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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Li K, Xue S. Hedgehog signaling and the glioma-associated oncogene in cancer radioresistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1257173. [PMID: 38020914 PMCID: PMC10679362 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1257173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor radioresistance remains a key clinical challenge. The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) are aberrantly activated in several cancers and are thought to contribute to cancer radioresistance by influencing DNA repair, reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, autophagy, cancer stem cells, the cell cycle, and the tumor microenvironment. GLI is reported to activate the main DNA repair pathways, to interact with cell cycle regulators like Cyclin D and Cyclin E, to inhibit apoptosis via the activation of B-cell lymphoma-2, Forkhead Box M1, and the MYC proto-oncogene, to upregulate cell stemness related genes (Nanog, POU class 5 homeobox 1, SRY-box transcription factor 2, and the BMI1 proto-oncogene), and to promote cancer stem cell transformation. The inactivation of Patched, the receptor of HH, prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. This causes some cancer cells to survive while others become cancer stem cells, resulting in cancer recurrence. Combination treatment using HH inhibitors (including GLI inhibitors) and conventional therapies may enhance treatment efficacy. However, the clinical use of HH signaling inhibitors is associated with toxic side effects and drug resistance. Nevertheless, selective HH agonists, which may relieve the adverse effects of inhibitors, have been developed in mouse models. Combination therapy with other pathway inhibitors or immunotherapy may effectively overcome resistance to HH inhibitors. A comprehensive cancer radiotherapy with HH or GLI inhibitor is more likely to enhance cancer treatment efficacy while further studies are still needed to overcome its adverse effects and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Nephrology Department, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- General Surgery Center, Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Xue
- General Surgery Center, Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Bou Antoun N, Chioni AM. Dysregulated Signalling Pathways Driving Anticancer Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12222. [PMID: 37569598 PMCID: PMC10418675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the leading causes of death worldwide, in both men and women, is cancer. Despite the significant development in therapeutic strategies, the inevitable emergence of drug resistance limits the success and impedes the curative outcome. Intrinsic and acquired resistance are common mechanisms responsible for cancer relapse. Several factors crucially regulate tumourigenesis and resistance, including physical barriers, tumour microenvironment (TME), heterogeneity, genetic and epigenetic alterations, the immune system, tumour burden, growth kinetics and undruggable targets. Moreover, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless-related integration site (Wnt/β-catenin), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are some of the key players that have a pivotal role in drug resistance mechanisms. To guide future cancer treatments and improve results, a deeper comprehension of drug resistance pathways is necessary. This review covers both intrinsic and acquired resistance and gives a comprehensive overview of recent research on mechanisms that enable cancer cells to bypass barriers put up by treatments, and, like "satellite navigation", find alternative routes by which to carry on their "journey" to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athina-Myrto Chioni
- School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Department, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
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3
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Cheng RYS, Burkett S, Ambs S, Moody T, Wink DA, Ridnour LA. Chronic Exposure to Nitric Oxide Induces P53 Mutations and Malignant-like Features in Human Breast Epithelial Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:311. [PMID: 36830680 PMCID: PMC9953427 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The small endogenous signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) has been linked with chronic inflammation and cancer. The effects of NO are both concentration and temporally dependent; under some conditions, NO protects against damage caused by reactive oxygen species and activates P53 signaling. During chronic inflammation, NO causes DNA damage and inhibits repair proteins. To extend our understanding of the roles of NO during carcinogenesis, we investigated the possible effects of chronic NO exposure on MCF10A breast epithelial cells, as defined by changes in cellular morphology, chromosome/genomic stability, RNA, and protein expression, and altered cell phenotypes. Human MCF10A cells were maintained in varying doses of the NO donor DETANO for three weeks. Distinct patterns of genomic modifications in TP53 and KRAS target genes were detected in NO-treated cells when compared to background mutations. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated an increase in the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) marker CD44 after prolonged exposure to 300 μM DETANO. While similar changes in cell morphology were found in cells exposed to 300-500 μM DETANO, cells cultured in 100 μM DETANO exhibited enhanced motility. In addition, 100 μM NO-treated cells proliferated in serum-free media and selected clonal populations and pooled cells formed colonies in soft agar that were clustered and disorganized. These findings show that chronic exposure to NO generates altered breast epithelial cell phenotypes with malignant characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y. S. Cheng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetics Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Terry Moody
- Center for Cancer Training Office of Training and Education, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A. Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Manukonda R, Narayana RV, Kaliki S, Mishra DK, Vemuganti GK. Emerging therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:937-947. [PMID: 36524402 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2158812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoblastoma (Rb) is an early childhood intraocular tumor of the retina and is managed by multimodal therapeutic approaches. Recent advanced targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the eye has improved the possibility of globe salvage. However, enucleation is inevitable for advanced and recurrent Rb. The cumulative knowledge of identification of newer molecular biology tools, exosomal cargo, role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and its microenvironment in the progression of the diseases warrants a relook at the traditional treatment protocol and explore the feasibility of targeted therapies. AREAS COVERED This review covers Rb pathobiology, novel molecular-targeted therapeutics, and strategies targeting Rb CSCs and provides an update on potential therapeutic targets such as second messengers and exosomal cargo. EXPERT OPINION The emergence of early diagnosis and multimodality treatment protocols have significantly improved the clinical outcome of children with advanced Rb; however, the problem of tumor recurrence has not yet been overcome. Improved understanding of the molecular pathways, identification, and characterization of CSCs opens up new targeted therapy approaches. The contemporary evidence from other fields shows promising evidence that combining conservative treatment modalities with targeting therapies specific for CSCs in clinical practice is essential for achieving high globe salvage rate in Rb patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Manukonda
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Revu Vl Narayana
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dilip K Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geeta K Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
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Huldani H, Jasim SA, Sergeenva KN, Bokov DO, Abdelbasset WK, Turakulov R, Al-Gazally ME, Ahmadzadeh B, Jawhar ZH, Siahmansouri H. Mechanisms of cancer stem cells drug resistance and the pivotal role of HMGA2. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 234:153906. [PMID: 35468338 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the focus of researchers is on perceiving the heterogeneity observed in a tumor. The researchers studied the role of a specific subset of cancer cells with high resistance to traditional treatments, recurrence, and unregulated metastasis. This small population of tumor cells that have stem-cell-like specifications was named Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). The unique features that distinguish this type of cancer cell are self-renewing, generating clones of the tumor, plasticity, recurrence, and resistance to therapies. There are various mechanisms that contribute to the drug resistance of CSCs, such as CSCs markers, Epithelial mesenchymal transition, hypoxia, other cells, inflammation, and signaling pathways. Recent investigations have revealed the primary role of HMGA2 in the development and invasion of cancer cells. Importantly, HMGA2 also plays a key role in resistance to treatment through their function in the drug resistance mechanisms of CSCs and challenge it. Therefore, a deep understanding of this issue can provide a clearer perspective for researchers in the face of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huldani Huldani
- Department of Physiology, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Borneo, Indonesia
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Klunko Nataliya Sergeenva
- Department of post-graduate and doctoral programs, Russian New University, Building 5, Radio Street, Moscow City, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St., Bldg. 2, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rustam Turakulov
- Department of Internal diseases, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Behnam Ahmadzadeh
- Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Olechnowicz A, Oleksiewicz U, Machnik M. KRAB-ZFPs and cancer stem cells identity. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492743 PMCID: PMC10363567 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on carcinogenesis continue to provide new information about different disease-related processes. Among others, much research has focused on the involvement of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumor initiation and progression. Studying the similarities and differences between CSCs and physiological stem cells (SCs) allows for a better understanding of cancer biology. Recently, it was shown that stem cell identity is partially governed by the Krϋppel-associated box domain zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs), the biggest family of transcription regulators. Several KRAB-ZFP factors exert a known effect in tumor cells, acting as tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) or oncogenes, yet their role in CSCs is still poorly characterized. Here, we review recent studies regarding the influence of KRAB-ZFPs and their cofactor protein TRIM28 on CSCs phenotype, stemness features, migration and invasion potential, metastasis, and expression of parental markers.
