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Asanuma K, Yokota S, Chosa N, Kamo M, Ibi M, Mayama H, Irié T, Satoh K, Ishisaki A. Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress promotes expression of CXCL15/Lungkine mRNA in a MEK/ERK-dependent manner in fibroblast-like synoviocytes derived from mouse temporomandibular joint. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:97-103. [PMID: 36584898 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) is a multifactorial disease caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. It has been hypothesized that mechanical stress-induced injury of TMJ tissues induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radical (OH∙), in the synovial fluid (SF). In general, the overproduction of ROS contributes to synovial inflammation and dysfunction of the subchondral bone in OA. However, the mechanism by which ROS-injured synoviocytes recruit inflammatory cells to TMJ-OA lesions remains unclear. METHODS Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to evaluate the mRNA expression of chemoattractant molecules. The phosphorylation levels of intracellular signaling molecules were evaluated using western blot analysis. RESULTS Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment significantly promoted mRNA expression of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL15/Lungkine in a dose-dependent manner (100-500 μM) in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) derived from mouse TMJ. H2O2 (500 μM) significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2 in FLSs. Intriguingly, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 (10 μM) nullified H2O2-induced increase in CXCL15/Lungkine mRNA expression. Additionally, H2O2 (500 μM) administration significantly upregulated OH∙ production in FLSs, as assessed by live-cell permeant fluorescent probe targeted against OH∙ under fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (5 mM) partially but significantly reversed H2O2-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS H2O2-induced oxidative stress promoted the expression of CXCL15/Lungkine mRNA in a MEK/ERK-dependent manner in mouse TMJ-derived FLSs, suggesting that FLSs recruit neutrophils to TMJ-OA lesions through the production of CXCL15/Lungkine and exacerbate the local inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Asanuma
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate-ken 028-3694, Japan; Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka-shi, Iwate-ken 020-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Yokota
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate-ken 028-3694, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Chosa
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate-ken 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kamo
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate-ken 028-3694, Japan
| | - Miho Ibi
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate-ken 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hisayo Mayama
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka-shi, Iwate-ken 020-8505, Japan
| | - Tarou Irié
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate-ken 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kazuro Satoh
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka-shi, Iwate-ken 020-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate-ken 028-3694, Japan.
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The Evaluation of Saliva Oxidative and Antioxidative Markers’ Levels in Adolescents with Gingival Inflammation. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Periodontal disease is highly prevalent and affects 10%–15% of the world population. Salivary markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status represent promising tool for research of oral diseases. Given the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, the aim of this study was to determine the association between oxidative stress parameters and periodontal disease gingivitis in adolescents. The study included a consecutive sample of 80 male and female participants referred to the Institute of Dentistry, Kragujevac, Serbia, as a result of periodontal problems or for routine control, aged 18 to 21, with definitive dentition as an inclusion criterion. Patients were divided into three groups depending on their gingival inflammation status. The first group was control group (n=20) with no gingival inflammation, the second group was with mild gingival inflammation (n=19), the third group was with moderate gingival inflammation (n=21) and the fourth group was with severe gingival inflammation (n=20). Oxidative stress parameters were measured in unstimulated whole saliva samples (superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, index of lipid peroxidation, reduced gluthatione, catalase and superoxide dismutase). We have found increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and reduced glutathione in the saliva of patients with moderate levels of gingival inflammation, while the other markers were not significantly affected. In conclusion, oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis and the determination of oxidative and antioxidative levels could be a potent tool in controlling the development of gingivitis.
