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Rebelo A, Almeida A, Peixe L, Antunes P, Novais C. Unraveling the Role of Metals and Organic Acids in Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1474. [PMID: 37760770 PMCID: PMC10525130 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has a significant impact on human, animal, and environmental health, being spread in diverse settings. Antibiotic misuse and overuse in the food chain are widely recognized as primary drivers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, other antimicrobials, such as metals and organic acids, commonly present in agri-food environments (e.g., in feed, biocides, or as long-term pollutants), may also contribute to this global public health problem, although this remains a debatable topic owing to limited data. This review aims to provide insights into the current role of metals (i.e., copper, arsenic, and mercury) and organic acids in the emergence and spread of AMR in the food chain. Based on a thorough literature review, this study adopts a unique integrative approach, analyzing in detail the known antimicrobial mechanisms of metals and organic acids, as well as the molecular adaptive tolerance strategies developed by diverse bacteria to overcome their action. Additionally, the interplay between the tolerance to metals or organic acids and AMR is explored, with particular focus on co-selection events. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review highlights potential silent drivers of AMR within the food chain and the need for further research at molecular and epidemiological levels across different food contexts worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Rebelo
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences (FCNAUP), University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Rebelo A, Duarte B, Freitas AR, Peixe L, Antunes P, Novais C. Exploring Peracetic Acid and Acidic pH Tolerance of Antibiotic-Resistant Non-Typhoidal Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium from Diverse Epidemiological and Genetic Backgrounds. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2330. [PMID: 37764174 PMCID: PMC10534362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid stress poses a common challenge for bacteria in diverse environments by the presence of inorganic (e.g., mammals' stomach) or organic acids (e.g., feed additives; acid-based disinfectants). Limited knowledge exists regarding acid-tolerant strains of specific serotypes, clonal lineages, or sources in human/animal pathogens: namely, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) and Enterococcus faecium (Efm). This study evaluated the acidic pH (Mueller-Hinton acidified with HCl) and peracetic acid (PAA) susceptibility of Efm (n = 72) and NTS (n = 60) from diverse epidemiological/genetic backgrounds and with multiple antibiotic resistance profiles. Efm minimum growth/survival pH was 4.5-5.0/3.0-4.0, and for NTS it was 4.0-4.5/3.5-4.0. Efm distribution among acidic pH values showed that only isolates of clade-non-A1 (non-hospital associated) or the food chain were more tolerant to acidic pH compared to clade-A1 (hospital-associated clones) or clinical isolates (p < 0.05). In the case of NTS, multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates survived better in acidic pH (p < 0.05). The PAA MIC/MBC for Efm was 70-120/80-150 mg/L, and for NTS, it was 50-70/60-100 mg/L. The distribution of Efm among PAA concentrations showed that clade-A1 or MDR strains exhibited higher tolerance than clade-non-A1 or non-MDR ones (p < 0.05). NTS distribution also showed higher tolerance to PAA among non-MDR and clinical isolates than food chain ones (p < 0.05) but there were no differences among different serogroups. This unique study identifies specific NTS or Efm populations more tolerant to acidic pH or PAA, emphasizing the need for further research to tailor controlled measures of public health and food safety within a One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Rebelo
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (B.D.); (A.R.F.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Duarte
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (B.D.); (A.R.F.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Freitas
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (B.D.); (A.R.F.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (B.D.); (A.R.F.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (B.D.); (A.R.F.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (B.D.); (A.R.F.); (L.P.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Serrano-Galán V, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Estimation by flow cytometry of percentages of survival of Listeria monocytogenes cells treated with tetracycline, with or without prior exposure to several biocides. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104210. [PMID: 36906325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In certain circumstances, disinfectants are used at sublethal concentrations. The aim of this research work was to determine whether contact of Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994 with subinhibitory concentrations of three disinfectants widely used in food processing environments and in the health-care system, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and peracetic acid (PAA), can cause the adaptation of the strain to the biocides and increase its resistance to tetracycline (TE). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC; ppm) were 2.0 (BZK), 3500.0 (SHY) and 1050.0 (PAA). On exposure to increasing subinhibitory concentrations of the biocides, the maximum concentrations (ppm) of the compounds that allowed the strain to grow were (ppm) 8.5 (BZK), 3935.5 (SHY) and 1125.0 (PAA). Both the control cells (non-exposed) and the cells that had been in contact with low doses of biocides were treated with different concentrations of TE (0 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm and 1250 ppm) for 24, 48 and 72 h, and the survival percentages determined using flow cytometry, following dying with SYTO 9 and propidium iodide. The cells previously exposed to PAA presented higher survival percentages (P < 0.05) than the rest of the cells for most of the concentrations of TE and treatment times trialled. These results are worrying because TE is sometimes used to treat listeriosis, highlighting the importance of avoiding the use of disinfectant at subinhibitory doses. Furthermore, the findings suggest that flow cytometry is a fast and simple technique to obtain quantitative data on bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España
| | - Víctor Serrano-Galán
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España
| | - Rosa Capita
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Departamento de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, España; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTAL), Universidad de León, Calle La Serna 58, 24071, León, España.