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A Novel Approach for the Discovery of Biomarkers of Radiotherapy Response in Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080796. [PMID: 34442440 PMCID: PMC8399231 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is an important treatment modality for the local control of breast cancer (BC). Unfortunately, not all patients that receive RT will obtain a therapeutic benefit, as cancer cells that either possess intrinsic radioresistance or develop resistance during treatment can reduce its efficacy. For RT treatment regimens to become personalised, there is a need to identify biomarkers that can predict and/or monitor a tumour's response to radiation. Here we describe a novel method to identify such biomarkers. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used on conditioned media (CM) samples from a radiosensitive oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC cell line (MCF-7) to identify cancer-secreted biomarkers which reflected a response to radiation. A total of 33 radiation-induced secreted proteins that had higher (up to 12-fold) secretion levels at 24 h post-2 Gy radiation were identified. Secretomic results were combined with whole-transcriptome gene expression experiments, using both radiosensitive and radioresistant cells, to identify a signature related to intrinsic radiosensitivity. Gene expression analysis assessing the levels of the 33 proteins showed that 5 (YBX3, EIF4EBP2, DKK1, GNPNAT1 and TK1) had higher expression levels in the radiosensitive cells compared to their radioresistant derivatives; 3 of these proteins (DKK1, GNPNAT1 and TK1) underwent in-lab and initial clinical validation. Western blot analysis using CM samples from cell lines confirmed a significant increase in the release of each candidate biomarker from radiosensitive cells 24 h after treatment with a 2 Gy dose of radiation; no significant increase in secretion was observed in the radioresistant cells after radiation. Immunohistochemistry showed that higher intracellular protein levels of the biomarkers were associated with greater radiosensitivity. Intracellular levels were further assessed in pre-treatment biopsy tissues from patients diagnosed with ER+ BC that were subsequently treated with breast-conserving surgery and RT. High DKK1 and GNPNAT1 intracellular levels were associated with significantly increased recurrence-free survival times, indicating that these two candidate biomarkers have the potential to predict sensitivity to RT. We suggest that the methods highlighted in this study could be utilised for the identification of biomarkers that may have a potential clinical role in personalising and optimising RT dosing regimens, whilst limiting the administration of RT to patients who are unlikely to benefit.
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8
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Biskup E, Niazi O, Pless V. Cell membrane permeability and defective G2/M block as factors potentially contributing to increased cell chemosensitivity. SeAx cell line as an example. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101005. [PMID: 34027132 PMCID: PMC8129889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immortalized mammalian cell lines are a valuable research tool, though they represent a highly simplified model. Due to accumulated mutations they may not reflect characteristics of the disease or even the tissue they derive from. Objective We aim to pinpoint factors distinguishing SeAx cells from two other cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell lines, namely Hut78 and MyLa2000. Of note, these factors may influence cell sensitivity in an unspecific way and therefore should be taken under consideration. Methods We evaluated transcriptional levels of drug transporters across cell lines, cell membrane permeability, functionality of pathways related to DNA damage response and activation of G2/M block. Results Analysis of the transcriptional levels of genes coding drug efflux pumps indicated that they are not consistently down-regulated in SeAx. However, we noted that SeAx cell membrane is markedly more permeable than Hut78 and MyLa2000, which may contribute to increased chemosensitivity in an unspecific way. Moreover, though DNA damage response seemed to be at least partly functional in SeAx cells, they fail to activate G2/M block in response to psoralen + UVA treatment. Any DNA damage should be repaired before cells enter mitosis, in order to uphold genome integrity. Thus, a defective cell cycle block may contribute to cell sensitivity. Conclusions We believe that factors such as increased membrane permeability or defective cell cycle block should be accounted for when comparing sensitivity of cell line panels to chemotherapeutics of interest. It is worth to exclude a simple, indiscriminative mechanisms of cell resistance or sensitivity before attempting comparisons. Cell lines that are indiscriminately sensitive to a broad range of chemicals may contribute to overestimating the cytotoxic potential of tested compounds if used in cytotoxicity studies. Mammalian cell lines are a valuable, but highly simplified model. Cell chemosensitivity and resistance may have specific or unspecific character. SeAx cell line exhibits higher chemosensitivity than other tested CTCL cell lines. SeAx chemosensitivity may result from high membrane permeability and/or defective G2/M block. Unspecific mechanisms of cell sensitivity or resistance may lead to false conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Biskup
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Omid Niazi
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Pless
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Iranmanesh Y, Jiang B, Favour OC, Dou Z, Wu J, Li J, Sun C. Mitochondria's Role in the Maintenance of Cancer Stem Cells in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:582694. [PMID: 33692947 PMCID: PMC7937970 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.582694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), one of the deadliest primary brain malignancies, is characterized by a high recurrence rate due to its limited response to existing therapeutic strategies such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Several mechanisms and pathways have been identified to be responsible for GBM therapeutic resistance. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are known culprits of GBM resistance to therapy. GSCs are characterized by their unique self-renewal, differentiating capacity, and proliferative potential. They form a heterogeneous population of cancer stem cells within the tumor and are further divided into different subpopulations. Their distinct molecular, genetic, dynamic, and metabolic features distinguish them from neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiated GBM cells. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting GSCs could effectively reduce the tumor-initiating potential, hence, a thorough understanding of mechanisms involved in maintaining GSCs' stemness cannot be overemphasized. The mitochondrion, a regulator of cellular physiological processes such as autophagy, cellular respiration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle control, has been implicated in various malignancies (for instance, breast, lung, and prostate cancer). Besides, the role of mitochondria in GBM has been extensively studied. For example, when stressors, such as irradiation and hypoxia are present, GSCs utilize specific cytoprotective mechanisms like the activation of mitochondrial stress pathways to survive the harsh environment. Proliferating GBM cells exhibit increased cytoplasmic glycolysis in comparison to terminally differentiated GBM cells and quiescent GSCs that rely more on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Furthermore, the Warburg effect, which is characterized by increased tumor cell glycolysis and decreased mitochondrial metabolism in the presence of oxygen, has been observed in GBM. Herein, we highlight the importance of mitochondria in the maintenance of GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Okoye C Favour
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangqi Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfan Li
- Department of Pathology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongran Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
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Chen J, Ding ZY, Li S, Liu S, Xiao C, Li Z, Zhang BX, Chen XP, Yang X. Targeting transforming growth factor-β signaling for enhanced cancer chemotherapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:1345-1363. [PMID: 33391538 PMCID: PMC7738904 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, drugs targeting transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling have received tremendous attention for late-stage cancer treatment since TGFβ signaling has been recognized as a prime driver for tumor progression and metastasis. Nonetheless, in healthy and pre-malignant tissues, TGFβ functions as a potent tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TGFβ signaling plays a key role in normal development and homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and immune evasion, and by suppressing tumor-associated inflammation. Therefore, targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy is challenging. Recently, we and others showed that blocking TGFβ signaling increased chemotherapy efficacy, particularly for nanomedicines. In this review, we briefly introduce the TGFβ signaling pathway, and the multifaceted functions of TGFβ signaling in cancer, including regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the behavior of cancer cells. We also summarize TGFβ targeting agents. Then, we highlight TGFβ inhibition strategies to restore the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulate the tumor vasculature, reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and impair the stemness of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) to enhance cancer chemotherapy efficacy. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities in targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ze-yang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sha Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510530, China
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11
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Elgendy SM, Alyammahi SK, Alhamad DW, Abdin SM, Omar HA. Ferroptosis: An emerging approach for targeting cancer stem cells and drug resistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 155:103095. [PMID: 32927333 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents remains a major challenge in the fierce battle against cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of cells in tumors that possesses the ability to self-renew, initiate tumors, and cause resistance to conventional anticancer agents. Targeting this population of cells was proven as a promising approach to eliminate cancer recurrence and improve the clinical outcome. CSCs are less susceptible to death by classical anticancer agents inducing apoptosis. CSCs can be eradicated by ferroptosis, which is a non-apoptotic-regulated mechanism of cell death. The induction of ferroptosis is an attractive strategy to eliminate tumors due to its ability to selectively target aggressive CSCs. The current review critically explored the crosstalk and regulatory pathways controlling ferroptosis, which can selectively induce CSCs death. In addition, successful chemotherapeutic agents that achieve better therapeutic outcomes through the induction of ferroptosis in CSCs were discussed to highlight their promising clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Elgendy
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shatha K Alyammahi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dima W Alhamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shifaa M Abdin
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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12
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Mechanisms of cancer stem cell therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:581-592. [PMID: 32791136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis and are involved in drug and radiation resistance, metastasis, tumor relapse and initiation. Remarkably, they have other abilities such as inheritance of self-renewal and de-differentiation. Hence, targeting CSCs is considered a potential anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Recent advances in the identification of biomarkers to recognize CSCs and the development of new techniques to evaluate tumorigenic and carcinogenic roles of CSCs are instrumental to this approach. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate CSCs colony progression and drug resistance are critical in establishing effective targeted therapies. CSCs play a central key role in immunomodulation, immune evasion and effector immunity, which alters immune system balancing. These include mTOR, SHH, NOTCH and Wnt/β-catering in cancer progression. In this review article, we discuss the importance of these CSCs pathways in cancer therapy.