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Chae YK, Shin SY, Kang SW, Choi SC, Nam OH. Differential gene expression profiles of periodontal soft tissue from rat teeth after immediate and delayed replantation: a pilot study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2021; 52:127-140. [PMID: 35505574 PMCID: PMC9064781 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2104300215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In dental avulsion, delayed replantation usually has an uncertain prognosis. After tooth replantation, complex inflammatory responses promote a return to periodontal tissue homeostasis. Various types of cytokines are produced in the inflammatory microenvironment, and these cytokines determine the periodontal tissue response. This study aimed to identify the gene expression profiles of replanted teeth and evaluate the functional differences between immediate and delayed replantation. Methods Maxillary molars from Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted, exposed to a dry environment, and then replanted. The animals were divided into 2 groups according to the extra-oral time: immediate replantation (dry for 5 minutes) and delayed replantation (dry for 60 minutes). Either 3 or 7 days after replantation, the animals were sacrificed. Periodontal soft tissues were harvested for mRNA sequencing. Hallmark gene set enrichment analysis was performed to predict the function of gene-gene interactions. The normalized enrichment score (NES) was calculated to determine functional differences. Results The hallmark gene sets enriched in delayed replantation at 3 days were oxidative phosphorylation (NES=2.82, Q<0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) signaling via the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway (NES=1.52, Q=0.034). At 7 days after delayed replantation, TNF-α signaling via the NF-κB pathway (NES=–1.82, Q=0.002), angiogenesis (NES=–1.66, Q=0.01), and the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway (NES=–1.46, Q=0.051) were negatively highlighted. Conclusions Differentially expressed gene profiles were significantly different between immediate and delayed replantation. TNF-α signaling via the NF-κB pathway was marked during the healing process. However, the enrichment score of this pathway changed in a time-dependent manner between immediate and delayed replantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kwon Chae
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Young Shin
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok Hyung Nam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Banerjee P, Malik A, Malhotra SS, Gupta SK. Role of STAT signaling and autocrine action of chemokines during H 2 O 2 induced HTR-8/SVneo trophoblastic cells invasion. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1380-1397. [PMID: 30078219 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, regulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important for activation of signaling pathways and placentation. In the current study, the effect of H2 O2 on invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells, a human extravillous trophoblast cell line, is investigated. Treatment of HTR-8/SVneo cells for 24 hr with H 2 O2 (25 µM) leads to a significant increase in invasion without affecting cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis. Concomitantly, a significant increase in the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) ratio is observed. Further, significant increase in phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) and STAT-3 (both at ser727 residue) is observed on treating HTR-8/SVneo cells with 25 µM of H2 O2 accompanied by an increase in the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β). A significant decrease in H2 O2 -mediated invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells and reduced expression of IL-8 and MIP-1β accompanied by decrease in MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio are observed on inhibiting STAT-1 and STAT-3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Inhibition of STAT-1 activity by fludarabine and STAT-3 activity by Stattic also leads to a decrease in H2 O2 -mediated increase in HTR-8/SVneo cell invasion. Inhibition of IL-8 and MIP-1β by siRNA also leads to a significant decrease in both basal and H2 O2 -mediated invasion. Interestingly, inhibition of MIP-1β by siRNA leads to a significant reduction in H2 O2 -mediated increase in IL-8. However, no significant effect of IL-8 silencing on H2 O2 -mediated MIP-1β expression was observed. From the above results, it can be concluded that H2 O2 activates STAT signaling, MIP-1β & IL-8 secretion and increases MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio leading to an increased invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells without affecting their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Banerjee
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Malik
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Saryu Malhotra
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Hernández-Ríos P, Pussinen PJ, Vernal R, Hernández M. Oxidative Stress in the Local and Systemic Events of Apical Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:869. [PMID: 29163211 PMCID: PMC5672116 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders. Apical periodontitis (AP) usually results in the formation of an osteolytic apical lesion (AL) caused by the immune response to endodontic infection. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytic cells in response to bacterial challenge represent an important host defense mechanism, but disturbed redox balance results in tissue injury. This mini review focuses on the role of oxidative stress in the local and associated systemic events in chronic apical periodontitis. During endodontic infection, ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on phagocytes' surface triggers activation, phagocytosis, synthesis of ROS, activation of humoral and cellular responses, and production of inflammatory mediators, such as, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The increment in ROS perturbs the normal redox balance and shifts cells into a state of oxidative stress. ROS induce molecular damage and disturbed redox signaling, that result in the loss of bone homeostasis, increased pro-inflammatory mediators, and MMP overexpression and activation, leading to apical tissue breakdown. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been strongly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, where a chronic inflammatory process develops in the arterial wall. Chronic AP is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and especially atherogenesis. The potential mechanisms linking these diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hernández-Ríos