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Wu RA, Feng J, Yue M, Liu D, Ding T. Overuse of food-grade disinfectants threatens a global spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6870-6879. [PMID: 36756870 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2176814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Food-grade disinfectants are extensively used for microbial decontamination of food processing equipment. In recent years, food-grade disinfectants have been increasingly used. However, the overuse of disinfectants causes another major issue, which is the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria on a global scale. As the ongoing pandemic takes global attention, bacterial infections with antibiotic resistance are another ongoing pandemic that often goes unnoticed and will be the next real threat to humankind. Here, the effects of food-grade disinfectant overuse on the global emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were reviewed. It was found that longtime exposure to the most common food-grade disinfectants promoted resistance to clinically important antibiotics in pathogenic bacteria, namely cross-resistance. Currently, the use of disinfectants is largely unregulated. The mechanisms of cross-resistance are regulated by intrinsic molecular mechanisms including efflux pumps, DNA repair system, modification of the molecular target, and metabolic adaptation. Cross-resistance can also be acquired by mobile genetic elements. Long-term exposure to disinfectants has an impact on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in soil, plants, animals, water, and human gut environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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5
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Effect of low doses of biocides on the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica to various antibiotics of clinical importance. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bland R, Brown SRB, Waite-Cusic J, Kovacevic J. Probing antimicrobial resistance and sanitizer tolerance themes and their implications for the food industry through the Listeria monocytogenes lens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1777-1802. [PMID: 35212132 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistance is a serious public health crisis, reducing our ability to effectively combat infectious bacterial diseases. The parallel study of reduced susceptibility to sanitizers is growing, particularly for environmental foodborne pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. As regulations demand a seek-and-destroy approach for L. monocytogenes, understanding sanitizer efficacy and its uses are critical for the food industry. Studies have reported the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in sanitizer concentrations 10-1000 times lower than the manufacturer-recommended concentration (MRC). Notably, data show that at MRC and when applied according to the label instructions, sanitizers remain largely effective. Studies also report that variables such as the presence of organic material, application time/temperature, and bacterial attachment to surfaces can impact sanitizer effectiveness. Due to the lack of standardization in the methodology and definitions of sanitizer resistance, tolerance, and susceptibility, different messages are conveyed in different studies. In this review, we examine the diversity of definitions, terminology, and methodologies used in studies examining L. monocytogenes resistance and susceptibility to antimicrobials. Research available to date fails to demonstrate "resistance" of L. monocytogenes to recommended sanitizer treatments as prescribed by the label. As such, sanitizer tolerance would be a more accurate description of L. monocytogenes response to low sanitizer concentrations (i.e., sub-MRC). Conservative use of word "resistance" will reduce confusion and allow for concise messaging as sanitizer research findings are communicated to industry and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bland
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Stephanie R B Brown
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Rodríguez-Melcón C, Alonso-Calleja C, García-Fernández C, Carballo J, Capita R. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for Twelve Antimicrobials (Biocides and Antibiotics) in Eight Strains of Listeria monocytogenes. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010046. [PMID: 35053044 PMCID: PMC8773323 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
When selecting effective doses of antimicrobials, be they biocides or antibiotics, it is essential to know the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of these substances. The present research determined the MICs and MBCs for three biocides, sodium hypochlorite (SH), benzalkonium chloride (BC), and peracetic acid (PAA), and nine antibiotics in eight strains of Listeria monocytogenes of varying serotypes. Marked intra-species differences were observed in the resistance of L. monocytogenes to the biocides and antibiotics. The MICs (ppm) for the biocides ranged between 1750 and 4500 for SH, 0.25 and 20.00 for BC, and 1050 and 1700 for PAA. Their MBCs (ppm) ranged from 2250 to 4500 for SH, 0.50 to 20.00 for BC, and 1150 to 1800 for PAA. The MICs (ppm) for antibiotics lay between 1 and 15 for ampicillin, 8 and 150 for cephalothin, 20 and 170 for cefoxitin, 0.05 and 0.20 for erythromycin, 4 and 50 for chloramphenicol, 3 and 100 for gentamicin, 2 and 15 for tetracycline, 2 and 80 for vancomycin, and 160 and 430 for fosfomycin. The corresponding MBCs (ppm) were from 5 to 20 for ampicillin, 9 to 160 for cephalothin, 70 to 200 for cefoxitin, 4 to 5 for erythromycin, 9 to 70 for chloramphenicol, 5 to 100 for gentamicin, 3 to 30 for tetracycline, 3 to 90 for vancomycin, and 160 to 450 for fosfomycin. Notably, erythromycin showed considerable efficacy, demonstrated by the low values for both MIC and MBC. Based on EUCAST and the CLSI criteria, all strains were susceptible to erythromycin. All strains were resistant to cephalothin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, and fosfomycin. Further values for resistance were 87.50% for ampicillin and vancomycin, 75.00% for tetracycline, and 62.50% for chloramphenicol. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a matter for concern. A positive correlation was found between MIC and MBC values for most of the biocides and antibiotics. The higher the hydrophobicity of the cell surface, the higher the susceptibility to biocides, suggesting that surface characteristics of bacterial cells influence resistance to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Melcón
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Camino García-Fernández
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Javier Carballo
- Food Technology Area, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (C.A.-C.); (C.G.-F.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Skowron K, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Korkus J, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Adaptive Response of Listeria monocytogenes to the Stress Factors in the Food Processing Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710085. [PMID: 34489900 PMCID: PMC8417233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes are Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria that easily adapt to changing environmental conditions. The ability to grow at a wide range of temperatures, pH, and salinity determines the presence of the pathogen in water, sewage, soil, decaying vegetation, and animal feed. L. monocytogenes is an etiological factor of listeriosis, especially dangerous for the elderly, pregnant women, and newborns. The major source of L. monocytogenes for humans is food, including fresh and smoked products. Its high prevalence in food is associated with bacterial adaptation to the food processing environment (FPE). Since the number of listeriosis cases has been progressively increasing an efficient eradication of the pathogen from the FPE is crucial. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adaptation to environmental stress will significantly contribute to developing novel, effective methods of controlling L. monocytogenes in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Korkus
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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9
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de Oliveira EF, Yang X, Basnayake N, Huu CN, Wang L, Tikekar R, Nitin N. Screening of antimicrobial synergism between phenolic acids derivatives and UV-A light radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 214:112081. [PMID: 33239223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate synergistic antibacterial activity based on a combination of UV-A light and three classes of food grade compounds: benzoic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, and gallates. By using Escherichia coli O157:H7 as the model strain, it was observed that three cinnamic acid derivatives (ferulic acid, coumaric acid, and caffeic acid) and one benzoic acid derivative (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) presented strong synergistic antibacterial activity with UV-A light radiation, where 1 mM levels of these compounds plus with 15 min of UV-A light (total light dose of 6.1 cm-2) led to more than 7-log CFU mL-1 of bacterial inactivation. In contrast, synergistic antibacterial activity between UV-A light and most benzoic acid derivatives (benzoic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, and 2,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid) were only observed after higher concentrations of these compounds were applied (10 mM). Lastly, from the three gallates tested (methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, and propyl gallate), only propyl gallate showed strong antibacterial synergism with UV-A light, where 10 mM of propyl gallate plus 15 min of UV-A light led to approximately 6.5-log of bacterial reduction. Presence of antioxidant compounds mitigated the light-mediated antibacterial activity of gallic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and propyl gallate. Similarly, the light-mediated antibacterial activity of these compounds was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced against metabolic-inhibited bacterial cells (sodium azide pretreatment). On the other hand, the antibacterial synergism between ferulic acid and UV-A light was not affected by the presence of antioxidants or the metabolic state of the bacterial cells. Due to the increasing concerns of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens, the study also investigated the proposed synergistic treatment on AMR Salmonella. Combinations of 1 mM of ferulic acid or 1 mM of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid with UV-A light radiation was able to inactivate more than 6-log of a multi-drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick F de Oliveira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nikeshala Basnayake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cuong Nguyen Huu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luxin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rohan Tikekar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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10