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13
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Lathia J, Liu H, Matei D. The Clinical Impact of Cancer Stem Cells. Oncologist 2019; 25:123-131. [PMID: 32043793 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer can go though many stages in their disease, including diagnosis, recurrence, metastasis, and treatment failure. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cells within tumors that may explain the mechanism by which tumors recur and progress. CSCs can both self-renew and produce progenitor cells of more differentiated cancer cells as well as heterogeneously demonstrate resistance and the abilities to migrate and metastasize. These "stemness" characteristics are often the result of dysregulation of one or more pathways, which can be detected by various biomarkers. Although there has been considerable laboratory research conducted on CSCs, its relevance to the practicing oncologist may seem questionable. We sought to determine the clinical impact of CSCs on patients. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify analyses containing survival information based on the expression of known CSC biomarkers in any cancer. Overall, 234 survival analyses were identified, of which 82% reported that high expression of CSC biomarker(s) resulted in poor overall survival and/or disease-free survival compared with low or no expression of the biomarker. Elevated stemness biomarker levels were also associated with decreased tumor differentiation, altered TNM stage, and increased metastasis. This analysis would suggest that CSCs have a clinical impact on patients and that practicing oncologists need to start considering incorporating CSC-targeting therapies into their patients' treatment regimens. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may occur at any stage of cancer and are implicated in the occurrence of resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. A systematic literature analysis has shown that the presence of CSCs, identified via the upregulation of stemness pathway biomarkers, results in reduced survival across all cancers studied. Several CSC-targeting agents are currently approved, and several others are in clinical trials. Future treatment regimens will likely include CSC-targeting agents to enable the elimination of these holdouts to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lathia
- Cancer Impact Area, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Huiping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Liu X, Fu Y, Huang J, Wu M, Zhang Z, Xu R, Zhang P, Zhao S, Liu L, Jiang H. ADAR1 promotes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem-like cell phenotype of oral cancer by facilitating oncogenic microRNA maturation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:315. [PMID: 31315644 PMCID: PMC6637647 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are involved in adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing and implicated in tumorigenesis and prognosis. Emerging evidence has indicated that ADAR1, an ADAR family member, participates in the regulation of various cancers; however, its biological function in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of ADAR1 in OSCC progression. Methods ADAR1 expression in both normal tissues and carcinoma tissues and in OSCC cell lines was examined by real-time PCR and western blotting. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were used to examine the effect of ADAR1 on the migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness of OSCC. Furthermore, the relationship between ADAR1 and Dicer was determined by co-immunoprecipitation, and the expression of OSCC-associated oncogenic miRNAs was evaluated by real-time PCR. For in vivo experiments, a xenograft model where OSCC cells stably expressing ADAR1 were implanted was used to investigate the effect of ADAR1 on tumor growth and progression, and the expression of ADAR1, PCNA, SOX2 and POU5F1 was further detected by immunohistochemistry. The impact of ADAR1 expression on the survival status of OSCC patients was determined by survival analysis. Results ADAR1 was overexpressed in OSCC and significantly associated with poor patient survival. There was a positive correlation between ADAR1 and the migration, invasion, EMT and stemness of OSCC. Mechanistically, ADAR1 was physically associated with Dicer, and six OSCC-associated oncogenic miRNAs were increased in OSCC cells with ADAR1 overexpression. In the mouse xenograft model of OSCC, ADAR1 overexpression promoted tumor growth and progression. Moreover, ADAR1 was highly expressed in OSCC patients with low survival rates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that ADAR1 may play a significant role in OSCC progression via combining with Dicer to regulate oncogenic miRNA maturation and further affect cell migration and invasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1300-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiadong Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rongyao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shouwei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Laikui Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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15
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Xue K, Wang YN, Zhao X, Zhang HX, Yu D, Jin CS. Synergistic effect of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin-based photodynamic therapy followed by cisplatin on malignant Hep-2 cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5525-5536. [PMID: 31371990 PMCID: PMC6636612 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s198422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor drug resistance limits the response to chemotherapy. Interestingly, sequential combination therapy enhances the anticancer efficacy of drugs like cisplatin (CDDP) via synergistic effects. We assayed the synergistic effects of combined photodynamic therapy programmed death receptor-ligand 1 (PDT) and chemotherapy in malignant Hep-2 cells. Methods In the cultured Hep-2 cells, meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC) and CDDP were administered separately or in combination. The cellular viability and apoptosis were assessed, accompanied by measurement of the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, ATG-7, and LC3 (LC3-I and LC3-II). Additionally, nuclear chromatin changes, drug retention, and PD-L1 expression were further investigated following different treatments. Results The sequential treatment significantly diminished cell viability and induced cell apoptosis, in consistency with the usage of single therapeutic strategies, as reflected by an increase in Bax expression and decrease of Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, ATG-7 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio were reduced after administration of the sequential treatment. Synergetic effect of nuclear chromatin configuration, negative effects of cellular drug retention, and a decrease in PD-L1 expression were observed following the sequential treatment. Conclusion The application of sequential treatment of PDT in combination with chemotherapy offers a promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment, by regulating the PD-L1 expression, autophagy, and non-mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xin Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics & Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Shun Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
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16
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Organista-Nava J, Gómez-Gómez Y, Garibay-Cerdenares OL, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Illades-Aguiar B. Cervical cancer stem cell-associated genes: Prognostic implications in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:7-14. [PMID: 31289465 PMCID: PMC6540231 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of gynecological malignancy to affect females, worldwide. Although high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the primary etiologic agent associated with the development of cervical cancer, cancer stem cells (CSCs) also serve a prominent role in the development, metastasis, recurrence and prognosis of the disease. CSCs are a small subpopulation of cells that have the ability to self-renew and are present in the majority of tumors, including cervical cancer. Studies describing the phenotype of cervical CSCs (CCSCs) vary in their definition of the expression pattern of principal biomarkers, including Musashi-1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, Oct3/4, Sox2 and CD49f. However, these markers are not observed in all cancers, although several may be present in multiple tumor types. The present review describes the potential biomarkers of CSCs in cervical cancer. These CCSC biomarkers may serve as molecular targets to enhance the efficacy and reduce the side effects associated with chemotherapeutic treatment in HR-HPV-positive cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Organista-Nava