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Effect of photoactivated disinfection using light in the blue spectrum. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:252-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cai Z, Falkensammer F, Andrukhov O, Chen J, Mittermayr R, Rausch-Fan X. Effects of Shock Waves on Expression of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α Expression by Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:914-21. [PMID: 26994898 PMCID: PMC4805137 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) can modulate cell behavior through mechanical information transduction. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) are sensible to mechanical stimulus and can express pro-inflammatory molecules in response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of shock waves on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression by hPDLF. Material/Methods After being treated by shock waves with different parameters (100–500 times, 0.05–0.19 mJ/mm2), cell viability was tested using CCK-8. IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and IL-6 and IL-8 protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at different time points. Results Shock waves with the parameters used in this study had no significant effects on the viability of hPDLF. A statistical inhibition of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α expression during the first few hours was observed (P<0.05). Expression of IL-8 was significantly elevated in the group receiving the most pulses of shock wave (500 times) after 4 h (P<0.05). At 8 h and 24 h, all treated groups demonstrated significantly enhanced IL-6 expression (P<0.05). TNF-α expression in the groups receiving more shock pulses (300, 500 times) or the highest energy shock treatment (0.19 mJ/mm2) was statistically decreased (P<0.05) at 24 h. Conclusions Under the condition of this study, a shock wave with energy density no higher than 0.19 mJ/mm2 and pulses no more than 500 times elicited no negative effects on cell viability of hPDLF. After a uniform initial inhibition impact on expression of inflammatory mediators, a shock wave could cause dose-related up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 and down-regulation of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Cai
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Frank Falkensammer
- Department of Orthodontics, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Centre of Periodontal Research, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiang Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Rainer Mittermayr
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA) Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Competence Centre of Periodontal Research, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lee YM, Kim MJ, Kim Y, Kim H. Glutamine Deprivation Causes Hydrogen Peroxide-induced Interleukin-8 Expression via Jak1/Stat3 Activation in Gastric Epithelial AGS Cells. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20:179-84. [PMID: 26473156 PMCID: PMC4597806 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2015.20.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Janus kinase (Jak)/Signal transducers of activated transcription (Stat) pathway is an upstream signaling pathway for NF-κB activation in Helicobacter pylori-induced interleukin (IL)-8 production in gastric epithelial AGS cells. H. pylori activates NADPH oxidase and produces hydrogen peroxide, which activates Jak1/Stat3 in AGS cells. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide may be critical for IL-8 production via Jak/Stat activation in gastric epithelial cells. Glutamine is depleted during severe injury and stress and contributes to the formation of glutathione (GSH), which is involved in conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water as a cofactor for GSH peroxidase. METHODS We investigated whether glutamine deprivation induces hydrogen peroxide-mediated IL-8 production and whether hydrogen peroxide activates Jak1/Stat3 to induce IL-8 in AGS cells. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of glutamine or hydrogen peroxide, with or without GSH or a the Jak/Stat specific inhibitor AG490. RESULTS Glutamine deprivation decreased GSH levels, but increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and IL-8, an effect that was inhibited by treatment with GSH. Hydrogen peroxide induced the activation of Jak1/Stat3 time-dependently. AG490 suppressed hydrogen peroxide- induced activation of Jak1/Stat3 and IL-8 expression in AGS cells, but did not affect levels of reactive oxygen species in AGS cells. CONCLUSIONS In gastric epithelial AGS cells, glutamine deprivation increases hydrogen peroxide levels and IL-8 expression, which may be mediated by Jak1/Stat3 activation. Glutamine supplementation may be beneficial for preventing gastric inflammation by suppressing hydrogen peroxide-mediated Jak1/Stat3 activation and therefore, reducing IL-8 production. Scavenging hydrogen peroxide or targeting Jak1/Stat3 may also prevent oxidant-mediated gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngha Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Osorio C, Cavalla F, Paula-Lima A, Díaz-Araya G, Vernal R, Ahumada P, Gamonal J, Hernández M. H2 O2 activates matrix