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Steinert K, Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Messner E, Gorfer M, Niehaus EM, Humpf HU, Studt-Reinhold L, Kalinina SA. Tools to make Stachybotrys chartarum genetically amendable: Key to unlocking cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 172:103892. [PMID: 38636782 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The soil and indoor fungus Stachybotrys chartarum can induce respiratory disorders, collectively referred to as stachybotryotoxicosis, owing to its prolific production of diverse bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) or mycotoxins. Although many of these toxins responsible for the harmful effects on animals and humans have been identified in the genus Stachybotrys, however a number of SMs remain elusive. Through in silico analyses, we have identified 37 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, highlighting that the chemical profile potential of Stachybotrys is far from being fully explored. Additionally, by leveraging phylogenetic analysis of known SMs produced by non-reducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKS) in other filamentous fungi, we showed that Stachybotrys possesses a rich reservoir of untapped SMs. To unravel natural product biosynthesis in S. chartarum, genetic engineering methods are crucial. For this purpose, we have developed a reliable protocol for the genetic transformation of S. chartarum and applied it to the ScPKS14 biosynthetic gene cluster. This cluster is homologous to the already known Claviceps purpurea CpPKS8 BGC, responsible for the production of ergochromes. While no novel SMs were detected, we successfully applied genetic tools, such as the generation of deletionand overexpression strains of single cluster genes. This toolbox can now be readily employed to unravel not only this particular BGC but also other candidate BGCs present in S. chartarum, making this fungus accessible for genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna K Atanasoff-Kardjalieff
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Elias Messner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Markus Gorfer
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Berger H, Steinert K, Janevska S, Ponts N, Humpf HU, Kalinina S, Studt-Reinhold L. Incorporation of the histone variant H2A.Z counteracts gene silencing mediated by H3K27 trimethylation in Fusarium fujikuroi. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:7. [PMID: 38509556 PMCID: PMC10953111 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium fujikuroi is a pathogen of rice causing diverse disease symptoms such as 'bakanae' or stunting, most likely due to the production of various natural products (NPs) during infection. Fusaria have the genetic potential to synthesize a plethora of these compounds with often diverse bioactivity. The capability to synthesize NPs exceeds the number of those being produced by far, implying a gene regulatory network decisive to induce production. One such regulatory layer is the chromatin structure and chromatin-based modifications associated with it. One prominent example is the exchange of histones against histone variants such as the H2A variant H2A.Z. Though H2A.Z already is well studied in several model organisms, its regulatory functions are not well understood. Here, we used F. fujikuroi as a model to explore the role of the prominent histone variant FfH2A.Z in gene expression within euchromatin and facultative heterochromatin. RESULTS Through the combination of diverse '-omics' methods, we show the global distribution of FfH2A.Z and analyze putative crosstalks between the histone variant and two prominent histone marks, i.e., H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, important for active gene transcription and silencing, respectively. We demonstrate that, if FfH2A.Z is positioned at the + 1-nucleosome, it poises chromatin for gene transcription, also within facultative heterochromatin. Lastly, functional characterization of FfH2A.Z overexpression and depletion mutants revealed that FfH2A.Z is important for wild type-like fungal development and secondary metabolism. CONCLUSION In this study, we show that the histone variant FfH2A.Z is a mark of positive gene transcription and acts independently of the chromatin state most likely through the stabilization of the + 1-nucleosome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FfH2A.Z depletion does not influence the establishment of both H3K27me3 and H3K4me3, thus indicating no crosstalk between FfH2A.Z and both histone marks. These results highlight the manifold functions of the histone variant FfH2A.Z in the phytopathogen F. fujikuroi, which are distinct regarding gene transcription and crosstalk with the two prominent histone marks H3K27me3 and H3K4me3, as proposed for other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Atanasoff-Kardjalieff
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau, 3430, Austria
| | - Harald Berger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau, 3430, Austria
| | - Katharina Steinert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Slavica Janevska
- (Epi-)Genetic Regulation of Fungal Virulence, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kalinina
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau, 3430, Austria.