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39090, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Gómez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39090, Mexico
| | - Olga Lilia Garibay-Cerdenares
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39090, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39090, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39090, Mexico
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17
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Anuja K, Chowdhury AR, Saha A, Roy S, Rath AK, Kar M, Banerjee B. Radiation-induced DNA damage response and resistance in colorectal cancer stem-like cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:667-679. [PMID: 30753097 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1580401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Radiation therapy is an integral part of current treatment modality for colorectal cancer. Recent studies have revealed the presence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) population, in different tumors are responsible for therapeutic resistance and disease relapse, including colorectal cancer with poorer survival rate. Hence, characterization of the effect of Ionizing Radiation (IR) in colorectal cancer may serve to explain possible mechanisms. Material and methods: Parental HCT116 and HCT-15 cells and derived colonospheres were irradiated and dose was optimized based on cell survival assay and cell cycle analysis. DNA damage response (DDR) was elucidated by γH2AX foci formation, COMET assay, and ATM, p-ATM, ERCC1 expression post-treatment. The expression level of developmental marker (β-catenin), CSC markers (CD44, KLF4) and telomeric components (TRF2, RAP1, hTERT) were evaluated. Results: We observed cell survival was more in colonospheres post-irradiation and also exhibited decreased γH2AX foci, olive tail moment, increased ERCC1, and p-ATM expression than its parental counterpart which corresponds to efficient DDR. Differential expression of developmental marker, CSC markers, and telomeric components were observed after irradiation. Conclusion: This study highlighted the presence of CSC phenotype in colonospheres having increased DNA repair capacity. Differential expression of developmental marker, CSC markers and telomeric components between parental and colonospheres may contribute in radio-resistance property of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Anuja
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Amit Roy Chowdhury
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Arka Saha
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Souvick Roy
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | | | - Madhabananda Kar
- c Department of Surgical Oncology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
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18
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Choi SH, Kim JK, Jeon HY, Eun K, Kim H. OCT4B Isoform Promotes Anchorage-Independent Growth of Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:135-142. [PMID: 30622231 PMCID: PMC6399006 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OCT4, also known as POU5F1 (POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1), is a transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells and is one of the reprogramming factors required for generating induced pluripotent stem cells. The human OCT4 encodes three isoforms, OCT4A, OCT4B, and OCT4B1, which are generated by alternative splicing. Currently, the functions and expression patterns of OCT4B remain largely unknown in malignancies, especially in human glioblastomas. Here, we demonstrated the function of OCT4B in human glioblastomas. Among the isoform of OCT4B, OCT4B-190 (OCT4B19kDa) was highly expressed in human glioblastoma stem cells and glioblastoma cells and was mainly detected in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus. Overexpression of OCT4B19kDa promoted colony formation of glioblastoma cells when grown in soft agar culture conditions. Clinical data analysis revealed that patients with gliomas that expressed OCT4B at high levels had a poorer prognosis than patients with gliomas that expressed OCT4B at low levels. Thus, OCT4B19kDa may play a crucial role in regulating cancer cell survival and adaption in a rigid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Jun-Kyum Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Hee-Young Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Kiyoung Eun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
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19
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Jeon HY, Ham SW, Kim JK, Jin X, Lee SY, Shin YJ, Choi CY, Sa JK, Kim SH, Chun T, Jin X, Nam DH, Kim H. Ly6G + inflammatory cells enable the conversion of cancer cells to cancer stem cells in an irradiated glioblastoma model. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2139-2156. [PMID: 30804471 PMCID: PMC6748155 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most glioblastomas frequently recur at sites of radiotherapy, but it is unclear if changes in the tumor microenvironment due to radiotherapy influence glioblastoma recurrence. Here, we demonstrate that radiation-induced senescent glioblastoma cells exhibit a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that functions through NFκB signaling to influence changes in the tumor microenvironment, such as recruitment of Ly6G+ inflammatory cells and vessel formation. In particular, Ly6G+ cells promote conversion of glioblastoma cells to glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) through the NOS2-NO-ID4 regulatory axis. Specific inhibition of NFκB signaling in irradiated glioma cells using the IκBα super repressor prevents changes in the tumor microenvironment and dedifferentiation of glioblastoma cells. Treatment with Ly6G-neutralizing antibodies also reduces the number of GSCs and prolongs survival in tumor-bearing mice after radiotherapy. Clinically, a positive correlation exists between Ly6G+ cells and the NOS2-NO-ID4 regulatory axis in patients diagnosed with recurrent glioblastoma. Together, our results illustrate important roles for Ly6G+ inflammatory cells recruited by radiation-induced SASP in cancer cell dedifferentiation and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Won Ham
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyum Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiong Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason K Sa
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xun Jin
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science & Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Engineering, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Self-renewal signaling pathways in breast cancer stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 107:140-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Polypyridyl Zinc(II)-Indomethacin Complexes with Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Stem Cell Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092253. [PMID: 30181492 PMCID: PMC6225474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought of as a clinically pertinent subpopulation of tumors, partly responsible for cancer relapse and metastasis. Research programs aimed at discovering anti-CSC agents have largely focused on biologics and purely organic molecules. Recently, we showed that a family of redox-active copper(II) complexes with phenanthroline-based ligands and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin, are capable of potently and selectively killing breast CSCs. Herein we present analogous redox-inactive, zinc(II)-phenanthroline-indomethacin complexes with the ability to kill breast CSCs and bulk breast cancer cells with equal potency (in the submicro- or micromolar range). A single dose of the zinc(II) complexes could theoretically be administered to eliminate whole tumor populations. Excitingly, some of the zinc(II) complexes decrease the growth and viability of mammospheres to a comparable or higher degree than salinomycin, a compound known to effectively kill breast CSCs. As far as we are aware this is the first report to examine the anti-breast CSC activity of zinc(II)-containing compounds.
