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Dai C, Chen X, Qian S, Fan Y, Li L, Yuan J. Dysbiosis of intestinal homeostasis contribute to Whitmania pigra edema disease. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1940-1956. [PMID: 37410351 PMCID: PMC10527190 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitmania pigra is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, W. pigra is being threatened by an edema disease with unknown causes (WPE). In this study, a comprehensive exploration of virome, microbiome, and metabolome aberrations in the intestine of W. pigra was performed to address the aetiology of WPE. Virome analysis indicated that eukaryotic viruses did not contribute to WPE, whereas an expansion of Caudovirales was observed in WPE. Compared to the control, the microbial richness and diversity in diseased W. pigra decreased remarkably. Nine genera, including Aeromonas, Anaerotruncus, Vibrio, Proteocatella, Acinetobacter, and Brachyspira were overrepresented in WPE, whereas eleven genera, including Bifidobacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacillus and AF12, were enriched in healthy individuals. Furthermore, certain metabolites, especially amino acids, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids, were found to be linked to intestinal microbiota alterations in WPE. An integration of the microbiome and metabolome in WPE found that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota or metabolites caused WPE. Notably, W. pigra accepted intestinal microbiota transplantation from WPE donors developed WPE clinical signs eventually, and the dysbiotic intestinal microbiota can be recharacterized in this recipient W. pigra. Strikingly, pathological features of metanephridium and uraemic toxin enrichment in the gut indicated a putative interconnection between the gut and metanephridium in WPE, which represents the prototype of the gut-kidney axis in mammals. These finding exemplify the conservation of "microecological Koch's postulates" from annelids to insects and other vertebrates, which provides a direction of prevention and treatment for WPE and opens a new insight into the pathogenesis of aquatic animal diseases from an ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijiao Dai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
| | - Shiyu Qian
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para‐reference laboratory (HZAU)WuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and PreventionWuhanChina
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2
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Stante M, Weiland-Bräuer N, Repnik U, Werner A, Bramkamp M, Chibani CM, Schmitz RA. Four Novel Caudoviricetes Bacteriophages Isolated from Baltic Sea Water Infect Colonizers of Aurelia aurita. Viruses 2023; 15:1525. [PMID: 37515211 PMCID: PMC10383413 DOI: 10.3390/v15071525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita is associated with a highly diverse microbiota changing with provenance, tissue, and life stage. While the crucial relevance of bacteria to host fitness is well known, bacteriophages have often been neglected. Here, we aimed to isolate virulent phages targeting bacteria that are part of the A. aurita-associated microbiota. Four phages (Pseudomonas phage BSwM KMM1, Citrobacter phages BSwM KMM2-BSwM KMM4) were isolated from the Baltic Sea water column and characterized. Phages KMM2/3/4 infected representatives of Citrobacter, Shigella, and Escherichia (Enterobacteriaceae), whereas KMM1 showed a remarkably broad host range, infecting Gram-negative Pseudomonas as well as Gram-positive Staphylococcus. All phages showed an up to 99% adsorption to host cells within 5 min, short latent periods (around 30 min), large burst sizes (mean of 128 pfu/cell), and high efficiency of plating (EOP > 0.5), demonstrating decent virulence, efficiency, and infectivity. Transmission electron microscopy and viral genome analysis revealed that all phages are novel species and belong to the class of Caudoviricetes harboring a tail and linear double-stranded DNA (formerly known as Siphovirus-like (KMM3) and Myovirus-like (KMM1/2/4) bacteriophages) with genome sizes between 50 and 138 kbp. In the future, these isolates will allow manipulation of the A. aurita-associated microbiota and provide new insights into phage impact on the multicellular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Stante
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.); (N.W.-B.); (A.W.); (M.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Nancy Weiland-Bräuer
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.); (N.W.-B.); (A.W.); (M.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Urska Repnik
- Central Microscopy Facility, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Almut Werner
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.); (N.W.-B.); (A.W.); (M.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.); (N.W.-B.); (A.W.); (M.B.); (C.M.C.)
- Central Microscopy Facility, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Cynthia M. Chibani
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.); (N.W.-B.); (A.W.); (M.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Ruth A. Schmitz
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian Albrechts University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (M.S.); (N.W.-B.); (A.W.); (M.B.); (C.M.C.)
