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Nguyen A, Roy JJS, Kim JH, Yun KH, Lee W, Kim KK, Kim T, Chaurasia AK. Repeated Exposure of Vancomycin to Vancomycin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) Parent Emerged VISA and VRSA Strains with Enhanced Virulence Potentials. J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s12275-024-00139-8. [PMID: 38814539 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance against the last-resort antibiotic vancomycin in staphylococcal infections is a serious concern for human health. Although various drug-resistant pathogens of diverse genetic backgrounds show higher virulence potential, the underlying mechanism behind this is not yet clear due to variability in their genetic dispositions. In this study, we investigated the correlation between resistance and virulence in adaptively evolved isogenic strains. The vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was exposed to various concentrations of vancomycin repeatedly as a mimic of the clinical regimen to obtain mutation(s)-accrued-clonally-selected (MACS) strains. The phenotypic analyses followed by expression of the representative genes responsible for virulence and resistance of MACS strains were investigated. MACS strains obtained under 2 and 8 µg/ml vancomycin, named Van2 and Van8, respectively; showed enhanced vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to 4 and 16 µg/ml, respectively. The cell adhesion and invasion of MACS strains increased in proportion to their MICs. The correlation between resistance and virulence potential was partially explained by the differential expression of genes known to be involved in both virulence and resistance in MACS strains compared to parent S. aureus USA300. Repeated treatment of vancomycin against vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) leads to the emergence of vancomycin-resistant strains with variable levels of enhanced virulence potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Nguyen
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - J Jean Sophy Roy
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Yun
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Truc Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Chaurasia
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Huo M, Xu X, Mi K, Ma W, Zhou Q, Lin X, Cheng G, Huang L. Co-selection mechanism for bacterial resistance to major chemical pollutants in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169223. [PMID: 38101638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is an emerging global public health problem, posing a significant threat to animal and human health. Chemical pollutants present in the environment exert selective pressure on bacteria, which acquire resistance through co-resistance, cross-resistance, co-regulation, and biofilm resistance. Resistance genes are horizontally transmitted in the environment through four mechanisms including conjugation transfer, bacterial transformation, bacteriophage transduction, and membrane vesicle transport, and even enter human bodies through the food chain, endangering human health. Although the co-selection effects of bacterial resistance to chemical pollutants has attracted widespread attention, the co-screening mechanism and co-transmission mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this article summarises the current research status of the co-selection effects and mechanism of environmental pollutants resistance, emphasising the necessity of studying the co-selection mechanism of bacteria against major chemical pollutants, and lays a solid theoretical foundation for conducting risk assessment of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Huo
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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3
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Xin R, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Yang Y, Ma Y, Niu Z. Investigation of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of marine cyanobacteria in Bohai Bay: Cyanobacteria may be important hosts of antibiotic resistance genes in marine environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168516. [PMID: 37972772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria, as widely distributed and photosynthetically autotrophic bacteria in the ocean, may contribute to the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and develop a different antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria from freshwater environments. However, studies on antimicrobial susceptibility and the carriage of ARGs in marine cyanobacteria are still very limited. In this study, the antibiotic resistance characteristics of cyanobacteria in nearshore waters were examined through field monitoring and laboratory investigations, which included PCR detection and ARG transformation. The results showed a positive correlation between marine cyanobacteria and some ARGs in the nearshore waters of Bohai Bay. Moreover, most screened cyanobacteria showed high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for polymyxins, tetracyclines, kanamycin, and sulfonamides, moderate MIC values for streptomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and norfloxacin, and low MIC values for roxithromycin and cephalosporins. The blaTEM, blaKPC, sul1, sul2, strA, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetM, mdfA, and intI1 genes were detected in the screened marine cyanobacteria. The highest detection rates were observed for blaTEM (93.3 %), sul1 (56.6 %), sul2 (90 %), and strA (73.3 %). The detection rate of tetA (33.3 %) was the highest among the tetracycline resistance genes, and mdfA, a multidrug-resistant pump gene with resistance to tetracycline, also showed a high detection level (23.3 %). Overall, most of the screened marine cyanobacteria were found to tolerate multiple antibiotics in seawater, and the condition of the ARGs carriage was serious. Furthermore, the screened marine Synechocystis sp. C12-2 demonstrated the ability to accept ARGs on the RP4 plasmid through natural transformation and showed reduced sensitivity to ampicillin, suggesting the possibility that some marine cyanobacteria could acquire ARGs from the environment through horizontal gene transfer. Thus, marine cyanobacteria may play an important role in the propagation of marine ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xin
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongzheng Ma
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China.