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22
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Zhao R, Kaakati R, Lee AK, Liu X, Li F, Li CY. Novel roles of apoptotic caspases in tumor repopulation, epigenetic reprogramming, carcinogenesis, and beyond. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:227-236. [PMID: 29858742 PMCID: PMC6204284 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic caspases have long been studied for their roles in programmed cell death and tumor suppression. With recent discoveries, however, it is becoming apparent these cell death executioners are involved in additional biological pathways beyond killing cells. In some cases, apoptotic cells secrete growth signals to stimulate proliferation of neighboring cells. This pathway functions to regenerate tissues in multiple organisms, but it also poses problems in tumor resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Additionally, it was found that activation of caspases does not irreversibly lead to cell death, contrary to the established paradigm. Sub-lethal activation of caspases is evident in cell differentiation and epigenetic reprogramming. Furthermore, evidence indicates spontaneous, unprovoked activation of caspases in many cancer cells, which plays pivotal roles in maintaining their tumorigenicity and metastasis. These unexpected findings challenge current cancer therapy approaches aimed at activation of the apoptotic pathway. At the same time, the newly discovered functions of caspases suggest new treatment approaches for cancer and other pathological conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Zhao
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Andrew K Lee
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Med Ctr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Med Ctr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Med Ctr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chuan-Yuan Li
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Med Ctr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Med Ctr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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23
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Chen KH, Guo Y, Li L, Qu S, Zhao W, Lu QT, Mo QY, Yu BB, Zhou L, Lin GX, Sun YC, Zhu XD. Cancer stem cell-like characteristics and telomerase activity of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma radioresistant cell line CNE-2R. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4755-4764. [PMID: 30105829 PMCID: PMC6144248 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The radioresistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) may be related to cancer stem cells (CSCs), and the characteristics of CSCs may be maintained by telomerase activity. In this study, we explored the CSC‐like characteristics and telomerase activity of the NPC radioresistant cell line CNE‐2R. This work provides a foundation for future studies on stem cell‐targeted therapies by targeting the radioresistance of NPC. The expression of stem cell‐related genes/proteins and the hTERT gene/protein in CNE‐2R and its parent radiosensitive cell line CNE‐2 were detected using qPCR/Western Blot. Label‐retaining cells (LRCs) were detected through immunocytochemistry, and telomerase activity was detected using a PCR‐ELISA kit. CD133 expression was detected with flow cytometry. CNE‐2R‐CD133+ and CNE‐2R‐CD133− cells were separated with magnetic‐activated cell sorting. The proliferation and tumorigenesis capacities of CNE‐2R‐CD133+, CNE‐2R‐CD133−, and CNE‐2R cells were compared with a CCK‐8 assay, sphere formation assay, and an in vivo experiment. Our results showed that the expression of stem cell‐related genes and the hTERT gene in CNE‐2R cells was higher than those in CNE‐2 cells. Similarly, the expression of stem cell‐related proteins and the hTERT protein in CNE‐2R cells was markedly higher than those in CNE‐2 cells. The proportion of LRCs in CNE‐2R and CNE‐2 cells was (3.10 ± 0.63%) vs (0.40 ± 0.35%; P < 0.001), respectively. Telomerase activity in CNE‐2R cells was remarkably higher than that in CNE‐2 cells. Flow cytometry suggested that the CD133 positive rates in CNE‐2R and CNE‐2 cells were (2.49 ± 0.56%) vs (0.76 ± 0.25%; P = 0.008), respectively. Meanwhile, the proliferation capacity, tumorigenesis capacity, and telomerase activity of CNE‐2R‐CD133+ cells were notably higher than those of CNE‐2R‐CD133− and CNE‐2R cells. Collectively, CNE‐2R displayed CSC‐like characteristics; our results also showed that CNE‐2R cells, especially the sorted CSCs, had high telomerase activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Song Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi-Teng Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi-Yan Mo
- Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Lin
- Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong-Chu Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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24
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Bellmunt J. Stem-Like Signature Predicting Disease Progression in Early Stage Bladder Cancer. The Role of E2F3 and SOX4. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030085. [PMID: 30072631 PMCID: PMC6164884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of the cancer stem cells (CSC) field, together with powerful genome-wide screening techniques, have provided the basis for the development of future alternative and reliable therapies aimed at targeting tumor-initiating cell populations. Urothelial bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) that were identified for the first time in 2009 are heterogenous and originate from multiple cell types; including urothelial stem cells and differentiated cell types—basal, intermediate stratum and umbrella cells Some studies hypothesize that BCSCs do not necessarily arise from normal stem cells but might derive from differentiated progenies following mutational insults and acquisition of tumorigenic properties. Conversely, there is data that normal bladder tissues can generate CSCs through mutations. Prognostic risk stratification by identification of predictive markers is of major importance in the management of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) patients. Several stem cell markers have been linked to recurrence or progression. The CD44v8-10 to standard CD44-ratio (total ratio of all CD44 alternative splicing isoforms) in urothelial cancer has been shown to be closely associated with tumor progression and aggressiveness. ALDH1, has also been reported to be associated with BCSCs and a worse prognosis in a large number of studies. UCC include low-grade and high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and high-grade muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Important genetic defects characterize the distinct pathways in each one of the stages and probably grades. As an example, amplification of chromosome 6p22 is one of the most frequent changes seen in MIBC and might act as an early event in tumor progression. Interestingly, among NMIBC there is a much higher rate of amplification in high-grade NMIBC compared to low grade NMIBC. CDKAL1, E2F3 and SOX4 are highly expressed in patients with the chromosomal 6p22 amplification aside from other six well known genes (ID4, MBOAT1, LINC00340, PRL, and HDGFL1). Based on that, SOX4, E2F3 or 6q22.3 amplifications might represent potential targets in this tumor type. Focusing more in SOX4, it seems to exert its critical regulatory functions upstream of the Snail, Zeb, and Twist family of transcriptional inducers of EMT (epithelial–mesenchymal transition), but without directly affecting their expression as seen in several cell lines of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) project. SOX4 gene expression correlates with advanced cancer stages and poor survival rate in bladder cancer, supporting a potential role as a regulator of the bladder CSC properties. SOX4 might serve as a biomarker of the aggressive phenotype, also underlying progression from NMIBC to MIBC. The amplicon in chromosome 6 contains SOX4 and E2F3 and is frequently found amplified in bladder cancer. These genes/amplicons might be a potential target for therapy. As an existing hypothesis is that chromatin deregulation through enhancers or super-enhancers might be the underlying mechanism responsible of this deregulation, a potential way to target these transcription factors could be through epigenetic modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Bellmunt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM (PSMAR-Hospital del Mar Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Chen D, Yu D, Wang X, Liu Y, He Y, Deng R, Jiang Y, Zhang F, Liu Y, Xu M, Li J, Luo J, Wang S. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is involved in ethanol promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cells metastasis and stemness. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1358-1370. [PMID: 30295962 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high rate of relapse and metastasis. Ethanol is a well-known risk factor for HCC; it promotes the progression and aggressiveness of HCC. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In clinic studies, we showed that alcohol consumption is positively correlated with TNM stage and vessel invasion; HCC patients with chronic drinking history had faster progression rate and poorer prognosis compared to non-drinkers. In experimental models, ethanol exposure enhanced the metastasis, and invasion of HCC cells. Ethanol exposure increased cancer stem cells (CSC) population and enhanced stemness of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, we found that ethanol exposure induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in HCC cells. We further demonstrated that β-catenin siRNA or salinomycin (an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway) partially rescued ethanol-induced EMT. In conclusion, this study suggested that ethanol exposure promotes the metastasis and stemness of HCC cells by inducing EMT.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking
- Animals
- Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Female
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Chen
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yongjing He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqing Deng
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jiabin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Siying Wang
- Schoolof Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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26
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Smad inhibitor induces CSC differentiation for effective chemosensitization in cyclin D1- and TGF-β/Smad-regulated liver cancer stem cell-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38811-38824. [PMID: 28415588 PMCID: PMC5503574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance pathways is critical for the development of CSC-targeting therapy. Here, we investigated the functional role of the cyclin D1-dependent activation of Smad2/3 and Smad4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) CSCs and in HCC primary tumors. Cyclin D1 sphere-derived xenograft tumor models were employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a Smad inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy. Cyclin D1 overexpression confers stemness properties by enhancing single sphere formation, enhancing the CD90+ and EpCAM+ population, increasing stemness gene expression, and increasing chemoresistance. Cyclin D1 interacts with and activates Smad2/3 and Smad4 to result in cyclin D1-Smad2/3-Smad4 signaling-regulated liver CSC self-renewal. The cyclin D1-dependent activation of Smad2/3 and Smad4 is also found in HCC patients and predicts disease progression. A Smad inhibitor impaired cyclin D1-Smad-mediated self-renewal, resulting in the chemosensitization. Thus, pretreatment with a Smad inhibitor followed by chemotherapy not only successfully suppressed tumor growth but also eliminated 57% of the tumors in a cyclin D1 sphere-derived xenograft model. Together, The cyclin D1-mediated activation of Smad2/3 and Smad4 is an important regulatory mechanism in liver CSC self-renewal and stemness. Accordingly, a Smad inhibitor induced CSC differentiation and consequently significant chemosensitization, which could be an effective strategy to target CSCs.
