasin and salinomycin and their interaction with silybin in HepG2, LMH and L6 cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:337-44. [PMID: 25500126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effect of monensin, narasin and salinomycin followed by their co-action with silybin in the cell line cultures of human hepatoma (HepG2), chicken hepatoma (LMH) or rat myoblasts (L6) have been investigated. The effective concentration of the studied ionophoric polyethers has been assessed within two biochemical endpoints: mitochondrial activity (MTT assay) and membrane integrity (LDH assay) after 24h incubation of each compound and farther, the cytotoxicity influenced in course of their interaction with silybin was determined. The most affected endpoints were found for inhibition of mitochondrial activity of the hepatoma cell lines and their viability depended on concentration of the ionophoric polyether, as well as on the cell line tested. The rat myoblasts were more sensitive target for cellular membrane damage when compared to inhibition of mitochondrial activity. An interaction between the ionophoric polyethers and silybin resulted a considerable cytotoxicity decrease within all studied cell lines; the combination index (CI) showed differences of interaction mode and dependence on cell culture, concentration of silybin, as well as the assay used. The obtained results are of interest in respect to recent findings on applicability of salinomycin and monensin for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Cybulski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
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Al-Harbi NO, Imam F, Nadeem A, Al-Harbi MM, Iqbal M, Ahmad SF. Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rat is reversed by treatment with riboflavin. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:383-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hepatoprotective effects of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) lyophilized powder on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 44:1-12. [PMID: 25074038 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the hepatoprotective effects and the potential therapeutic mechanisms of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) lyophilized powder (MLP) on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) induced liver fibrosis in rats. After treatment with MLP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) levels were detected, to assess the destruction of hepatocytes and the extent of liver fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), hyaluronic acid (HA), Laminin (LN), procollagen type-III (PC-III), collagen type-IV (C-IV), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) contents in serum were all tested using ELISA kits. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) protein contents and distribution were evaluated using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. MLP significantly decreased the serum concentrations of ALT, AST, Hyp, HA, LN, PC-III, C-IV, MMP-2, TIMP-1, α-SMA and TGF-β1, while increasing the contents of Alb and MMP-9. No significant changes on TP serum concentrations were observed. These results suggest that MLP has anti-hepatic fibrosis effects and its mechanism may be associated with the attenuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, the acceleration of ECM degradation, inhibition of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and TGF-β1 expression.
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Shakeel F, Anwer MK, Shazly GA, Jamil S. Measurement and correlation of solubility of bioactive compound silymarin in five different green solvents at 298.15K to 333.15K. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Balata G, Shamrool H. Spherical agglomeration versus solid dispersion as different trials to optimize dissolution and bioactivity of silymarin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kabir N, Ali H, Ateeq M, Bertino MF, Shah MR, Franzel L. Silymarin coated gold nanoparticles ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatic injury and cirrhosis through down regulation of hepatic stellate cells and attenuation of Kupffer cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rao BG, Rao YV, Rao TM. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacity of Melochia corchorifolia extracts. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:537-43. [PMID: 23768825 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Hepatoprotective Role of Ethanolic Extract of Vitex negundo in Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Male Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:739850. [PMID: 23762157 PMCID: PMC3671533 DOI: 10.1155/2013/739850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract from the leaves of Vitex negundo (VN) was conducted against thioacetamide- (TAA-) induced hepatic injury in Sprague Dawley rats. The therapeutic effect of the extract was investigated on adult male rats. Rats were divided into seven groups: control, TAA, Silymarin (SY), and VN high dose and low dose groups. Rats were administered with VN extract at two different doses, 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight. After 12 weeks, the rats administered with VN showed a significantly lower liver to body weight ratio. Their abnormal levels of biochemical parameters and liver malondialdehyde were restored closer to the normal levels and were comparable to the levels in animals treated with the standard drug, SY. Gross necropsy and histopathological examination further confirmed the results. Progression of liver fibrosis induced by TAA in rats was intervened by VN extract administration, and these effects were similar to those administered with SY. This is the first report on hepatoprotective effect of VN against TAA-induced liver fibrosis.