metalloproteinases through the nuclear factor kappa B pathway and Ca(2+) signals in human periodontal fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2015; 50:798-806. [PMID: 25824649 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated periodontal tissue breakdown are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of H2 O2 in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, and the involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and Ca(2+) -mediated signals in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary cultures were characterized for their phenotype and exposed for 24 h to sublethal doses (2.5-10 μm) of H2 O2 or control media. NFκB involvement was evaluated through immunofluorescence of p65 subunit, using the NFκB blocking peptide SN50 and catalase. Ca(2+) signals were analyzed by loading the cells with Fluo4-AM and recording the fluorescence changes in a confocal microscope before and after the addition of H2 O2 . 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl was used to chelate intracellular Ca(2+) . The activity and levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were analyzed by gelatin zymogram and densitometric scanning, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed with stata V11.1 software using the ANOVA test. RESULTS H2 O2 at concentrations of 2.5-5 μm induced Ca(2+) signaling and NFκB subunit p65 nuclear translocation, whereas catalase, SN50 and BAPTA-AM prevented p65 nuclear translocation. H2 O2 at 2.5-5 μm significantly increased MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity, while SN50 resulted in lower MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity rates compared with controls. CONCLUSION Sublethal H2 O2 induces Ca(2+) -dependent NFκB signaling with an increase in MMP gelatinolytic activity in human periodontal ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Osorio
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Cavalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Paula-Lima
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - G Díaz-Araya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Vernal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Ahumada
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Gamonal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cavalla F, Osorio C, Paredes R, Valenzuela MA, García-Sesnich J, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Hernández M. Matrix metalloproteinases regulate extracellular levels of SDF-1/CXCL12, IL-6 and VEGF in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Cytokine 2015; 73:114-21. [PMID: 25748833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease characterized by the progressive inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting structures, leading to tooth loss. The underling molecular mechanisms of the disease are incompletely understood, precluding the development of more efficient screening, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We investigated the interrelation of three known effector mechanisms of the cellular response to periodontal infection, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines in primary cell cultures of human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF). We demonstrated that ROS increase the activity/levels of gelatinolytic MMPs, and stimulate cytokine secretion in hPDLF. Additionally, we proved that MMPs possesses immune modulatory capacity, regulating the secreted levels of cytokines in ROS-stimulated hPDLF cultures. This evidence provides further insight in the molecular pathogenesis of periodontitis, contributing to the future development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cavalla
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Osorio
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Antonieta Valenzuela
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jocelyn García-Sesnich
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Institute of Dentistry University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Pietropaoli D, Monaco A, Del Pinto R, Cifone MG, Marzo G, Giannoni M. Advanced glycation end products: possible link between metabolic syndrome and periodontal diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:9-17. [PMID: 22507312 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
On a planetary scale, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)is the third cause of inability after malnutrition and nicotinism, even higher than water shortage and sedentariness. In the USA, the prevalence is estimated at over 25 percent of the population; in Italy, it involves approximately 25 percent of men and even 27 percent of women. These are very high figures, corresponding to approximately 14 million affected individuals. The prevalence is alarming and must not be underestimated, particularly in the dental field, where more than one patient out of four sitting in a dentist chair is affected. The etiology of periodontal disease has not yet been clarified, and recently the idea to consider it as a multifactor pathology has been developed. Cofactors such as the formation of free radicals of oxygen (ROS), oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and formation of glycation end-products (AGEs) probably play an important role in the onset of periodontal disease. The AGEs are compounds physiologically produced by the cells. However, they accumulate and cause pro-inflammatory conditions, when the cellular clearance fails, or in hyperglycemic and oxidative states. All these conditions can be clinically summarized as Metabolic Syndrome. The purpose of this literature review is to establish a relationship between two pathologies with very high prevalence: Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontal Disorder. The literature seems to have clarified that MetS involves a pro-oxidation status, which induces AGE formation. AGEs play a very important role in the course and severity of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pietropaoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, L'Aguila, Italy.