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27
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Karaosmanoğlu O, Banerjee S, Sivas H. Identification of biomarkers associated with partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the secretome of slug over-expressing hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 41:439-453. [PMID: 29858962 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Complete epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has long been considered as a crucial step for metastasis initiation. It has, however, become apparent that many carcinoma cells can metastasize without complete loss of epithelial traits or with incomplete gain of mesenchymal traits, i.e., partial EMT. Here, we aimed to determine the similarities and differences between complete and partial EMT through over-expression of the EMT-associated transcription factor Slug in different HCC-derived cell lines. METHODS Slug over-expressing HCC-derived HepG2 and Huh7 cells were assessed for their EMT, chemo-resistance and stemness features using Western blotting, qRT-PCR, neutral red uptake, doxorubicin accumulation and scratch wound healing assays. We also collected conditioned media from Slug over-expressing HCC cells and analyzed its exosomal protein content for the presence of chemo-resistance and partial EMT markers using MALDI-TOF/TOF and ELISA assays, respectively. RESULTS We found that Slug over-expression resulted in the induction of both complete and partial EMT in the different HCC-derived cell lines tested. Complete EMT was characterized by downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of ZEB2. Partial EMT was characterized by upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of vimentin and ZEB2. Interestingly, we found that Slug induced chemo-resistance through downregulation of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1 and upregulation of the ABC transporter ABCG2, as well as through expression of CD133, a stemness marker that exhibited a similar expression pattern in cells with either a complete or a partial EMT phenotype. In addition, we found that Slug-mediated partial EMT was associated with enhanced exosomal secretion of post-translationally modified fibronectin 1 (FN1), collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1) and native fibrinogen gamma chain (FGG). CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that the exosomal proteins identified may be considered as potential non-invasive biomarkers for chemo-resistance and partial EMT in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Karaosmanoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, 26400, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Letters, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hülya Sivas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, 26400, Eskişehir, Turkey
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28
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Zhao S, Shen W, Yu J, Wang L. TBX21 predicts prognosis of patients and drives cancer stem cell maintenance via the TBX21-IL-4 pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:89. [PMID: 29615105 PMCID: PMC5883886 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Th1 cell-specific transcription factor TBX21 functions as a regulator of expression of a Th1 cytokine, interferon gamma (IFN-γ). However, the specific function of TBX21 correlated with cancer stemness remains unclear. Methods Using univariate and multivariate survival analysis, TBX21was identified as an independent predictive factor and was associated with poor prognosis in 1389 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Its mechanism in the prognosis was explored by functional enrichment analysis and validated in bioexperiments. Results In the training and test sets, TBX21 could classify 1389 LUAD patients into high and low-risk groups with significantly different prognosis (P < 0.01). Its prognostic power was independent of other clinical factors including stage, age, gender and smoking status. Functional studies indicated that downregulating TBX21 in lung cancer cells decreased the fraction of cancer stem cells and their sphere and tumor initiation frequency. Furthermore, the study showed that TBX21 activation transduced a TBX21–IL-4 signaling cascade to promote tumor initiation, tumor growth and expression of stemness markers. Conclusions These data demonstrated a key role of TBX21 in the maintenance of cancer stemness and that the TBX21–IL-4 pathway is a crucial factor contributing to lung carcinogenesis. Graphical abstract TBX21 prognostic model correlated with cancer stemness via TBX21-IL-4 pathway in LUAD patients![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0820-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.,The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiangyong Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Luhua Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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29
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Li Q, Xie W, Wang N, Li C, Wang M. CDC7-dependent transcriptional regulation of RAD54L is essential for tumorigenicity and radio-resistance of glioblastoma. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:300-306. [PMID: 29413763 PMCID: PMC5884092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase(CDC7) plays an essential role in tumor cells and it could induces cell proliferation and could be related to prognosis in multiple types of cancer. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism of CDC7 in GBM still remains unclear. In this study, we identified that CDC7 expression was enriched in glioblastoma (GBM) tumors and was functionally required for tumor proliferation and its expression was associated to poor prognosis in GBM patients. Mechanically, CDC7 induced radio resistance in GBM cells and CDC7 knock down increased cell apoptosis when combined with radiotherapy. Moreover, CDC7 regulated The DNA repair/recombination protein 54L (RAD54L) expression via regulation of RAD54L promoter activity. Therapeutically, we found that CDC7 inhibitor attenuated tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, CDC7 promotes proliferation, induces radio resistance in GBM, and could become a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Wanfu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Chuankun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University.
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30
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Yang R, An LY, Miao QF, Li FM, Han Y, Wang HX, Liu DP, Chen R, Tang SQ. Effective elimination of liver cancer stem-like cells by CD90 antibody targeted thermosensitive magnetoliposomes. Oncotarget 2017; 7:35894-35916. [PMID: 27145285 PMCID: PMC5094971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the use of thermosensitive magnetoliposomes (TMs) loaded with magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) and the anti-cancer stem cell marker CD90 (CD90@TMs) to target and kill CD90+ liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs). METHODS The hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh7 was used to separate CD90+ LCSCs by magnetic-activated cell sorting. CD90@TMs was characterized and their ability to target CD90+ LCSCs was determined. Experiments were used to investigate whether CD90@TMs combined with magnetic hyperthermia could effectively eliminate CD90+ LCSCs. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that CD90+ LCSCs with stem cells properties were successfully isolated. We also successfully prepared CD90@TMs that was almost spherical and uniform with an average diameter of 130±4.6 nm and determined that magnetic iron oxide could be incorporated and retained a superparamagnetic response. CD90@TMs showed good targeting and increased inhibition of CD90+ LCSCs in vitro and in vivo compared to TMs. CONCLUSIONS CD90@TMs can be used for controlled and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, which may offer a promising alternative for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Y An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Fuctional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin F Miao
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng M Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Han
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui X Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dang P Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Q Tang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Bai X, Wang J, Huo L, Xie Y, Xie W, Xu G, Wang M. Serine/Threonine Kinase CHEK1-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation of RAD54L Promotes Proliferation and Radio Resistance in Glioblastoma. Transl Oncol 2017; 11:140-146. [PMID: 29287241 PMCID: PMC6002345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1) plays an essential role in tumor cells and that it could induce cell proliferation and could be related to prognosis in multiple types of cancer. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism of CHEK1 in GBM still remain unclear. In this study, we identified that CHEK1 expression was enriched in glioblastoma (GBM) tumors and was functionally required for tumor proliferation and that its expression was associated to poor prognosis in GBM patients. Mechanically, CHEK1 induced radio resistance in GBM cells, and CHEK1 knockdown increased cell apoptosis when combined with radiotherapy via regulation of the DNA repair/recombination protein 54L (RAD54L) expression. Therapeutically, we found that CHEK1 inhibitor attenuated tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, CHEK1 promotes proliferation, induces radio resistance in GBM, and could become a potential therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaaxin, China, 710061
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaaxin, China, 710061
| | - Longwei Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Shaanxi, China, 719000
| | - Yuchen Xie
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaaxin, China, 710061
| | - Wanfu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaaxin, China, 710061
| | - Gaofeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaaxin, China, 710061
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaaxin, China, 710061.