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Sudhakari PA, Ramisetty BCM. Resistome Diversity in Escherichia coli Isolates of Global Wastewaters. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:37-49. [PMID: 38150178 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat requiring urgent attention and effective strategies for containment. AMR is fueled by wastewater mismanagement and global mobility, disseminating multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains worldwide. While global estimates of AMR burden have been informative, community-level understanding has received little attention despite reports of high AMR prevalence in healthy communities. We assessed the "invasion" of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the normal human flora by characterizing AMR Escherichia coli in local wastewaters contributed by a healthy youth population. This study estimated 26% (out of 300 isolates) resistant and 59% plasmid-bearing E. coli in local wastewater. Of the 78 AMR isolates, the frequency of mono-resistance was higher against tetracycline (32%), followed by kanamycin (17%) and chloramphenicol (9%). Five isolates were potentially MDR. We further sequenced four MDRs and four sensitive strains to comprehend the genome and resistome diversity in comparison to the global wastewater E. coli (genomes from the PATRIC database). The whole-genome analysis revealed extensive genome similarity among global isolates, suggesting global dissemination and colonization of E. coli. Global wastewater resistome majorly comprised ARGs against aminoglycosides (26%), beta-lactam (17%), sulfonamide (11%), and trimethoprim (8%). Resistance to colistin, a last-resort antibiotic, was prevalent in MDRs of European and South Asian isolates. A systems approach is required to address the AMR crisis on a global scale, reduce antibiotic usage, and increase the efficiency of wastewater management and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Anantharaman Sudhakari
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, 312@ASK1, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Bhaskar Chandra Mohan Ramisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Evolution, 312@ASK1, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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Xu K, Liu X, Pang L, Yue Y, Chatzisymeon E, Yang P. Response behavior of antibiotic resistance genes and human pathogens to slope gradient and position: An environmental risk analysis in sloping cultivated land. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166994. [PMID: 37742984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Soils, especially in farmlands, are key media for the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their hosts from the environment to humans. Sloping farmland is an important agricultural resource, but there lack of studies on the fate and risk of ARGs in sloping land. Also, the behavior and drivers of ARGs in response to slope gradient and position are unclear. Here, metagenomics was used to investigate the profiles of ARGs, mobile genetic elements, and microbial communities in soils from lands of five slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25°) with two slope positions (uphill and downhill). Results showed that while the abundance (except 15°) and diversity (except 20°) of ARGs increased as the slope gradient increased, the diversity of ARGs with health risk, especially the high-risk ones, decreased. For slope positions, abundant and diverse ARGs were more likely to accumulate at downhill. Furthermore, 52 bacterial genera and 12 human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) species were identified as the potential hosts for ARGs with high risk, and abundant HPB species were also detected in the soils with low gradients at downhill. Moreover, the structural equation model analysis revealed that the slope gradient and the slope position have both direct and indirect effects on the abundance of ARGs. Further correlation analysis revealed that the slope gradient has a positive effect (p < 0.05) on nitrite nitrogen in the soils. Also, the slope position has a negative effect (p < 0.05) on total phosphorus and microbial nitrogen, while positively affected (p < 0.05) on particulate nitrogen and microbial carbon, which were the key factors driving the behavior of ARGs. Overall, this study provided comprehensive information on ARGs with health risks and their potential pathogenic hosts in sloping farmland. It can be important for controlling antibiotic resistance transmission and be consistent with the One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Xu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xuna Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lina Pang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, China
| | - Efthalia Chatzisymeon
- School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Męcik M, Buta-Hubeny M, Paukszto Ł, Maździarz M, Wolak I, Harnisz M, Korzeniewska E. Poultry manure-derived microorganisms as a reservoir and source of antibiotic resistance genes transferred to soil autochthonous microorganisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119303. [PMID: 37832303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal husbandry is increasing yearly due to the growing demand for meat and livestock products, among other reasons. To meet these demands, prophylactic antibiotics are used in the livestock industry (i.e., poultry farming) to promote health and stimulate animal growth. However, antibiotics are not fully metabolized by animals, and they are evacuated to the environment with excreta. Animal manure is used as fertilizer to reduce the volume of waste generated in the livestock sector. However, manure often contains microorganisms harboring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Then, the microbiome of manure applicate to the soil may contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment, including autochthonous soil-dwelling microorganisms. The present study was conducted during the crops growing season in Poland (May to September 2019) to determine the influence of poultry manure as well as poultry manure supplemented with selected antibiotics on the diversity of the soil microbiome in treatments that had not been previously fertilized with manure and the ability