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3
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Goodrich-Blair H. Interactions of host-associated multispecies bacterial communities. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:14-31. [PMID: 33690897 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome comprises microbial communities colonizing biotic (epithelia, mucosa) and abiotic (enamel) surfaces. Different communities are associated with health (eg, immune development, pathogen resistance) and disease (eg, tooth loss and periodontal disease). Like any other host-associated microbiome, colonization and persistence of both beneficial and dysbiotic oral microbiomes are dictated by successful utilization of available nutrients and defense against host and competitor assaults. This chapter will explore these general features of microbe-host interactions through the lens of symbiotic (mutualistic and antagonistic/pathogenic) associations with nonmammalian animals. Investigations in such systems across a broad taxonomic range have revealed conserved mechanisms and processes that underlie the complex associations among microbes and between microbes and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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4
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Vishnyakov AE, Karagodina NP, Lim-Fong G, Ivanov PA, Schwaha TF, Letarov AV, Ostrovsky AN. First evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4. [PMID: 33420126 PMCID: PMC7794531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage communities associated with humans and vertebrate animals have been extensively studied, but the data on phages living in invertebrates remain scarce. In fact, they have never been reported for most animal phyla. Our ultrastructural study showed for the first time a variety of virus-like particles (VLPs) and supposed virus-related structures inside symbiotic bacteria in two marine species from the phylum Bryozoa, the cheilostomes Bugula neritina and Paralicornia sinuosa. We also documented the effect of VLPs on bacterial hosts: we explain different bacterial 'ultrastructural types' detected in bryozoan tissues as stages in the gradual destruction of prokaryotic cells caused by viral multiplication during the lytic cycle. We speculate that viruses destroying bacteria regulate symbiont numbers in the bryozoan hosts, a phenomenon known in some insects. We develop two hypotheses explaining exo- and endogenous circulation of the viruses during the life-cycle of B. neritina. Finally, we compare unusual 'sea-urchin'-like structures found in the collapsed bacteria in P. sinuosa with so-called metamorphosis associated contractile structures (MACs) formed in the cells of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea which are known to trigger larval metamorphosis in a polychaete worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Vishnyakov
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 199034
| | - N. P. Karagodina
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 199034
| | - G. Lim-Fong
- grid.262455.20000 0001 2205 6070Department of Biology, Randolph-Macon College, 304 Caroline Street, Ashland, VA 23005 USA
| | - P. A. Ivanov
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Research Centre of Biotechnology, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7 bld. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation 117312
| | - T. F. Schwaha
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. V. Letarov
- grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Research Centre of Biotechnology, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7 bld. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation 117312 ,grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation 119234
| | - A. N. Ostrovsky
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 199034 ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Geozentrum, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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McFall-Ngai M, Bosch TCG. Animal development in the microbial world: The power of experimental model systems. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 141:371-397. [PMID: 33602493 PMCID: PMC8211120 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of powerful model systems has been a critical strategy for understanding the mechanisms underlying the progression of an animal through its ontogeny. Here we provide two examples that allow deep and mechanistic insight into the development of specific animal systems. Species of the cnidarian genus Hydra have provided excellent models for studying host-microbe interactions and how metaorganisms function in vivo. Studies of the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and its luminous bacterial partner Vibrio fischeri have been used for over 30 years to understand the impact of a broad array of levels, from ecology to genomics, on the development and persistence of symbiosis. These examples provide an integrated perspective of how developmental processes work and evolve within the context of a microbial world, a new view that opens vast horizons for developmental biology research. The Hydra and the squid systems also lend an example of how profound insights can be discovered by taking advantage of the "experiments" that evolution had done in shaping conserved developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McFall-Ngai
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States.