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32
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Jin G, Sivaraman A, Lee K. Development of taladegib as a sonic hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1390-1393. [PMID: 29159582 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Korea
| | | | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Korea.
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33
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that human cancers arise from various tissues of origin that initiate from cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer-initiating cells. The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are dysregulated in CSCs, and these cells play crucial roles in tumor initiation, progression, cell death resistance, chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, and tumor recurrence. Understanding CSC-specific signaling proteins and pathways is necessary to identify specific therapeutic targets that may lead to the development of more efficient therapies selectively targeting CSCs. Several signaling pathways-including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), NOTCH1, and Wnt/Β-catenin&and expression of the CSC markers CD133, CD24, CD44, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and ALDH1A1 maintain CSC properties. Studying such pathways may help to understand CSC biology and lead to the development of potential therapeutic interventions to render CSCs more sensitive to cell death triggered by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Moreover, recent demonstrations of dedifferentiation of differentiated cancer cells into CSC-like cells have created significant complexity in the CSCs hypothesis. Therefore, any successful therapeutic agent or combination of drugs for cancer therapy must eliminate not only CSCs but differentiated cancer cells and the entire bulk of tumor cells. This review article expands on the CSC hypothesis and paradigm with respect to major signaling pathways and effectors that regulate CSC apoptosis resistance. Moreover, selective CSC apoptotic modulators and their therapeutic potential for making tumors more responsive to therapy are discussed. The use of novel therapies, including small-molecule inhibitors of specific proteins in signaling pathways that regulate stemness, proliferation and migration of CSCs, immunotherapy, and noncoding microRNAs may provide better means of treating CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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34
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Jeon HY, Park CG, Ham SW, Choi SH, Lee SY, Kim JY, Seo S, Jin X, Kim JK, Eun K, Kim EJ, Kim H. BRM270, a Compound from Natural Plant Extracts, Inhibits Glioblastoma Stem Cell Properties and Glioblastoma Recurrence. J Med Food 2017; 20:838-845. [PMID: 28792781 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal human brain tumors, and the median survival of patients with GBM is only 14 months. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are regarded as a main cause of GBM recurrence, because of their self-renewal and drug resistance properties. Therefore, targeting GSCs is an important therapeutic strategy for GBM. In this study, we show the effects of BRM270, a compound from natural plant extracts, on GSCs in vitro and GBM recurrence in vivo. BRM270 induced apoptotic cell death and inhibited cell growth and "stemness" both in vitro and in vivo. Combining BRM270 treatment with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) dramatically increased mice survival and tumor growth inhibition. Taken together, our results suggested that BRM270 synergizes with CCRT as a therapeutic agent to target GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Jeon
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Gyu Park
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Won Ham
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Choi
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Yong Lee
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yun Kim
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Seo
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiong Jin
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Kyum Kim
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiyoung Eun
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Advances in cancer research in the past have led to an evolving understanding of cancer pathogenesis and the development of novel drugs that significantly improve patient outcomes. However, many patients still encounter treatment resistance, recurrence, or metastasis and eventually die from progressing disease. Experimental evidence indicates that a subpopulation of cancer cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), possess "stemness" properties similar to normal stem cells, including self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferative potential. These stemness properties are lost during differentiation and are governed by pathways such as STAT3, NANOG, NOTCH, WNT, and HEDGEHOG, which are highly dysregulated in CSCs due to genetic and epigenetic changes. Promising results have been observed in preclinical models targeting these CSCs through the disruption of stemness pathways in combination with current treatment modalities. This has led to anti-CSC-based clinical trials in multiple stages of development. In this review, we discuss the role of CSCs and stemness pathways in cancer treatment and how they relate to clinical observations. Because CSCs and the stemness pathways governing them may explain the negative clinical outcomes observed during treatment, it is important for oncologists to understand how they contribute to cancer progression and how they may be targeted to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., NC10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Huiping Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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36
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Hubbard JM, Grothey A. Napabucasin: An Update on the First-in-Class Cancer Stemness Inhibitor. Drugs 2017; 77:1091-1103. [PMID: 28573435 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Napabucasin (BBI608) is an orally administered small molecule that blocks stem cell activity in cancer cells by targeting the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway is over-activated in many types of cancer and has been shown to be an important pathway in cancer stem cell-mediated propagation of cancer. Cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of cancer cells considered to be the primary source of tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to conventional therapies, and thus, responsible for cancer relapse. This review describes the clinical development program of this first-in-class cancer stemness inhibitor, including preclinical discovery, early clinical trials, current phase III clinical trial evaluation, and future therapeutic combinations. The therapeutic potential of napabucasin was first reported in a preclinical study that demonstrated the potent anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity of napabucasin in several different cancer types, both in vitro and in vivo. In mouse models, napabucasin was effective both as a monotherapy and in combination with other agents; in particular, synergy was observed with paclitaxel in vivo. Napabucasin clinical trials have demonstrated encouraging anti-tumor activity as monotherapy and in combination with conventional therapeutics, with no significant pharmacokinetic interactions when used in combination therapies. Adverse events attributed to napabucasin have been predominantly mild, although some patients have experienced grade 3 gastrointestinal adverse events. More severe adverse events required reduced or discontinued dosing of napabucasin or medication to reverse or manage symptoms. In conclusion, napabucasin may prove useful in targeting cancer stem cells, with the potential to suppress metastasis and prevent relapse in patients with varying cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joleen M Hubbard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street NW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Axel Grothey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street NW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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37
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Eun K, Jeon HM, Kim SO, Choi SH, Lee SY, Jin X, Kim SC, Kim H. A cell-autonomous positive-signaling circuit associated with the PDGF-NO-ID4-regulatory axis in glioblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:564-570. [PMID: 28327358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer-related signaling pathways sustain their active or inactive status via genetic mutations or various regulatory mechanisms. Previously, we demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activates Notch signaling through nitric oxide (NO)-signaling-driven activation of inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4) in glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells (GSCs) and endothelial cells in the vascular niche of GBM, leading to maintenance of GSC traits and GBM progression. Here, we determined that the PDGF-NO-ID4-signaling axis is constantly activated through a positive regulatory circuit. ID4 expression significantly increased PDGF subunit B expression in both in vitro cultures and in vivo tumor xenografts and regulated NO synthase 2 (NOS2) expression and NO production by activating PDGF signaling, as well as that of its receptor (PDGFR). Additionally, ectopic expression of PDGFRα, NOS2, or ID4 activated the PDGF-NO-ID4-signaling circuit and enhanced the self-renewal of GBM cell lines. These results suggested that the positive regulatory circuit associated with PDGF-NO-ID4 signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating the self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacity of GSCs and might provide a promising therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoung Eun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Yong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiong Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The development of antibody drug conjugates has provided enhanced potency to tumor-targeting antibodies by the addition of highly potent payloads. In the case of trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1), approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, the addition of mertansine (DM1) to trastuzumab substantially increased progression-free survival. Despite these improvements, most patients eventually relapse due to complex mechanisms of resistance often associated with small molecule chemotherapeutics. Therefore, identifying payloads with different mechanisms of action (MOA) is critical for increasing the efficacy of targeted therapeutics and ultimately improving patient outcomes. To evaluate payloads with different MOA, deBouganin, a deimmunized plant toxin that inhibits protein synthesis, was conjugated to trastuzumab and compared with T-DM1 both in vitro and in vivo. The trastuzumab-deBouganin conjugate (T-deB) demonstrated greater potency in vitro against most cells lines with high levels of Her2 expression. In addition, T-deB, unlike T-DM1, was unaffected by inhibitors of multidrug resistance, Bcl-2-mediated resistance, or Her2-Her3 dimerization. Contrary to T-DM1 that showed only minimal cytotoxicity, T-deB was highly potent in vitro against tumor cells with cancer stem cell properties. Overall, the results demonstrate the potency and efficacy of deBouganin and emphasize the importance of using payloads with different MOAs. The data suggest that deBouganin could be a highly effective against tumor cell phenotypes not being addressed by current antibody drug conjugate formats and thereby provide prolonged clinical benefit.