of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to transfer ARGs to other soil bacteria. Antibiotic concentrations were elevated at the beginning of the study and decreased over time. Poultry manure induced significant changes in the structure of microbial communities in soil; the diversity of the soil microbiome decreased, and the abundance of bacterial genera Bradyrhizobium, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas, which are characteristic of the analyzed manure, increased. Over time, soil microbial diversity was restored to the state observed before the application of manure. Genes conferring resistance to multiple drugs as well as genes encoding resistance to bacitracin and aminoglycosides were the most frequently identified ARGs in the analyzed bacteria, including on mobile genetic elements. Multidrug resistance was observed in 17 bacterial taxa, whereas ARGs were identified in 32 bacterial taxa identified in the soil microbiome. The results of the study conclude that the application of poultry manure supplemented with antibiotics initially affects soil microbiome and resistome diversity but finally, the soil shows resilience and returns to its original state after time, with most antibiotic resistance genes disappearing. This phenomenon is of great importance in sustainable soil health after manure application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Męcik
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Martyna Buta-Hubeny
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-721, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maździarz
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-721, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Izabela Wolak
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Zou S, Yuan T, Lu T, Yan J, Kang D, Li D. Human Disturbance Increases Health Risks to Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys and the Transfer Risk of Pathogenic Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria from Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys to Humans. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3083. [PMID: 37835689 PMCID: PMC10572025 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
From the perspective of interactions in the human-animal-ecosystem, the study and control of pathogenic bacteria that can cause disease in animals and humans is the core content of "One Health". In order to test the effect of human disturbance (HD) on the health risk of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (PARBs) to wild animals and transfer risk of the PARBs from wild animals to humans, golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) were used as sentinel animals. Metagenomic analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of PARBs in the gut microbiota of golden snub-nosed monkeys. Then, the total contribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) of the PARBs were used to assess the health risk of PARBs to golden snub-nosed monkeys, and the antimicrobial drug resistance and bacterial infectious disease of PARBs were determined to assess the transfer risk of PARBs from golden snub-nosed monkeys to humans. There were 18 and 5 kinds of PARBs in the gut microbiota of golden snub-nosed monkeys under HD (HD group) and wild habitat environments (W group), respectively. The total health risks of PARBs to the W group and the HD group were -28.5 × 10-3 and 125.8 × 10-3, respectively. There were 12 and 16 kinds of KEGG pathways of human diseases in the PARBs of the W group and the HD group, respectively, and the gene numbers of KEGG pathways in the HD group were higher than those in the W group. HD increased the pathogenicity of PARBs to golden snub-nosed monkeys, and the PARBs in golden snub-nosed monkeys exhibited resistance to lincosamide, aminoglycoside, and streptogramin antibiotics. If these PARBs transfer from golden snub-nosed monkeys to humans, then humans may acquire symptoms of pathogens including Tubercle bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Yersinia, Pertussis, and Vibrio cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Tan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Jiayu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Di Kang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611233, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611233, China
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Park Y, Kim W, Kim M, Park W. The β-Lactamase Activity at the Community Level Confers β-Lactam Resistance to Bloom-Forming Microcystis aeruginosa Cells. J Microbiol 2023; 61:807-820. [PMID: 37851310 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Many freshwater cyanobacteria, including Microcystis aeruginosa, lack several known antibiotic resistance genes; however, both axenic and xenic M. aeruginosa strains exhibited high antibiotic resistance against many antibiotics under our tested concentrations, including colistin, trimethoprim, and kanamycin. Interestingly, axenic PCC7806, although not the xenic NIBR18 and NIBR452 strains, displayed susceptibility to ampicillin and amoxicillin, indicating that the associated bacteria in the phycosphere could confer such antibiotic resistance to xenic strains. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed their tight association, leading to possible community-level β-lactamase activity. Combinatory treatment of ampicillin with a β-lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam, abolished the ampicillin resistance in the xenic stains. The nitrocefin-based assay confirmed the presence of significant community-level β-lactamase activity. Our tested low ampicillin concentration and high β-lactamase activity could potentially balance the competitive advantage of these dominant species and provide opportunities for the less competitive species, thereby resulting in higher bacterial diversity under ampicillin treatment conditions. Non-PCR-based metagenome data from xenic NIBR18 cultures revealed the dominance of blaOXA-related antibiotic resistance genes followed by other class A β-lactamase genes (AST-1 and FAR-1). Alleviation of ampicillin toxicity could be observed only in axenic PCC7806, which had been cocultured with β-lactamase from other freshwater bacteria. Our study suggested M. aeruginosa develops resistance to old-class β-lactam antibiotics through altruism, where associated bacteria protect axenic M. aeruginosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerim Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjae Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Yang J, Son Y, Kang M, Park W. AamA-mediated epigenetic control of genome-wide gene expression and phenotypic traits in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001093. [PMID: 37589545 PMCID: PMC10483419 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual deletions of three genes encoding orphan DNA methyltransferases resulted in the occurrence of growth defect only in the aamA (encoding AcinetobacterAdenine Methylase A) mutant of A. baumannii strain ATCC 17978. Our single-molecule real-time sequencing-based methylome analysis revealed multiple AamA-mediated DNA methylation sites and proposed a potent census target motif (TTTRAATTYAAA). Loss of Dam led to modulation of genome-wide gene expression, and several Dam-target sites including the promoter region of the trmD operon (rpsP, rimM, trmD, and rplS) were identified through our methylome and transcriptome analyses. AamA methylation also appeared to control the expression of many genes linked to membrane functions (lolAB, lpxO), replication (dnaA) and protein synthesis (trmD operon) in the strain ATCC 17978. Interestingly, cellular resistance against several antibiotics and ethidium bromide through functions of efflux pumps diminished in the absence of the aamA gene, and the complementation of aamA gene restored the wild-type phenotypes. Other tested phenotypic traits such as outer-membrane vesicle production, biofilm formation and virulence were also affected in the aamA mutant. Collectively, our data indicated that epigenetic regulation through AamA-mediated DNA methylation of novel target sites mostly in the regulatory regions could contribute significantly to changes in multiple phenotypic traits in A. baumannii ATCC 17978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Son
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyeong Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zheng T, Chen H, Wu C, Wang J, Cui M, Ye H, Feng Y, Li Y, Dong Z. Fabrication of Co-Assembly from Berberine and Tannic Acid for Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Infection Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1782. [PMID: 37513970 PMCID: PMC10383063 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term antibiotic use induces drug resistance in bacteria. This has given rise to the challenge of refractory infections, which have become a global health threat. Berberine (BBR) and tannic acid (TA) from plants exhibit promising antibacterial activities and may overcome antibiotic resistance. However, poor solubility and/or low penetration capability have limited their application. Carrier-free co-assembled nanocomposites composed entirely of BBR and TA exhibit improved or new properties and produce improved efficacy. Herein, we demonstrated that an ordered nanostructure could be spontaneously co-assembled by the solvent evaporation method using the two natural products. These co-assembled berberine-tannic acid nanoparticles (BBR-TA NPs) exhibited the best antibacterial effect compared with the corresponding physical mixture, pristine BBR, and some first-line antibiotics (benzylpenicillin potassium-BP and ciprofloxacin-Cip) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Even if the concentration of BBR-TA NPs was as low as 15.63 μg/mL, the antibacterial rate against S. aureus and MRSA was more than 80%. In addition to the synergistic effect of the two compounds, the antibacterial mechanism underlying the nanostructures was that they strongly adhered to the surface of the bacterial cell wall, thereby inducing cell membrane damage and intracellular ATP leakage. Furthermore, the in vivo wound healing effect of BBR-TA NPs was verified using an MRSA wound infection mouse model. The BBR-TA NPs achieved the best efficacy compared with BP and Cip. Moreover, cytotoxic and histopathological evaluations of mice revealed that the nanodrug had good biological safety. This facile and green co-assembly strategy for preparing nanoparticles provides a feasible reference for the clinical treatment of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenyang Wu
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinrui Wang
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyao Cui
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanyi Ye
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifan Feng
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Li
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhengqi Dong
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
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Chapa González C, González García LI, Burciaga Jurado LG, Carrillo Castillo A. Bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles in drug-resistant bacteria. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:691-701. [PMID: 37131105 PMCID: PMC10235008 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to multiple drugs is a worldwide problem that afflicts public health. Various studies have shown that silver nanoparticles are good bactericidal agents against bacteria due to the adherence and penetration of the external bacterial membrane, preventing different vital functions and subsequently bacterial cell death. A systematic review of ScienceDirect, PubMed, and EBSCOhost was conducted to synthesize the literature evidence on the association between the bactericidal property of silver nanoparticles on both resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Eligible studies were original, comparative observational studies that reported results on drug-resistant bacteria. Two independent reviewers extracted the relevant information. Out of the initial 1 420, 142 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included to form the basis of the analysis. Full-text screening led to the selection of 6 articles for review. The results of this systematic review showed that silver nanoparticles act primarily as bacteriostatic agents and subsequently as bactericides, both in Gram-positive and Gram-negative drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chapa González
- Grupo de Investigación en Nanomedicina, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. del Charro 450, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, México.