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Atanasoff‐Kardjalieff AK, Seidl B, Steinert K, Daniliuc CG, Schuhmacher R, Humpf H, Kalinina S, Studt‐Reinhold L. Biosynthesis of the Isocoumarin Derivatives Fusamarins is Mediated by the PKS8 Gene Cluster in Fusarium. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200342. [PMID: 36137261 PMCID: PMC10947347 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium mangiferae causes the mango malformation disease (MMD) on young mango trees and seedlings resulting in economically significant crop losses. In addition, F. mangiferae produces a vast array of secondary metabolites (SMs), including mycotoxins that may contaminate the harvest. Their production is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. Here, we show that lack of the H3 K9-specific histone methyltransferase, FmKmt1, influences the expression of the F. mangiferae polyketide synthase (PKS) 8 (FmPKS8), a so far cryptic PKS. By a combination of reverse genetics, untargeted metabolomics, bioinformatics and chemical analyses including structural elucidation, we determined the FmPKS8 biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) and linked its activity to the production of fusamarins (FMN), which can be structurally classified as dihydroisocoumarins. Functional characterization of the four FMN cluster genes shed light on the biosynthetic pathway. Cytotoxicity assays revealed moderate toxicities with IC50 values between 1 and 50 μM depending on the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Atanasoff‐Kardjalieff
- Institute of Microbial GeneticsDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaKonrad-Lorenz Strasse 243430Tulln an der DonauAustria
| | - Bernhard Seidl
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-MetabolomicsDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaKonrad-Lorenz Strasse 203430Tulln an der DonauAustria
| | - Katharina Steinert
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4548149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-MetabolomicsDepartment of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaKonrad-Lorenz Strasse 203430Tulln an der DonauAustria
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4548149MünsterGermany
| | - Svetlana Kalinina
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4548149MünsterGermany
| | - Lena Studt‐Reinhold
- Institute of Microbial GeneticsDepartment of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaKonrad-Lorenz Strasse 243430Tulln an der DonauAustria
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Atanasoff‐Kardjalieff AK, Seidl B, Steinert K, Daniliuc CG, Schuhmacher R, Humpf H, Kalinina S, Studt‐Reinhold L. Biosynthesis of the Isocoumarin Derivatives Fusamarins is Mediated by the PKS8 Gene Cluster in
Fusarium. Chembiochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Atanasoff‐Kardjalieff
- Institute of Microbial Genetics Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Bernhard Seidl
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Katharina Steinert
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 45 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 45 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Svetlana Kalinina
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 45 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Lena Studt‐Reinhold
- Institute of Microbial Genetics Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
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Steinert K, Berg N, Kalinin DV, Jagels A, Würthwein EU, Humpf HU, Kalinina S. Semisynthetic Approach toward Biologically Active Derivatives of Phenylspirodrimanes from S. chartarum. ACS Omega 2022; 7:45215-45230. [PMID: 36530258 PMCID: PMC9753195 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The phenylspirodrimanes (PSDs) from Stachybotrys chartarum represent a structurally diverse group of meroterpenoids, which, on the one hand, exhibit a structural exclusivity since their occurrence is not known for any other species and, on the other hand, offer access to chemically and biologically active compounds. In this study, phenylspirodrimanes 1-3 were isolated from S. chartarum and their water-mediated Cannizzaro-type transformation was investigated using quantum chemical DFT calculations substantiated by LC-MS and NMR experiments. Considering the inhibitory activity of PSDs against proteolytic enzymes and their modulatory effect on plasminogen, PSDs 1-3 were used as a starting material for the synthesis of their corresponding biologically active lactams. To access the library of the PSD derivatives and screen them against physiologically relevant serine proteases, a microscale semisynthetic approach was developed. This allowed us to generate the library of 35 lactams, some of which showed the inhibitory activity against physiologically relevant serine proteases such as thrombin, FXIIa, FXa, and trypsin. Among them, the agmatine-derived lactam 16 showed the highest inhibitory activity against plasma coagulation factors and demonstrated the anticoagulant activity in two plasma coagulation tests. The semisynthetic lactams were significantly less toxic compared to their parental natural PSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Steinert