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39
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Liu H, Wang H, Li C, Zhang T, Meng X, Zhang Y, Qian H. Spheres from cervical cancer cells display stemness and cancer drug resistance. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2184-2188. [PMID: 27602161 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignant tumors and is the cause of a serious health problem worldwide. An increasing amount of evidence has shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are present in tumors, and that these CSCs may be responsible for tumor metastasis and relapse. The present study aimed to identify and characterize a CSC population from the CaSki cell line. First, a stem cell culture medium was used to selectively expand the cancer stem-like cell spheres, and the putative stemness markers, Oct4 and Sox2, were identified. These markers were all highly expressed in the CaSki sphere-forming cells. Next, target region amplified polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction was performed and the CaSki sphere-forming cells were found to exhibit higher telomerase activity than the CaSki control cells cultured in non-stem cell medium. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay, it was found that the CaSki sphere-forming cells were more resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs than the control CaSki cells. Using the tumor invasive assay, it was shown that the CaSki sphere-forming cells were more invasive than the control CaSki cells. These characteristics all suggested that the tumor sphere-forming cells mirrored the acknowledged CSC phenotypes. Overall, the use of a suspended sphere culture of CaSki cells may be an easy and feasible approach for enriching cancer stem-like cells in cervical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Haijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong 150080, P.R. China
| | - Xiting Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Minimally Invasive Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, P.R. China
| | - Haili Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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40
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Estrela JM, Ortega A, Mena S, Sirerol JA, Obrador E. Glutathione in metastases: From mechanisms to clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:253-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Antoni Sirerol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
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41
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Walsh DR, Nolin TD, Friedman PA. Drug Transporters and Na+/H+ Exchange Regulatory Factor PSD-95/Drosophila Discs Large/ZO-1 Proteins. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:656-80. [PMID: 26092975 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters govern the absorption, distribution, and elimination of pharmacologically active compounds. Members of the solute carrier and ATP binding-cassette drug transporter family mediate cellular drug uptake and efflux processes, thereby coordinating the vectorial movement of drugs across epithelial barriers. To exert their physiologic and pharmacological function in polarized epithelia, drug transporters must be targeted and stabilized to appropriate regions of the cell membrane (i.e., apical versus basolateral). Despite the critical importance of drug transporter membrane targeting, the mechanisms that underlie these processes are largely unknown. Several clinically significant drug transporters possess a recognition sequence that binds to PSD-95/Drosophila discs large/ZO-1 (PDZ) proteins. PDZ proteins, such as the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) family, act to stabilize and organize membrane targeting of multiple transmembrane proteins, including many clinically relevant drug transporters. These PDZ proteins are normally abundant at apical membranes, where they tether membrane-delimited transporters. NHERF expression is particularly high at the apical membrane in polarized tissue such as intestinal, hepatic, and renal epithelia, tissues important to drug disposition. Several recent studies have highlighted NHERF proteins as determinants of drug transporter function secondary to their role in controlling membrane abundance and localization. Mounting evidence strongly suggests that NHERF proteins may have clinically significant roles in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several pharmacologically active compounds and may affect drug action in cancer and chronic kidney disease. For these reasons, NHERF proteins represent a novel class of post-translational mediators of drug transport and novel targets for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Walsh
- Laboratory for G Protein-Coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.F.); and Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.R.W., T.D.N.)
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- Laboratory for G Protein-Coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.F.); and Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.R.W., T.D.N.)
| | - Peter A Friedman
- Laboratory for G Protein-Coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.A.F.); and Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.R.W., T.D.N.)
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42
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New surprises from an old favourite: The emergence of telomerase as a key player in the regulation of cancer stemness. Biochimie 2016; 121:170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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43
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Jung YC, Han S, Hua L, Ahn YH, Cho H, Lee CJ, Lee H, Cho YY, Ryu JH, Jeon R, Kim WY. Kazinol-E is a specific inhibitor of ERK that suppresses the enrichment of a breast cancer stem-like cell population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:294-299. [PMID: 26774343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) contribute to breast cancer recurrence and to its resistance to conventional therapies. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway is a major determinant in the control of diverse cellular processes, including the maintenance of CSLCs. In this study, we found that Kazinol-E, an antioxidant flavan from Broussonetia kazinoki, decreased the CSLC population of a breast cancer cell line, MCF7. The CSLC population, characterized by CD44 high/CD24 low expression or by high Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity, was decreased by a concentration of Kazinol-E that did not affect the growth of bulk-cultured MCF7 cells. Kazinol-E did not decrease EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation in CSLCs, but did block the phosphorylation of an ERK substrate, p90RSK2, at Thr359/Ser363. We further demonstrated that EGF-induced ERK activity was blocked by Kazinol-E in a wild-type K-Ras-expressing non-small cell lung cancer cell line H226B. An in vitro kinase assay with purified ERK1 and p90RSK2 as its substrate demonstrated a direct inhibition of ERK activity by Kazinol E. Additionally, a the molecular docking study provided putative binding modes of Kazinol-E into the ATP binding pocket of ERK1 Collectively, these results suggest that Kazinol-E is a direct inhibitor of ERK1, and more studies are warranted to develop this reagent for therapeutic breast CSLC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chae Jung
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seula Han
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Hua
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hwa Ahn
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Cho
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hani Lee
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raok Jeon
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- The Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Skvortsova I, Debbage P, Kumar V, Skvortsov S. Radiation resistance: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their enigmatic pro-survival signaling. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:39-44. [PMID: 26392376 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that radiation therapy is a highly effective therapeutic approach, a small intratumoral cell subpopulation known as "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) is radiation-resistant and possesses specific molecular properties protecting it against radiation-induced damage. The exact mechanisms of this radioresistance are still not fully elucidated, but they relate to these cells' enhanced DNA repair capacities and their low intracellular ROS concentrations, resulting from their up-regulation of ROS scavengers. The low ROS content is accompanied by disturbances in cell cycle regulation, so it can be assumed that either CSCs are quiescent or dormant themselves, or that this cell population consists of at least two cell subpopulations: the normally and the slowly proliferating cells (quiescent or dormant cells). Slowly dividing CSCs show concomitant dysregulation of the signaling molecules mediating both cell cycle progression and maintenance of cell stemness. Despite a massive accumulation of data concerning the mechanisms underlying DNA damage response in CSCs, it represents a challenge to researchers in the era of personalized medicine to elucidate the role of intracellular ROS and of signaling pathways associated with the radiation resistance of these cells; there is a clear need to understand the molecular mechanisms helping CSCs to survive radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Skvortsova
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Paul Debbage
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Centre for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sergej Skvortsov
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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