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Bao X, Song H, He L, Li Y, Niu S, Guo J. Histopathological observations and comparative transcriptome analysis of Ophiocordyceps sinensis infection of Hepialus xiaojinensis in the early stage. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:105067. [PMID: 37797777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepialus xiaojinensis is a Lepidopteran insect and one of the hosts for the artificial cultivation of Cordyceps. Ophiocordyceps sinensis can infect and coexist with H. xiaojinensis larvae for a long time. Little studies focused on the interaction process through its early infection stage. In this research, we particularly study the interaction of infected and uninfected larvae in the 3rd (OS-3, CK-3) and 4th (OS-4, CK-4) instars. O. sinensis was distributed within the larvae and accompanied by pathological changes in some tissue structures. In response to O. sinensis infection, OS-3 enhanced the antioxidant defense ability, while OS-4 decreased. The transcriptome analysis showed that OS-3 resisted the invasion of O. sinensis by the immune and nervous systems. Correspondingly, OS-4 reduced immune response and utilized more energy for growth and development. This study provides a comprehensive resource for analyzing the mechanism of H. xiaojinensis and O. sinensis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Bao
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Haoran Song
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Liying He
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Shuqi Niu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China.
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China.
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Moon BC, Kim WJ, Park I, Sung GH, Noh P. Establishment of a PCR Assay for the Detection and Discrimination of Authentic Cordyceps and Adulterant Species in Food and Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2018; 23:E1932. [PMID: 30072640 PMCID: PMC6222412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection and differentiation of adulterants in food ingredients and herbal medicines are crucial for the safety and basic quality control of these products. Ophiocordyceps sinensis is described as the only fungal source for the authentic medicinal ingredient used in the herbal medicine "Cordyceps", and two other fungal species, Cordyceps militaris and Isaria tenuipes, are the authentic fungal sources for food ingredients in Korea. However, substitution of these three species, and adulteration of herbal material and dietary supplements originating from Cordyceps pruinosa or Isaria cicadae, seriously affects the safety and reduces the therapeutic efficacy of these products. Distinguishing between these species based on their morphological features is very difficult, especially in commercially processed products. In this study, we employed DNA barcode-based species-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to discriminate authentic herbal Cordyceps medicines and Cordyceps-derived dietary supplements from related but inauthentic species. The reliable authentication tool exploited the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of a nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrDNA). We used comparative nrDNA-ITS sequence analysis of the five fungal species to design two sets of SCAR markers. Furthermore, we used a set of species-specific SCAR markers to establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of species, contamination, and degree of adulteration. We confirmed the discriminability and reproducibility of the SCAR marker analysis and the real-time PCR assay using commercially processed food ingredients and herbal medicines. The developed SCAR markers may be used to efficiently differentiate authentic material from their related adulterants on a species level. The ITS-based SCAR markers and the real-time PCR assay constitute a useful genetic tool for preventing the adulteration of Cordyceps and Cordyceps-related dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Cheol Moon
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Wook Jin Kim
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Inkyu Park
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Korea.