- Institut
für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Berg
- Institut
für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dmitrii V. Kalinin
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Jagels
- The
Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080, United States
| | - Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institut
für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kalinina
- Institut
für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Ernst S, Volkov AN, Stark M, Hölscher L, Steinert K, Fetzner S, Hennecke U, Drees SL. Azetidomonamide and Diazetidomonapyridone Metabolites Control Biofilm Formation and Pigment Synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7676-7685. [PMID: 35451837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of azetidine-derived natural products by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is controlled by quorum sensing, a process involving the production and sensing of diffusible signal molecules that is decisive for virulence regulation. In this study, we engineered P. aeruginosa for the titratable expression of the biosynthetic aze gene cluster, which allowed the purification and identification of two new products, azetidomonamide C and diazetidomonapyridone. Diazetidomonapyridone was shown to have a highly unusual structure with two azetidine rings and an open-chain diimide moiety. Expression of aze genes strongly increased biofilm formation and production of phenazine and alkyl quinolone virulence factors. Further physiological studies revealed that all effects were mainly mediated by azetidomonamide A and diazetidomonapyridone, whereas azetidomonamides B and C had little or no phenotypic impact. The P450 monooxygenase AzeF which catalyzes a challenging, stereoselective hydroxylation of the azetidine ring converting azetidomonamide C into azetidomonamide A is therefore crucial for biological activity. Based on our findings, we propose this group of metabolites to constitute a new class of diffusible regulatory molecules with community-related effects in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ernst
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 3, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alexander N Volkov
- VIB Centre for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium.,Jean Jeener NMR Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050 Belgium
| | - Melina Stark
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 3, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Lea Hölscher
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 3, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Katharina Steinert
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Susanne Fetzner
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 3, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hennecke
- Organic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Steffen Lorenz Drees
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 3, Münster 48149, Germany
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Steinert K, Hövelmann Y, Hübner F, Humpf HU. Identification of Novel Iso-Esculeoside B from Tomato Fruits and LC-MS/MS-Based Food Screening for Major Dietary Steroidal Alkaloids Focused on Esculeosides. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:14492-14501. [PMID: 33245235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants from the Solanaceae family are known to be sources of several nutritionally relevant steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs). With the aim of quantitatively investigating the occurrence of the main SGA from tomatoes, eggplants, and potatoes in various food samples and evaluating their relevance in the human diet, a rapid single-step extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed. Over the course of isolating several commercially unavailable SGAs from tomato products to use them as reference standards, a previously unknown derivative was detected, structurally characterized, and identified as a novel isomer of esculeoside B-1 and B-2. After validation of the method, 36 food items exclusively derived from Solanaceae plants were analyzed for their SGA contents and a specific occurrence of each alkaloid in tomato, eggplant, or potato products was revealed. This is the first study reporting quantitative data on the occurrence of esculeoside A, B-1, B-2, and iso-esculeoside B in tomato products obtained by using appropriate reference compounds rather than applying a semi-quantitative approach based on α-tomatine as a reference. Some of the analyzed tomato products contained the esculeosides in concentrations of >500 mg/kg, clearly indicating their relevance in the human diet and the need of investigating their potential bioactivities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Steinert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Hübner
