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Chen YC, Lai MH, Wu CY, Lin TC, Cheng AH, Yang CC, Wu HY, Chu SC, Kuo CC, Wu YF, Lin GC, Tseng MN, Tsai YC, Lin CC, Chen CY, Huang JW, Lin HA, Chung CL. The Genetic Structure, Virulence, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Fusarium fujikuroi in Taiwan. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:624-35. [PMID: 26882848 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-15-0285-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The rice disease bakanae, caused by Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg, has been present in Taiwan for over a century. To better understand the genetic diversity and structure of F. fujikuroi, a set of 16 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were newly developed and used to analyze 637 F. fujikuroi isolates collected in 14 cities or counties around Taiwan from 1996 to 2013. On the basis of Bayesian clustering, the isolates were classified into four highly differentiated clusters: cluster B likely derived from the more widespread and genetically diversified clusters A or C, and cluster D was restricted to four cities or counties and may have been introduced from unknown sources genetically distinct from clusters A, B, and C. The coexistence of both mating types (MAT1-1:MAT1-2 = 1:1.88) and the highly diversified vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) (16 VCG among the 21 assessed isolates) suggest the likelihood of sexual reproduction in the field. However, the biased mating type ratios and linkage disequilibrium in the population suggest nonrandom mating between individuals. A significant pattern of isolation by distance was also detected, which implies a geographical restricted gene flow and low dissemination ability of F. fujikuroi. Evaluation of 24 representative isolates on eight rice varieties revealed differential levels of virulence, however no clear pattern of specific variety x isolate interaction was observed. Investigations of the differences in virulence and fungicide sensitivity between 8 early isolates (1998 and 2002) and 52 recent isolates (2012) indicate the evolution of increased resistance to the fungicide prochloraz in F. fujikuroi in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Chen
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Lai
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Wu
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chun Lin
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - An-Hsiu Cheng
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Cheng Yang
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuh Wu
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Chu
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Kuo
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Fang Wu
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Cih Lin
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Min-Nan Tseng
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Tsai
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Wen Huang
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Heng-An Lin
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- First, sixth, and eighteenth authors: Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan; second author: Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung City 41362, Taiwan; third, seventeenth, and eighteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City; fourth author: Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung City; fifth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Crop Environment Section, Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 70, Muchang, Hsinhua District, Tainan City 71246, Taiwan; seventh author: Crop Environment Section, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 139, Sec. 2, Dongfu Rd., Xinwu District, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; eighth author: Crop Environment Section, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 261, Guannan Village, Gongguan Township, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan; ninth author: Crop Environment Section, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 370, Songhuai Rd., Tatsuen Township, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan; twelfth author: Crop Environment Section, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, 2-6 Dehe Rd., Dehe Village, Changjhih Township, Pingtung County 90846, Taiwan; thirteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 150, Sec. 2, Ji'an Rd., Ji'an Township, Hualien County 97365, Taiwan; fourteenth author: Crop Environment Section, Taitung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, No. 675, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Taitung City 95055, Taiwan; and fifteenth and sixteenth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
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