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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6
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Dupont S, Lokmer A, Corre E, Auguet JC, Petton B, Toulza E, Montagnani C, Tanguy G, Pecqueur D, Salmeron C, Guillou L, Desnues C, La Scola B, Bou Khalil J, de Lorgeril J, Mitta G, Gueguen Y, Escoubas JM. Oyster hemolymph is a complex and dynamic ecosystem hosting bacteria, protists and viruses. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:12. [PMID: 33499958 PMCID: PMC7807429 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the microbiota on host fitness has so far mainly been demonstrated for the bacterial microbiome. We know much less about host-associated protist and viral communities, largely due to technical issues. However, all microorganisms within a microbiome potentially interact with each other as well as with the host and the environment, therefore likely affecting the host health. RESULTS We set out to explore how environmental and host factors shape the composition and diversity of bacterial, protist and viral microbial communities in the Pacific oyster hemolymph, both in health and disease. To do so, five oyster families differing in susceptibility to the Pacific oyster mortality syndrome were reared in hatchery and transplanted into a natural environment either before or during a disease outbreak. Using metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics, we demonstrate that hemolymph can be considered as an ecological niche hosting bacterial, protist and viral communities, each of them shaped by different factors and distinct from the corresponding communities in the surrounding seawater. Overall, we found that hemolymph microbiota is more strongly shaped by the environment than by host genetic background. Co-occurrence network analyses suggest a disruption of the microbial network after transplantation into natural environment during both non-infectious and infectious periods. Whereas we could not identify a common microbial community signature for healthy animals, OsHV-1 μVar virus dominated the hemolymph virome during the disease outbreak, without significant modifications of other microbiota components. CONCLUSION Our study shows that oyster hemolymph is a complex ecosystem containing diverse bacteria, protists and viruses, whose composition and dynamics are primarily determined by the environment. However, all of these are also shaped by oyster genetic backgrounds, indicating they indeed interact with the oyster host and are therefore not only of transient character. Although it seems that the three microbiome components respond independently to environmental conditions, better characterization of hemolymph-associated viruses could change this picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dupont
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - A Lokmer
- Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, List auf Sylt, Germany.,Current affiliation UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et Ethnologie, CNRS - MNHN Univ. Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - E Corre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424 ABiMS (Analysis and Bioanalysis for Marine Sciences), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - J-C Auguet
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, CC093, place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - B Petton
- Ifremer, LEMAR UMR 6539, 11 presqu'île du Vivier, 29840, Argenton-en-Landunvez, France
| | - E Toulza
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - C Montagnani
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - G Tanguy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Genomer, Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - D Pecqueur
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, FR 3724, BioPIC, CNRS/SU, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - C Salmeron
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, FR 3724, BioPIC, CNRS/SU, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - L Guillou
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - C Desnues
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 257, Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, UMR Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - B La Scola
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI), Aix-Marseille Université UM63, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD 198, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - J Bou Khalil
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - J de Lorgeril
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - G Mitta
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Y Gueguen
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - J-M Escoubas
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 34095, Montpellier, France.
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7
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Li XY, Lachnit T, Fraune S, Bosch TCG, Traulsen A, Sieber M. Temperate phages as self-replicating weapons in bacterial competition. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0563. [PMID: 29263125 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are accompanied by a diverse array of viruses. Through infections of abundant microbes, these viruses have the potential to mediate competition within the community, effectively weakening competitive interactions and promoting coexistence. This is of particular relevance for host-associated microbial communities, because the diversity of the microbiota has been linked to host health and functioning. Here, we study the interaction between two key members of the microbiota of the freshwater metazoan Hydra vulgaris The two commensal bacteria Curvibacter sp. and Duganella sp. protect their host from fungal infections, but only if both of them are present. Coexistence of the two bacteria is thus beneficial for Hydra Intriguingly, Duganella sp. appears to be the superior competitor in vitro due to its higher growth rate when both bacteria are grown separately, but in co-culture the outcome of competition depends on the relative initial abundances of the two species. The presence of an inducible prophage in the Curvibacter sp. genome, which is able to lytically infect Duganella sp., led us to hypothesize that the phage modulates the interaction between these two key members of the Hydra microbiota. Using a mathematical model, we show that the interplay of the lysogenic life cycle of the Curvibacter phage and the lytic life cycle on Duganella sp. can explain the observed complex competitive interaction between the two bacteria. Our results highlight the importance of taking lysogeny into account for understanding microbe-virus interactions and show the complex role phages can play in promoting coexistence of their bacterial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yi Li
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Lachnit
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Michael Sieber
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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8
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Ohdera AH, Abrams MJ, Ames CL, Baker DM, Suescún-Bolívar LP, Collins AG, Freeman CJ, Gamero-Mora E, Goulet TL, Hofmann DK, Jaimes-Becerra A, Long PF, Marques AC, Miller LA, Mydlarz LD, Morandini AC, Newkirk CR, Putri SP, Samson JE, Stampar SN, Steinworth B, Templeman M, Thomé PE, Vlok M, Woodley CM, Wong JC, Martindale MQ, Fitt WK, Medina M. Upside-Down but Headed in the Right Direction: Review of the Highly Versatile Cassiopea xamachana System. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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9