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Seo T, Cha S, Kim TI, Lee JS, Woo KM. Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of MAPK signaling regulates inflammatory response and differentiation in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Microbiol 2012; 50:311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang L, Frizzell SA, Zhao X, Gladwin MT. Normoxic cyclic GMP-independent oxidative signaling by nitrite enhances airway epithelial cell proliferation and wound healing. Nitric Oxide 2012; 26:203-10. [PMID: 22425780 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium provides important barrier and host defense functions. Recent studies reveal that nitrite is an endocrine reservoir of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity that is converted to NO by enzymatic reductases along the physiological oxygen gradient. Nitrite signaling has been described as NO dependent activation mediated by reactions with deoxygenated redox active hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, xanthine oxidoreductase (XO) and NO synthase at low pH and oxygen tension. However, nitrite can also be readily oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)·) via heme peroxidase reactions, suggesting the existence of alternative oxidative signaling pathways for nitrite under normoxic conditions. In the present study, we examined normoxic signaling effects of sodium nitrite on airway epithelial cell wound healing. In an in vitro scratch injury model under normoxia, we exposed cultured monolayers of human airway epithelial cells to various concentrations of sodium nitrite and compared responses to NO donor. We found sodium nitrite potently enhanced airway epithelium wound healing at physiological concentrations (from 1 μM). The effect of nitrite was blocked by the NO and NO(2)· scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO). Interestingly, nitrite treatment did not increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels under these normoxic conditions, even in the presence of a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, suggesting cGMP independent signaling. Consistent with an oxidative signaling pathway requiring hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))/heme-peroxidase/NO(2)· signaling, the effects of nitrite were potentiated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and low concentration H(2)O(2), whereas inhibited completely by catalase, followed by downstream extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation. Our data represent the first description of normoxic nitrite signaling on lung epithelial cell proliferation and wound healing and suggest novel oxidative signaling pathways involving nitrite-H(2)O(2) reactions, possibly via the intermediary, NO(2)·.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Park HG, Bak EJ, Kim JH, Lee YS, Choi SH, Cha JH, Yoo YJ. Effect of globular adiponectin on interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2011; 41:149-56. [PMID: 21811691 PMCID: PMC3139049 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2011.41.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Globular adiponectin (gAd) is a type of adipocytokine, which is mainly produced by adipose tissue. It has been reported that gAd acts as a pro- as well as an anti-inflammatory factor. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 are pro-inflammatory cytokines. To investigate the role of gAd on periodontal tissues, the expression of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and the effect of gAd on the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 were investigated in periodontal ligament (PDL) and gingival fibroblasts. Methods PDL and gingival fibroblasts were cultured from human periodontal tissues. gAd derived from Escherichia coli and murine myeloma cells were used. The expression of AdipoR1 was estimated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The expression of cytokines was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results PDL and gingival fibroblasts expressed both mRNA and protein of AdipoR1. gAd derived from E. coli increased the production of IL-6 and IL-8, but polymyxin B, an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 production induced by gAd in both types of cells. gAd derived from murine myeloma cells did not induce IL-6 and IL-8 production in those cells. gAd derived from E. coli contained higher levels of LPS than gAd derived from murine myeloma cells. LPS increased production of IL-6 and IL-8 in PDL and gingival fibroblasts, but pretreatment of cells with gAd derived from murine myeloma cells did not inhibit LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression. Conclusions Our results suggest that PDL and gingival fibroblasts express AdipoR1 and that gAd does not act as a modulator of IL-6 and IL-8 expression in PDL and gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gyu Park
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Matsui S, Tsujimoto Y, Ozawa T, Matsushima K. Antioxidant effects of antioxidant biofactor on reactive oxygen species in human gingival fibroblasts. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 48:209-13. [PMID: 21562640 PMCID: PMC3082075 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of antioxidant biofactor (AOB) on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Generation of superoxide radical (O2•−) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) was determined using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping method. AOB was added at different concentrations to these free radical generating systems. The generation of both O2•− and •OH was scavenged by the addition of AOB in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that AOB has strong antioxidant properties against these radicals. We further investigated the anti-oxidative effect of AOB on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). HGFs were treated for 3 h with α-MEM containing a combination of AOB and H2O2 (AOB + H2O2 group), containing H2O2 (H2O2 group), or containing AOB alone (AOB group). Non-stimulated HGFs were used as a control group. The number of surviving cells was in the order of the AOB group > control group > AOB + H2O2 group > H2O2 group. The level of expression of type I collagen mRNA and production of collagen were also in the order of the AOB group > control group > AOB + H2O2 group > H2O2 group. In conclusion, our results suggest that AOB may protect HGFs against oxidative stress by reducing stress-induced ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Matsui