- Ingeniería Biomédica, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. del Charro 450, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, México.
| | - L I González García
- Grupo de Investigación en Nanomedicina, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. del Charro 450, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, México
| | - L G Burciaga Jurado
- Ingeniería Biomédica, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. del Charro 450, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, México
| | - A Carrillo Castillo
- Ingeniería Biomédica, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. del Charro 450, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, México
- Biotecnología y Nanotecnología en Electrónica Flexible, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. del Charro 450, Ciudad Juárez, 32310, México
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12
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Fuentes-Castillo D, Castro-Tardón D, Esposito F, Neves I, Rodrigues L, Fontana H, Fuga B, Catão-Dias JL, Lincopan N. Genomic evidences of gulls as reservoirs of critical priority CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli in Corcovado Gulf, Patagonia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162564. [PMID: 36870482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales has spread rapidly around the world, reaching remote areas. In this regard, wild birds that acquire ESBL producers from anthropogenically impacted areas can become reservoirs, contributing to further dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria categorized as critical priority pathogens to remote environments, during migration seasons. We have conducted a microbiological and genomic investigation on the occurrence and features of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in wild birds from the remote Acuy Island, in the Gulf of Corcovado, at Chilean Patagonia. Strikingly, five ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from migratory and resident gulls. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis revealed the presence of two E. coli clones belonging to international sequence types (STs) ST295 and ST388, producing CTX-M-55 and CTX-M-1 ESBLs, respectively. Moreover, E. coli carried a wide resistome and virulome associated with human and animal infections. Phylogenomic analysis of global and publicly genomes of E. coli ST388 (n = 51) and ST295 (n = 85) clustered gulls isolates along to E. coli strains isolated from the environment, companion animal and livestock in the United States of America, within or close to the migratory route of Franklin's gull, suggesting a possible trans hemispheric movement of international clones of WHO critical priority ESBL producing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile; Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Castro-Tardón
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrith Neves
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Herrison Fontana
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Theelen MJP, Luiken REC, Wagenaar JA, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Rossen JWA, Schaafstra FJWC, van Doorn DA, Zomer AL. Longitudinal study of the short- and long-term effects of hospitalisation and oral trimethoprim-sulfadiazine administration on the equine faecal microbiome and resistome. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:33. [PMID: 36850017 PMCID: PMC9969626 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitalisation and antimicrobial treatment are common in horses and significantly impact the intestinal microbiota. Antimicrobial treatment might also increase levels of resistant bacteria in faeces, which could spread to other ecological compartments, such as the environment, other animals and humans. In this study, we aimed to characterise the short- and long-term effects of transportation, hospitalisation and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMS) administration on the faecal microbiota and resistome of healthy equids. METHODS In a longitudinal experimental study design, in which the ponies served as their own control, faecal samples were collected from six healthy Welsh ponies at the farm (D0-D13-1), immediately following transportation to the hospital (D13-2), during 7 days of hospitalisation without treatment (D14-D21), during 5 days of oral TMS treatment (D22-D26) and after discharge from the hospital up to 6 months later (D27-D211). After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on all samples. For resistome analysis, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on selected samples. RESULTS Hospitalisation without antimicrobial treatment did not significantly affect microbiota composition. Oral TMS treatment reduced alpha-diversity significantly. Kiritimatiellaeota, Fibrobacteres and Verrucomicrobia significantly decreased in relative abundance, whereas Firmicutes increased. The faecal microbiota composition gradually recovered after discontinuation of TMS treatment and discharge from the hospital and, after 2 weeks, was more similar to pre-treatment composition than to composition during TMS treatment. Six months later, however, microbiota composition still differed significantly from that at the start of the study and Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia were less abundant. TMS administration led to a significant (up to 32-fold) and rapid increase in the relative abundance of resistance genes sul2, tetQ, ant6-1a, and aph(3")-lb. lnuC significantly decreased directly after treatment. Resistance genes sul2 (15-fold) and tetQ (six-fold) remained significantly increased 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS Oral treatment with TMS has a rapid and long-lasting effect on faecal microbiota composition and resistome, making the equine hindgut a reservoir and potential source of resistant bacteria posing a risk to animal and human health through transmission. These findings support the judicious use of antimicrobials to minimise long-term faecal presence, excretion and the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs J. P. Theelen