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Rhouma M, Romero-Barrios P, Gaucher ML, Bhachoo S. Antimicrobial resistance associated with the use of antimicrobial processing aids during poultry processing operations: cause for concern? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3279-3296. [PMID: 32744054 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1798345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a global issue and a threat to human and animal health. Contamination of poultry carcasses with meat-borne pathogens represents both an economic and a public health concern. The use of antimicrobial processing aids (APA) during poultry processing has contributed to an improvement in the microbiological quality of poultry carcasses. However, the extensive use of these decontaminants has raised concerns about their possible role in the co-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This topic is presented in the current review to provide an update on the information related to bacterial adaptation to APA used in poultry processing establishments, and to discuss the relationship between APA bacterial adaptation and the acquisition of a new resistance phenotype to therapeutic antimicrobials by bacteria. Common mechanisms such as active efflux and changes in membrane fluidity are the most documented mechanisms responsible for bacterial cross-resistance to APA and antimicrobials. Although most studies reported a bacterial resistance to antibiotics not reaching a clinical level, the under-exposure of bacteria to APA remains a concern in the poultry industry. Further research is needed to determine if APA used during poultry processing and therapeutic antimicrobials share common sites of action in bacteria and encounter similar mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rhouma
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Maertens H, De Reu K, Meyer E, Van Weyenberg S, Dewulf J, Van Coillie E. Exposure of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli broiler isolates to subinhibitory concentrations of a quaternary ammonium compound does not increase antibiotic resistance gene transfer. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2972-2976. [PMID: 30993325 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics threatens to become a worldwide health problem. An important attributing phenomenon in this context is that pathogens can acquire antibiotic resistance genes through conjugative transfer of plasmids. To prevent bacterial infections in agricultural settings, the use of veterinary hygiene products, such as disinfectants, has gained popularity and questions have been raised about their contribution to such spreading of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of benzalkoniumchloride (BKC), a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), on the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Five Escherichia coli field strains originating from broiler chickens and with known transferable plasmid-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance were exposed to subinhibitory BKC concentrations: 1/3, 1/10 and 1/30 of the minimum bactericidal concentration. Antibiotic resistance transfer was assessed by liquid mating for 4 h at 25°C using E. coli K12 MG1655 as recipient strain. The transfer ratio was calculated as the number of transconjugants divided by the number of recipients. Without exposure to BKC, the strains showed a ciprofloxacin resistance transfer ratio ranging from 10-4 to 10-7. No significant effect of exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of BKC was observed on this transfer ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maertens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Veterinary Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Van Weyenberg
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Van Coillie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Karuppasamy K, Yadav AS, Saxena GK. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on chicken skin previously exposed to acidified Sodium chlorite or tri-sodium phosphate. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:8236-43. [PMID: 26604399 PMCID: PMC4648861 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thermal inactivation of normal and starved cells of Salmonella Enteritidis on chicken skin previously exposed to different concentrations of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) or tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) was investigated. Inoculated skin was pretreated with different concentration of ASC or TSP, packaged in bags, and then immersed in a circulating water bath at 60 to 68 °C. The recovery medium was Hektoen enteric agar. D-values, determined by linear regression, for normal cells on chicken skin, were 2.79, 1.17 and 0.53 min whereas D-values for starved cells were 4.15, 1.83 and 0.66 at 60, 64 and 68 °C, respectively. z-values for normal cells were 3.54 and for starved cells were 2.29. Pretreatment of Salmonella Enteritidis cells with 0 to 200 ppm of ASC or 0 to 1.0 % TSP resulted in lower D-values at all temperatures. Sensory results indicated no significance differences for control and treatments. Thus, results of this study indicated that pretreatment of chicken skin with ASC or TSP increased sensitivity of Salmonella Enteritidis to heat without affecting organoleptic quality of chicken meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Karuppasamy
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 UP India
| | - Ajit S. Yadav
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 UP India
| | - Gaurav K. Saxena