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 870-1, Sakaecho, Nishi-2, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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Asano M, Yamaguchi M, Nakajima R, Fujita S, Utsunomiya T, Yamamoto H, Kasai K. IL-8 and MCP-1 induced by excessive orthodontic force mediates odontoclastogenesis in periodontal tissues. Oral Dis 2010; 17:489-98. [PMID: 21496183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate how interleukin (IL)-8 (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant; CINC-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 contribute to root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty 6-week-old male Wistar rats were subjected to orthodontic force of 10 or 50 g to induce a mesially tipping movement of the upper first molars for 7 days. We determined the expressions of CINC-1, CXCR2, and MCP-1 proteins in root resorption area using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of compression forces (CF) on IL-8 and MCP-1 production by human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. We observed an effect of chemokine treatment on rat odonto/osteoclasts in dentin slices that recapitulated root resorption. RESULTS The immunoreactivity for CINC-1/CXCR2 and MCP-1 was detected in odontoclasts and PDL fibroblasts by the orthodontic force of 50 g on day 7. CF increased the secretion and the expression of mRNA of IL-8 and MCP-1 from PDL cells in a magnitude-dependent manner. Moreover, CINC-1 and MCP-1 stimulated osteoclastogenesis from rat osteoclast precursor cells. CONCLUSION IL-8 (CINC-1) and MCP-1 may therefore facilitate the process of root resorption because of excessive orthodontic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asano
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Pietropaoli D, Tatone C, D'Alessandro AM, Monaco A. Possible involvement of advanced glycation end products in periodontal diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:683-91. [PMID: 20943037 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are considered as multifactorial conditions initiated by infection with pathogenic bacteria, promoted by inflammation and immune response against bacteria and modified by different environmental and genetic factors. Recently, interest in periodontal diseases has been increasing due to the awareness that the hyperinflammatory status associated with this disorder could impose a significant increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) relevant to numerous systemic diseases driven by a pro-oxidant profile. A highly complex interplay occurs between oxidative stress and AGEs (Advanced Glycation End products), a group of heterogeneous compounds that form constantly under physiologic conditions, although their rate of formation is markedly increased in hyperglycemia and oxidizing conditions. Starting from the most relevant hypotheses on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, the present review outlines its relationship with oxidative stress and inflammation response in order to make a critical evaluation of the potential role of AGEs in periodontal deterioration. Although direct evidence for the presence of AGEs in the periodontal ligament is still lacking, valuable approaches based on the use of periodontal cells along with genetic and biochemical studies in animal models and chronic periodontal patients support a potential role for protein glycation in the aetiology and severity of this disease. Following a review of the current literature, the present study highlights the need for further investigation on the presence of AGEs in the periodontal ligament as a means for the comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying periodontal diseases in order to develop prevention and treatment modalities for this dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pietropaoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Jönsson D, Nebel D, Bratthall G, Nilsson BO. The human periodontal ligament cell: a fibroblast-like cell acting as an immune cell. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:153-7. [PMID: 21118418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament cells are fibroblast-like cells characterized by collagen production but also possessing some osteoblastic features. In the light of numerous studies presented during recent times, which show that human periodontal ligament cells also produce cytokines and chemokines in response to inflammation promoters, it is reasonable to suggest that periodontal ligament cells play a role as promoters of periodontal inflammation through these mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS The periodontal ligament, which harbours the periodontal ligament cells, is a part of the attachment apparatus comprised of periodontal ligament cells, extracellular matrix and fibres, attaching the root cement to the alveolar bone. Periodontal ligament cells are in close proximity to bacteria within the plaque and