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Equine Sciences), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences (Infectious Diseases and Immunology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn E. C. Luiken
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences (Infectious Diseases and Immunology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences (Infectious Diseases and Immunology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - John W. A. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, Ste #1100, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA
| | - Femke J. W. C. Schaafstra
- HAS University of Applied Sciences, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences (Farm Animal Health), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David A. van Doorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Equine Sciences), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences (Farm Animal Health), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert L. Zomer
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences (Infectious Diseases and Immunology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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Zuo X, Zhang S, Kong F, Xu Q. Application of electrochemical oxidation for the enhancement of antibiotic resistant bacteria removal in stormwater bioretention cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160477. [PMID: 36436643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) during electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. However, there is still no available literature about the application of electrochemical oxidation (EO) to enhance ARB removal in stormwater bioretention cells. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate target ARB (E. coli K-12 carrying blaTEM, tetR and aphA) removals in bioretention cells with different current densities and ratios of air to water (A/W). ARB removals for bioretention cells with 17.6 μA/m2 of current density and 24:1 of A/W ratio was the largest with 5.28 log reduction, which was obviously higher than the one (3.68 log reduction) in the control (without EO). H2O2 production could be responsible for ARB removals in the used bioretention cells, where H2O2 levels increased at first and then decreased with the increase of current densities and A/W ratios. The evaluation for the application of EO implied that the highest antibiotic resistance (AR) conjugation frequency (3.8 × 10-3) at 3.5 μA/m2 of current density and 48:1 of A/W ratios was 124.5 % of the one in the control, while the largest AR transformation frequencies at 17.6 μA/m2 of current density and 48:1 of A/W ratios was 366.9 % (tetR) and 216.2 % (aphA) of the corresponding in the control, and there were still stable for both dominant microflora and metabolic activities in bioretention cells with electricity and aeration, suggesting that EO could be promising for the enhancement of ARB removals in bioretention cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoJun Zuo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - SongHu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - FanXin Kong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - QiangQiang Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China
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Blue Light Sensing BlsA-Mediated Modulation of Meropenem Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. mSystems 2023; 8:e0089722. [PMID: 36622157 PMCID: PMC9948694 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00897-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of BlsA, a protein with a blue light-sensing flavin domain in the genomes of Acinetobacter species has aroused curiosity about its roles in the regulation of bacterial lifestyle under light. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the loss of BlsA in several multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii strains as well as the light-mediated induction of blsA, along with a possible BlsA-interacting partner BipA. Their direct in vivo interactions were verified using a bacterial two-hybrid system. The results demonstrated that the C-terminal region of BipA could bind to the C-terminal residues of BlsA under blue light at 23°C but not at 37°C. Genetic manipulations of blsA and bipA revealed that the coexistence of BlsA and BipA was required to induce the light-dependent expression of ompA in A. baumannii ATCC 17978 at 23°C. The same phenomenon occurred in the BlsA-deficient MDR strain in our functional complementation assay; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. BlsA-modulated amounts of OmpA, the most abundant porin, in the outer membrane affected the membrane integrity and permeability of small molecules. Dark conditions or the deletion of ompA made the membrane more permeable to lipophilic ethidium bromide (EtBr) but not to meropenem. Interestingly, light illumination and low temperature conditions made the cells more sensitive to meropenem; however, this bactericidal effect was not noted in the blsA mutant or in the BlsA-deficient MDR strains. Light-mediated cell death and the reduction of biofilm formation at 23°C were abolished in the blsA mutant strain, suggesting multifaceted roles of BlsA in A. baumannii strains. IMPORTANCE Little is known about the functional roles of BlsA and its interacting partners in Acinetobacter species. Intriguingly, no BlsA homolog was found in several clinical isolates, suggesting that BlsA was not required inside the host because of the lack of blue light and the warm temperature conditions. As many chromophore-harboring proteins interact with various partners to control light-dependent cellular behaviors, the maintenance of blsA in the genomes of many Acinetobacter species during their evolution may be beneficial when fluctuations occur in two important environmental factors: light and temperature. Our study is the first to report the novel protein partner of BlsA, namely, BipA, and its contribution to multiple phenotypic changes, including meropenem resistance and biofilm formation. Rapid physiological acclimation to changing light or temperature conditions may be possible in the presence of the light-sensing BlsA protein, which may have more interacting partners than expected.