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 UP India
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13
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Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of peroxyacetic acid solutions for reduction of pathogens on poultry carcasses and meat. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Alonso-Hernando A, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Growth kinetic parameters of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on poultry treated with various chemical decontaminants. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a challenge for the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:11-48. [PMID: 23035919 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.519837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were first described in the 1940s, but whereas new antibiotics were being discovered at a steady rate, the consequences of this phenomenon were slow to be appreciated. At present, the paucity of new antimicrobials coming into the market has led to the problem of antibiotic resistance fast escalating into a global health crisis. Although the selective pressure exerted by the use of antibiotics (particularly overuse or misuse) has been deemed the major factor in the emergence of bacterial resistance to these antimicrobials, concerns about the role of the food industry have been growing in recent years and have been raised at both national and international levels. The selective pressure exerted by the use of antibiotics (primary production) and biocides (e.g., disinfectants, food and feed preservatives, or decontaminants) is the main driving force behind the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance throughout the food chain. Genetically modified (GM) crops with antibiotic resistance marker genes, microorganisms added intentionally to the food chain (probiotic or technological) with potentially transferable antimicrobial resistance genes, and food processing technologies used at sub-lethal doses (e.g., alternative non-thermal treatments) are also issues for concern. This paper presents the main trends in antibiotic resistance and antibiotic development in recent decades, as well as their economic and health consequences, current knowledge concerning the generation, dissemination, and mechanisms of antibacterial resistance, progress to date on the possible routes for emergence of resistance throughout the food chain and the role of foods as a vehicle for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The main approaches to prevention and control of the development, selection, and spread of antibacterial resistance in the food industry are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, Spain.
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Capita R, Alvarez-Fernández E, Fernández-Buelta E, Manteca J, Alonso-Calleja C. Decontamination treatments can increase the prevalence of resistance to antibiotics of Escherichia coli naturally present on poultry. Food Microbiol 2012; 34:112-7. [PMID: 23498186 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the ability of various decontaminants to increase the prevalence of resistance to antibiotics in Escherichia coli populations on poultry. Chicken legs were dipped for 15 min into aqueous solutions (wt/vol) of trisodium phosphate (TSP; 12%), acidified sodium chlorite (ASC; 1200 ppm), ascorbic acid (AA; 2%) or citric acid (CA; 2%), or tap water (control). Samples were analyzed immediately after treatment (day 0) and after five days of storage at 7 ± 1 °C. A total of 250 E. coli isolates (50 from each group of samples; 25 on day 0 and 25 on day 5) were tested against twelve antibiotics of clinical significance by means of a standard disc-diffusion technique. A high prevalence of resistance to antibiotics was observed for E. coli strains from control samples, with three (6.0%) isolates sensitive, three (6.0%) resistant to one antibiotic and 44 (88.0%) isolates resistant to two or more antibiotics. Isolates from control samples had a lower prevalence of resistance than those from treated samples to ampicillin-sulbactam (P < 0.01, samples treated with TSP), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (P < 0.001, ASC, AA and CA), cephotaxime (P < 0.05, TSP), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (P < 0.05, AA; P < 0.01, CA), tetracycline (P < 0.01, CA), ciprofloxacin (P < 0.001, ASC; P < 0.05, AA; P < 0.01, CA) and nitrofurantoin (P < 0.01, TSP). These results suggest that the chemical decontaminants tested could favor the emergence, selection and/or proliferation of antibiotic-resistant strains in microbial populations on poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071-León, Spain.
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Alonso-Hernando A, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Effects of exposure to poultry chemical decontaminants on the membrane fluidity of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica strains. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 137:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Alonso-Hernando A, Capita R, Prieto M, Alonso-Calleja C. Comparison of antibiotic resistance patterns in Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica strains pre-exposed and exposed to poultry decontaminants. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Comparative analysis of acid resistance in Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica strains before and after exposure to poultry decontaminants. Role of the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:905-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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