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The protective effect of silybin against lasalocid cytotoxic exposure on chicken and rat cell lines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:783519. [PMID: 23509777 PMCID: PMC3591103 DOI: 10.1155/2013/783519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lasalocid, an ionophore coccidiostat, extensive use implies a risk of toxicological impacts. Protective effects of silybin, a herbal compound of Silybum marianum, are reported elsewhere. The aim of this study was to compare effects of the combined use of lasalocid and silybin in chicken hepatoma cells (LMH) and rat myoblasts (L6) cell lines cultures. The cytoprotective effect resulting from an interaction of both pharmaceuticals was measured with the help of MTT reduction and, coomassie brilliant blue binding (CBB) and LDH release assays. Isobolography and the combination index (CI) estimated the nature and scale of interaction. In all performed tests, the lowest lasalocid EC50-values were obtained for chicken hepatocytes. In the rat myoblasts cultures, the lowest lasalocid EC50-values were found with LDH test. Simultaneously, a lack of silybin cytotoxic effect was proven for the studied cell lines. An interaction between both substances led to a considerable decrease of lasalocid cytotoxicity. The isobolograms and combination index showed a significant antagonistic nature of silybin effect in the course of lasalocid cytotoxicity. It is concluded that the mechanism of cytoprotection results from complex reaction at biochemical and biophysical endpoints during chicken hepatocytes and rat myoblasts cell lines exposure to silybin and lasalocid co-action.
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Tseng HL, Li CJ, Huang LH, Chen CY, Tsai CH, Lin CN, Hsu HY. Quercetin 3-O-methyl ether protects FL83B cells from copper induced oxidative stress through the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tzeng JI, Chen MF, Chung HH, Cheng JT. Silymarin decreases connective tissue growth factor to improve liver fibrosis in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1023-8. [PMID: 22933420 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is an herbal product showing potential as protection against hepatic disorders. In an attempt to develop the agent for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis, we screened the effects of silymarin on a rat model of hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Intraperitoneal administration of CCl₄ to rats for 8 weeks not only increased the plasma levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) but also induced a marked increase in the formation of hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also reduced in the liver of rats treated with CCl₄. Oral administration of silymarin (200 mg/kg, three times daily), in parallel, decreased the plasma levels of GOT and GPT. Furthermore, in addition to the improvement of hepatic fibrosis, the hepatic levels of hydroxyproline and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were both markedly decreased by silymarin. Silymarin also elevated the activities of SOD and GPx in liver isolated from CCl₄-treated rats. The results suggest that oral administration of silymarin protects against CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, likely due to the decrease in fibrotic parameters such as CTGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jann-Inn Tzeng
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Sciences, Jen-Te, Tainan City, Taiwan 71701
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Chen MF, Chung HH, Lu HL. Protection of the extracts of Lentinus edodes mycelia against carbon-tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:231586. [PMID: 22666093 PMCID: PMC3366241 DOI: 10.1100/2012/231586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinus edodes is the medicinal macrofungus showing potential for therapeutic applications in infectious disorders including hepatitis. In an attempt to develop the agent for handling hepatic injury, we used the extracts of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM) to screen the effect on hepatic injury in rats induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 not only increased plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) but also decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in rats. Similar to the positive control silymarin, oral administration (three times daily) of this product (LEM) for 8 weeks significantly reduced plasma GOT and GPT. Also, the activities of antioxidant enzymes of SOD and GPx were elevated by LEM. in liver from CCl4-treated rats, indicating that mycelium can increase antioxidant-like activity. Moreover, the hepatic mRNA and protein levels of SOD and GPx were both markedly raised by LEM. The obtained results suggest that oral administration of the extracts of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM) has the protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats, mainly due to an increase in antioxidant-like action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fen Chen
- Department of Nursing and Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Jen-Te, Tainan City 71703, Taiwan
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Hepatoprotective activity of Spillanthes acmella Extracts against CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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