the pocket, and thus these cells are readily accessible to bacterial endotoxins and other promoters of inflammation. RESULTS Cytokines and chemokines, released by periodontal ligament cells upon stimulation with inflammation promoters, reach the blood vessels easily thanks to rich vascularization of the periodontium stimulating recruitment of white blood cells to the site of inflammation. In addition to classical inflammatory cells, such as leucocytes, macrophages and mast cells, the periodontal ligament cells also contribute to periodontal inflammation via their production and release of cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSION Therefore, pharmacological treatment of periodontitis should aim to reduce the release of proinflammatory agents not only from classical inflammatory cells but also from periodontal ligament cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jönsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kurita-Ochiai T, Ochiai K. Butyric acid induces apoptosis via oxidative stress in Jurkat T-cells. J Dent Res 2010; 89:689-94. [PMID: 20439934 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510365456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for the induction of T-cell apoptosis by butyric acid, an extracellular metabolite of periodontopathic bacteria. To determine the involvement of oxidative stress in apoptosis pathways, we investigated the contribution of ROS in mitochondrial signaling pathways, death-receptor-initiated signaling pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in butyric-acid-induced T-cell apoptosis. N-acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) abrogated mitochondrial injury, cytochrome c, AIF, and Smac release, and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL suppression and Bax and Bad activation induced by butyric acid. However, the decrease in cFLIP expression by butyric acid was not restored by treatment with NAC; increases in caspase-4 and -10 activities by butyric acid were completely abrogated by NAC. NAC also affected the elevation of GRP78 and CHOP/GADD153 expression by butyric acid. These results suggest that butyric acid is involved in mitochondrial-dysfunction- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in human Jurkat T-cells via a ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kurita-Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
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Offenbacher S, Barros SP, Paquette DW, Winston JL, Biesbrock AR, Thomason RG, Gibb RD, Fulmer AW, Tiesman JP, Juhlin KD, Wang SL, Reichling TD, Chen KS, Ho B. Gingival transcriptome patterns during induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans. J Periodontol 2010; 80:1963-82. [PMID: 19961380 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge, changes in the patterns of whole-transcriptome gene expression that occur during the induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans were not previously explored using bioinformatic tools. METHODS Gingival biopsy samples collected from 14 subjects during a 28-day stent-induced experimental gingivitis model, followed by treatment, and resolution at days 28 through 35 were analyzed using gene-expression arrays. Biopsy samples were collected at different sites within each subject at baseline (day 0), at the peak of gingivitis (day 28), and at resolution (day 35) and processed using whole-transcriptome gene-expression arrays. Gene-expression data were analyzed to identify biologic themes and pathways associated with changes in gene-expression profiles that occur during the induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis using bioinformatic tools. RESULTS During disease induction and resolution, the dominant expression pathway was the immune response, with 131 immune response genes significantly up- or downregulated during induction, during resolution, or during both at P <0.05. During induction, there was significant transient increase in the expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1 alpha (IL1A), IL-1 beta (IL1B), IL8, RANTES, colony stimulating factor 3 (CSF3), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and a decreased expression of IP10, interferon inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (ITAC), matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10), and beta 4 defensin (DEFB4). These genes reversed expression patterns upon resolution in parallel with the reversal of gingival inflammation. CONCLUSIONS A relatively small subset (11.9%) of the immune response genes analyzed by array was transiently activated in response to biofilm overgrowth, suggesting a degree of specificity in the transcriptome-expression response. The fact that this same subset demonstrates a reversal in expression patterns during clinical resolution implicates these genes as being critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis at the biofilm-gingival interface. In addition to the immune response pathway as the dominant response theme, new candidate genes and pathways were identified as being selectively modulated in experimental gingivitis, including neural processes, epithelial defenses, angiogenesis, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Offenbacher
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27709, USA.
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Role of NADPH oxidase‐2 in lipopolysaccharide‐induced matrix metalloproteinase expression and cell migration. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:197-204. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Comparative evaluation of antioxidant, nitrite scavenging, and antitumor effects of Antrodia camphorata extract. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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