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Hövelmann Y, Steinert K, Hübner F, Humpf HU. Identification of a novel N-caprylhistamine-β-glucoside from tomato fruits and LC-MS/MS-based food screening for imidazole alkaloids. Food Chem 2020; 312:126068. [PMID: 31918364 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at the identification of novel imidazole alkaloids derived from histamine or histidinol and generally investigating the occurrence of suchlike alkaloids in a variety of foodstuffs. Herein, N-caprylhistamine was synthesized and the glucosidic derivative N-caprylhistamine-β-glucoside was isolated from ripe tomato fruits and structurally characterized. The obtained reference standards were used for the extension of an established LC-MS/MS-based method for the quantitation of several imidazole alkaloids in tomato products. After validation for the two additional analytes and demonstrating the applicability of the method to nine other food matrices, 104 food items were screened for the occurrence of the described imidazole alkaloids. Remarkably, all of the investigated alkaloids were only quantifiable in tomato-based products and the occurrence of N-caprylhistamine and N-caprylhistamine-β-glucoside was reported for the first time. These imidazole alkaloids could thus be applicable as specific intake biomarkers for tomatoes and their biological activities as well as metabolic fate should be investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Katharina Steinert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Florian Hübner
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
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Hövelmann Y, Lewin L, Steinert K, Hübner F, Humpf HU. Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Urinary Biomarkers for Dietary Tomato Intake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000011. [PMID: 32386275 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In this study, the applicability of several β-carboline, imidazole, and steroidal alkaloids as biomarkers for tomato juice intake is evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Over the course of a 2-week crossover dietary intervention study, 14 volunteers were given low and high doses of tomato juice after 3 days of avoiding tomato-based products. On the day of consumption and the following days, volunteers provided urine samples that were quantitatively analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Herein, glucose-derived β-carboline alkaloids are determined as supporting, yet non-specific dietary biomarkers for tomato juice intake. Several imidazole alkaloids represent further biomarkers, which are shown to specifically indicate consumption of tomato juice for 24 h and partly >24 h. Additionally, steroidal alkaloids derived from esculeogenin B are determined to be specific biomarkers for tomato juice detectable for at least 48 h after consumption. The intake of low and high amounts of tomato juice is significantly distinguishable based on the urinary excretion of all determined biomarkers as well. CONCLUSIONS The dietary intake of tomato juice is conclusively traceable based on urinary excretion of multiple β-carboline, imidazole, and steroidal alkaloids, and can be determined for up to 48 h after consumption. Furthermore, different intake doses can clearly be distinguished based on their urinary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hövelmann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Lea Lewin
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Katharina Steinert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Florian Hübner
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Steinert K, Wagner V, Kroth-Pancic PG, Bickel-Sandkötter S. Characterization and subunit structure of the ATP synthase of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii and organization of the ATP synthase genes. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6261-9. [PMID: 9045643 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The archaeal ATPase of the halophile Haloferax volcanii synthesizes ATP at the expense of a proton gradient, as shown by sensitivity to the uncoupler carboxyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, to the ionophore nigericin, and to the proton channel-modifying reagent N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The conditions for an optimally active ATP synthase have been determined. We were able to purify the enzyme complex and to identify the larger subunits with antisera raised against synthetic peptides. To identify additional subunits of this enzyme complex, we cloned and sequenced a gene cluster encoding five hydrophilic subunits of the A1 part of the proton-translocating archaeal ATP synthase. Initiation, termination, and ribosome-binding sequences as well as the result of a single transcript suggest that the ATPase genes are organized in an operon. The calculated molecular masses of the deduced gene products are 22. 0 kDa (subunit D), 38.7 kDa (subunit C), 11.6 kDa (subunit E), 52.0 kDa (subunit B), and 64.5 kDa (subunit A). The described operon contains genes in the order D, C, E, B, and A; it contains no gene for the hydrophobic, so-called proteolipid (subunit c, the proton-conducting subunit of the A0 part). This subunit has been isolated and purified; its molecular mass as deduced by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 9.7 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steinert
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