| | - Pureum Noh
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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Chen C, Ye S, Hu H, Xue C, Yu X. Use of electrical penetration graphs (EPG) and quantitative PCR to evaluate the relationship between feeding behaviour and Pandora neoaphidis infection levels in green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 104:9-14. [PMID: 29133229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A real-time qPCR method was developed, validated, and used to quantity the fungal pathogen, P. neoaphidis, within aphids at different times during infection; colonization rate fitted the Gompertz model well (R2 = 0.9356). Feeding behaviour of P. neoaphidis-infected and uninfected M. persicae were investigated, for the first time, using DC-electrical penetration graphs (DC-EPG) that characterized the waveforms made during different aphid stylet probing periods corresponding to epidermis penetration, salivation and ingestion. In the 6 h following the 12-h incubation period (to achieve infection), there were significant differences in the number of events of Np (non-probing) and C (stylet pathway) between infected and uninfected aphids. However, the difference between total duration of Np and C were not significantly different between infected and uninfected aphids. There were no significant differences in the number of events or total duration of E1 (phloem salivation) or E2 (phloem ingestion) between infected and uninfected aphids. There were significant differences in mean number of events and total duration of the pd waveform (intracellular punctures) in infected and uninfected aphids. In the 16 h prior to death, the same differences in behaviour were observed but they were even more obvious. Furthermore, the total duration time of E2 was significantly greater in uninfected aphids than infected aphids, a change that had not been observed in the first 6 h observation period. In conclusion, qPCR quantification demonstrated 'molecular' colonization levels throughout infection, and EPG data analysis during the two periods (during early infection and then during late infection just prior to death) demonstrated the actual physical effects of fungal infection on feeding behaviour of M. persicae; this has the potential to decrease the aphid's capacity of transmission and dispersal. These studies increase our understanding of the interaction between P. neoaphidis and its host aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Sudan Ye
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huajun Hu
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chengmei Xue
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Wang M, Hu X. Antimicrobial peptide repertoire of Thitarodes armoricanus, a host species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, predicted based on de novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 54:238-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zhang S, Lai X, Li B, Wu C, Wang S, Chen X, Huang J, Yang G. Application of Differential Proteomic Analysis to Authenticate Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:337-43. [PMID: 26660081 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is one of the most well-known fungi in traditional Chinese medicine and is attracting attention because of its nutritious and medicinal properties. The present study aimed to produce a proteomic map to identify common O. sinensis proteins. The caterpillar body and stroma of O. sinensis collected from five locations and four fungal specimens of similar appearance were examined by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Five proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF--TOF/MS, and the 2-DE identification pattern was provided. OCS_04585 and β-lactamase domain-containing protein, the two abundant and characteristic proteins, were separated and purified using liquid-phase isoelectric focusing. The products were high-quality materials that can be used for future protein-function studies and immunoassay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintian Lai
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bifang Li
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wu
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejian Chen
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingmin Huang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowu Yang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen, 518102, People's Republic of China
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Lei W, Zhang G, Peng Q, Liu X. Development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis through Plant-Mediated Interkingdom Host Colonization. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17482-93. [PMID: 26263972 PMCID: PMC4581204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a well-known entomogenous and medicinal fungus. After its anamorphs parasitize the larvae of the genus Thitarodes, fruit-bodies may form to be used as medicine. However, its developmental mechanisms remain unknown. The distribution of O. sinensis was determined in different tissues of the Thitarodes larvae and the dominant plant species using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, respectively. We found that more fungal material was located in plants than in larvae, especially in Ranunculus tanguticus. A considerable amount was detected in larval intestinal-wall and plant roots. It is suggested that plants are the potential hosts of O. sinensis, which modifies our understanding of the life cycle of O. sinensis and indicates that the phytophagous larvae may become infected as they feed. Our research may contribute to the study of systematic evolution and population ecology of O. sinensis, elucidate its developmental mechanism and promote sustainable harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Guren Zhang
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Qingyun Peng
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Guo LX, Xu XM, Liang FR, Yuan JP, Peng J, Wu CF, Wang JH. Morphological Observations and Fatty Acid Composition of Indoor-Cultivated Cordyceps sinensis at a High-Altitude Laboratory on Sejila Mountain, Tibet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126095. [PMID: 25938484 PMCID: PMC4418754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis, a caterpillar entomopathogenic fungus-host larva complex, is a rare medicinal herb found in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding high-altitude areas. The alternation of generations in the life cycle, whatever the fungus or its host insect, requires special growth conditions. However, it is difficult to simulate the growth conditions of C. sinensis, which hinders its artificial cultivation. In this work, the life cycle from the host larva to C. sinensis was observed in an indoor-cultivation laboratory at 4,200 m a.s.l. on Sejila Mountain, Tibet. Comparative examinations between indoor-cultivated and wild C. sinensis demonstrated that the indoor-cultivated C. sinensis preferred to germinate multiple long, slim stromata at diverse positions on dead larvae, including but not limited to their heads. Their fatty acid composition shows a significant difference in the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In indoor-cultivated C. sinensis, PUFAs constituted 24.59% and 49.43%, respectively, of neutral and polar lipids; meanwhile, in wild C. sinensis, PUFAs represented 34.34% and 61.25% of neutral and polar lipids, respectively. These observations and fatty acid data suggest that environmental factors, particularly temperature, soil pressure and light intensity, strongly affect the growth of C. sinensis. Our new findings may provide important information for improving techniques for the large-scale artificial cultivation of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Rui Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chou-Fei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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