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Su H, Wu C, Han P, Liu Z, Liang M, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Guo G, He X, Pang J, Wang C, Weng S, He J. The microbiome and its association with antibiotic resistance genes in the hadal biosphere at the Yap Trench. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129543. [PMID: 35870206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hadal biosphere, the deepest part of the ocean, is known as the least-explored aquatic environment and hosts taxonomically diverse microbial communities. However, the microbiome and its association with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the hadal ecosystem remain unknown. Here, we profiled the microbiome diversity and ARG occurrence in seawater and sediments of the Yap Trench (YT) using metagenomic sequencing. Within the prokaryote (bacteria and archaea) lineages, the main components of bacteria were Gammaproteobacteria (77.76 %), Firmicutes (8.36 %), and Alphaproteobacteria (2.25 %), whereas the major components of archaea were Nitrososphaeria (6.51 %), Nanoarchaeia (0.42 %), and Thermoplasmata (0.25 %), respectively. Taxonomy of viral contigs showed that the classified viral communities in YT seawater and sediments were dominated by Podoviridae (45.96 %), Siphoviridae (29.41 %), and Myoviridae (24.63 %). A large majority of viral contigs remained uncharacterized and exhibited endemicity. A total of 48 ARGs encoding resistance to 12 antibiotic classes were identified and their hosts were bacteria and viruses. Novel ARG subtypes mexFYTV-1, mexFYTV-2, mexFYTV-3, vanRYTV-1, vanSYTV-1 (carried by unclassified viruses), and bacAYTB-1 (carried by phylum Firmicutes) were detected in seawater samples. Overall, our findings imply that the hadal environment of the YT is a repository of viral and ARG diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Su
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peiyun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Mincong Liang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Baidu International Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518062, China
| | - Zhike Wang
- Hainan Guodun Information Development, Haikou 570206, China
| | - Guangyu Guo
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xinyi He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianhu Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianguo He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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17
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Brown DC, Aggarwal N, Turner RJ. Exploration of the presence and abundance of multidrug resistance efflux genes in oil and gas environments. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36190831 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As sequencing technology improves and the cost of metagenome sequencing decreases, the number of sequenced environments increases. These metagenomes provide a wealth of data in the form of annotated and unannotated genes. The role of multidrug resistance efflux pumps (MDREPs) is the removal of antibiotics, biocides and toxic metabolites created during aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism. Due to their naturally occurring role in hydrocarbon metabolism and their role in biocide tolerance, MDREP genes are of particular importance for the protection of pipeline assets. However, the heterogeneity of MDREP genes creates a challenge during annotation and detection. Here we use a selection of primers designed to target MDREPs in six pure species and apply them to publicly available metagenomes associated with oil and gas environments. Using in silico PCR with relaxed primer binding conditions we probed the metagenomes of a shale reservoir, a heavy oil tailings pond, a civil wastewater treatment, two marine sediments exposed to hydrocarbons following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and a non-exposed marine sediment to assess the presence and abundance of MDREP genes. Through relaxed primer binding conditions during in silico PCR, the prevalence of MDREPs was determined. The percentage of nucleotide sequences identified by the MDREP primers was partially augmented by exposure to hydrocarbons in marine sediment and in shale reservoir compared to hydrocarbon-free marine sediments while tailings ponds and wastewater had the highest percentages. We believe this approach lays the groundwork for a supervised method of identifying poorly conserved genes within metagenomes.