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Grasis JA. The Intra-Dependence of Viruses and the Holobiont. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1501. [PMID: 29170664 PMCID: PMC5684104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals live in symbiosis with the microorganisms surrounding them. This symbiosis is necessary for animal health, as a symbiotic breakdown can lead to a disease state. The functional symbiosis between the host, and associated prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses in the context of an environment is the holobiont. Deciphering these holobiont associations has proven to be both difficult and controversial. In particular, holobiont association with viruses has been of debate even though these interactions have been occurring since cellular life began. The controversy stems from the idea that all viruses are parasitic, yet their associations can also be beneficial. To determine viral involvement within the holobiont, it is necessary to identify and elucidate the function of viral populations in symbiosis with the host. Viral metagenome analyses identify the communities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses that functionally associate within a holobiont. Similarly, analyses of the host in response to viral presence determine how these interactions are maintained. Combined analyses reveal how viruses interact within the holobiont and how viral symbiotic cooperation occurs. To understand how the holobiont serves as a functional unit, one must consider viruses as an integral part of disease, development, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris A Grasis
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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10
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Grazing of Nuclearia thermophila and Nuclearia delicatula (Nucleariidae, Opisthokonta) on the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens. Eur J Protistol 2017; 60:87-101. [PMID: 28675820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the planktonic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens became a dominant primary producer in many deep pre-alpine lakes. While altered physiochemical conditions due to lake warming seem to favour this cyanobacterial species, its dominance is partly attributed to factors conferring grazing resistance. The rigid structure of the cyanobacterial filaments and toxic secondary metabolites (e.g. microcystins) protect against diverse grazers. Nonetheless, species of the protistan genus Nuclearia (Nucleariidae, Opisthokonta) are able to overcome this grazing protection. Time lapse video documentation served as tool to record slow feeding processes of N. thermophila and N. delicatula. Three different feeding strategies could be distinguished: (i) Phagocytosis of small fragments, (ii) serial break-ups of cyanobacterial cells and (iii) bending and breaking of filaments. While observations revealed mechanical manipulation to be important for the efficient breakdown of P. rubescens filaments, the toxin microcystin had no pronounced negative effects on nucleariid cells. Growth experiments with N. thermophila/N. delicatula and different accompanying bacterial assemblages pointed to a pivotal role of distinct prokaryotic species for toxin degradation and for the growth success of the protists. Thus, the synergistic effect of nucleariids and specific bacteria favours an efficient degradation of P. rubescens along with its toxin.
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11
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Deines P, Bosch TCG. Transitioning from Microbiome Composition to Microbial Community Interactions: The Potential of the Metaorganism Hydra as an Experimental Model. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1610. [PMID: 27790207 PMCID: PMC5061769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals are home to complex microbial communities, which are shaped through interactions within the community, interactions with the host, and through environmental factors. The advent of high-throughput sequencing methods has led to novel insights in changing patterns of community composition and structure. However, deciphering the different types of interactions among community members, with their hosts and their interplay with their environment is still a challenge of major proportion. The emerging fields of synthetic microbial ecology and community systems biology have the potential to decrypt these complex relationships. Studying host-associated microbiota across multiple spatial and temporal scales will bridge the gap between individual microorganism studies and large-scale whole community surveys. Here, we discuss the unique potential of Hydra as an emerging experimental model in microbiome research. Through in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches the interaction structure of host-associated microbial communities and the effects of the host on the microbiota and its interactions can be disentangled. Research in the model system Hydra can unify disciplines from molecular genetics to ecology, opening up the opportunity to discover fundamental rules that govern microbiome community stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Deines
- Zoological Institute and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Kiel Life Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute and Interdisciplinary Research Center, Kiel Life Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Kiel, Germany
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Dirren S, Posch T. Promiscuous and specific bacterial symbiont acquisition in the amoeboid genus Nuclearia (Opisthokonta). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw105. [PMID: 27199347 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated 17 strains of the amoeboid genus Nuclearia (Opisthokonta) from five Swiss lakes. Eight of these nucleariid isolates were associated with bacterial endosymbionts and/or ectosymbionts. Amoebae were characterized morphologically and by their 18S rRNA genes. Phylogeny based on molecular data resulted in four established monophyletic branches and two new clusters. A heterogeneous picture emerged by highlighting nucleariids with associated bacteria. Apart from one cluster which consisted of only isolates with and three groups of amoebae without symbionts, we also found mixed clusters. The picture got even more 'blurred' by regarding the phylogeny of symbiotic bacteria. Although seven different bacterial strains could be identified, it seems that we still are only scratching the surface of symbionts' diversity. Furthermore, types of symbioses might be different depending on host species. Strains of Nuclearia thermophila harboured the same endosymbiont even when isolated from different lakes. This pointed to a specific and obligate interaction. However, two isolates of N. delicatula were associated with different endosymbiotic bacteria. Here the symbiont acquisition seemed to be rather promiscuous. This behaviour regarding symbiotic associations is especially remarkable considering the phylogenetic position of these basal opisthokonts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dirren
- Limnological Station, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Seestrasse 187, CH-8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
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- Limnological Station, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Seestrasse 187, CH-8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
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