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Steinert K, Bickel-Sandkötter S. Isolation, characterization, and substrate specificity of the plasma membrane ATPase of the hlophilic achaeon Haloferax volcanii. Z NATURFORSCH C 1996; 51:29-39. [PMID: 8721212 DOI: 10.1515/znc-1996-1-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Isolated membranes of the moderate halophilic bacterium Haloferax volcanii are able to hydrolyze ATP via an ATPase, which needs the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+, high concentrations of NaCl, a pH value of 9, and high temperatures with an optimum at 60 degrees C. We have not found any phosphatase activity in the preparations. We developed a purification method for the isolated enzyme with an enrichment factor of 90. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the partially purified enzyme of Haloferax volcanii showed putative ATPase subunits of 63, 51, 37, and 12 kDa. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) a specific inhibitor for V-ATPases, which alkylates cyteines, inhibited the enzyme slightly. Binding of tritiated NEM to the isolated ATPase fractions resulted in labelling of the 63 and 51 kDa peptides. Using PCR with degenerate oligonucleotides, we could clone and sequence a gene cluster encoding the A1 part of the halophilic ATPase. The described genes are organized in an operon in the order D, C, E, B, A, named alphabetically according to their decreasing size. The deduced products of 64.5, 52, 38.7, 22, and 11.6 kDa confirm the results of the partial purification of the ATPase. Biochemical characterization of the Haloferax volcanii ATPase gave the following results: In presence of Mn2+ higher rates of ATP hydrolysis could be observed than in presence of Mg2+, but free manganese ions inhibited the enzyme activity of the ATPase. Calculation of the true concentrations of the complex between ATP and the respective divalent metal ion led to determination of Michaelis-Menten constants for ATP in the hydrolysis direction of 1 mM in presence of MgCl2 and 0.24 mM in presence of MnCl2. Sodium chloride concentrations in the molar range induce changes in KM by a factor of about 10. The enzyme is specific for ATP; other nucleotides including GTP and ADP are competitive inhibitors of ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steinert
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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Steinert K, Kroth-Pancic PG, Bickel-Sandkötter S. Nucleotide sequence of the ATPase A- and B-subunits of the halophilic archaebacterium Haloferax volcanii and characterization of the enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1249:137-44. [PMID: 7599166 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00033-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Using PCR with degenerate oligonucleotides, we amplified two conserved regions of the plasma membrane ATPase A (alpha)- and B (beta)-subunit-encoding genes from Haloferax volcanii, a halophilic archaeon. The amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced, and then used as homologous probes to clone genomic restriction fragments, one of which contained the nearly complete atpA- and atpB-gene. To complete the latter one, we sequenced a region of an overlapping fragment using synthetic oligonucleotides as primers. The deduced amino-acid sequence showed a high degree of similarity with the A and B sequences of Halobacterium halobium-ATPase, and a relatively high degree with Daucus carota V-ATPase, but less similarity to F-ATPase alpha- and beta-subunits. Like in V-ATPases, the A-subunit is more related to the catalytic F-ATPase beta-subunit, whereas B corresponds to alpha. Cross-reaction of antibodies against CF1-alpha (synthetic peptide) with B and CF1-beta with A of Haloferax volcanii confirmed this finding. The ATPase of Haloferax volcanii is a halophilic enzyme, the amino-acid sequences contain about 20% negatively charged residues. This is discussed in terms of adaption to hypersaline conditions. The enzyme is specific for ATP, we determined KM values for ATP in presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+, respectively. Other nucleotides, including GTP and ADP are competitive inhibitors of ATP hydrolysis. Despite of the high degree of similarity to the Halobacterium enzyme, the ATPase showed no sensitivity to most of the tested inhibitors of ATP hydrolysis. NEM, a specific inhibitor for V-ATPases inhibited the enzyme only slightly. Bafilomycin, NBD-Cl and nitrate showed no effect. These results will be discussed in context with some specific differences in the primary structure of the Haloferax A-subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steinert
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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Paulsen H, Steinert K, Heyns K. [Monosaccharides containing nitrogen in the ring, XXVI Synthesis of free 4-amino-4-deoxy-D-glucose and 4-amino-4-deoxy-D-galactose. Dimerization to bis-pyrrolidine-sugars]. Chem Ber 1970; 103:1599-620. [PMID: 5425912 DOI: 10.1002/cber.19701030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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