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18
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Berger TM, Michaelis C, Probst I, Sagmeister T, Petrowitsch L, Puchner S, Pavkov-Keller T, Gesslbauer B, Grohmann E, Keller W. Small Things Matter: The 11.6-kDa TraB Protein is Crucial for Antibiotic Resistance Transfer Among Enterococci. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:867136. [PMID: 35547396 PMCID: PMC9083827 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.867136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugative transfer is the most important means for spreading antibiotic resistance genes. It is used by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and archaea as well. Conjugative transfer is mediated by molecular membrane-spanning nanomachines, so called Type 4 Secretion Systems (T4SS). The T4SS of the broad-host-range inc18-plasmid pIP501 is organized in a single operon encoding 15 putative transfer proteins. pIP501 was originally isolated from a clinical Streptococcus agalactiae strain but is mainly found in Enterococci. In this study, we demonstrate that the small transmembrane protein TraB is essential for pIP501 transfer. Complementation of a markerless pIP501∆traB knockout by traB lacking its secretion signal sequence did not fully restore conjugative transfer. Pull-downs with Strep-tagged TraB demonstrated interactions of TraB with the putative mating pair formation proteins, TraF, TraH, TraK, TraM, and with the lytic transglycosylase TraG. As TraB is the only putative mating pair formation complex protein containing a secretion signal sequence, we speculate on its role as T4SS recruitment factor. Moreover, structural features of TraB and TraB orthologs are presented, making an essential role of TraB-like proteins in antibiotic resistance transfer among Firmicutes likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara M.I. Berger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Structural Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Michaelis
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Probst
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theo Sagmeister
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Structural Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Petrowitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Structural Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Puchner
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Structural Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Gesslbauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Structural Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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19
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Kang M, Yang J, Kim S, Park J, Kim M, Park W. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes and multidrug-resistant bacteria during wastewater treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152331. [PMID: 34915016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) constantly receive a wide variety of contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, and are potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This favors the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB) through horizontal gene transfer. Samples from five different WWTP processes were collected in September 2020 and January 2021 to monitor ARG resistomes and culturable MRB in the presence of eight different antibiotics. Nanopore-based ARG abundance and bacterial community analyses suggested that ARG accumulation favors the generation of MRB. Activated and mixed sludges tended to have lower bacterial diversity and ARG abundance because of selective forces that favored the growth of specific microorganisms during aeration processes. Escherichia strains enriched in WWTPs (up to 71%) were dominant in all the samples, whereas Cloacamonas species were highly abundant only in anaerobically digested sludge samples (60%-79%). Two ARG types [sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1) and aminoglycoside resistance genes (aadA1, aadA13, and aadA2)] were prevalent in all the processes. The total counts of culturable MRB, such as Niabella, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and Chryseobacterium species, gradually increased during aerobic WWTP processes. Genomic analyses of all MRB isolated from the samples revealed that the resistome of Enterococcus species harbored the highest number of ARGs (7-18 ARGs), commonly encoding ant(6)-la, lnu(B), erm(B), and tet(S/M). On the other hand, Niablella strains possibly had intrinsic resistant phenotypes without ARGs. All MRB possessed ARGs originating from the same mobile genetic elements, suggesting that WWTPs are hotspots for the migration of ARGs and emergence of MRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyeong Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Misung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Han M, Zhang L, Zhang N, Mao Y, Peng Z, Huang B, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Antibiotic resistome in a large urban-lake drinking water source in middle China: Dissemination mechanisms and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127745. [PMID: 34799156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing pollution of urban drinking water sources by antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) threatens human health worldwide. However, the distribution and influencing factors of ARGs, especially how to reveal the risks of ARGs in this environment remains unclear. Hence, Chaohu Lake was selected as an example to investigate the characteristics of ARGs and explore the interactions among physicochemical factors, microorganisms, and ARGs by metagenomic approach. In this work, 75 ARG subtypes with an average of 30.4 × /Gb (ranging from 15.2 ×/Gb to 57.9 ×/Gb) were identified, and multidrug and bacA were most frequent in Chaohu Lake. Non-random co-occurrence patterns and potential host bacteria of ARGs were revealed through co-occurrence networks. Microbial community and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were the major direct factors in ARG profiles. The dissemination of ARGs was mainly driven by plasmids. Considering the interactions among MGEs, human bacterial pathogens, and ARGs, antibiotic resistome risk index (ARRI) was proposed to manifest the risks of ARGs. Overall, our work systemically investigated the composition and associated factors of ARGs and built ARRI to estimate the potential risks of ARGs in a typical urban drinking water source, providing an intuitive indicator for managing similar lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhen Han
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430077, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yujie Mao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhangjie Peng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430077, China.
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21
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Jeżak K, Kozajda A. Occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on animal farms and in their vicinity in Poland and Ukraine-review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:9533-9559. [PMID: 34870776 PMCID: PMC8783842 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Intensive animal farming emits to the environment very high concentrations of bioaerosol, mainly composed of microorganisms, including antibiotics resistant strains, and their derivatives. Poland is a significant producer of poultry and swine in Europe; Ukraine is located in the immediate vicinity of Poland and the EU. Thus, the review focuses on the presence of potentially pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria and antimicrobial genes in the environment of farms and food of animal origin in Poland and Ukraine. Existing data confirms presence of these bacteria in the food animal origin chain environment in both countries. However, it is difficult to compare the scale of multidrug-resistant bacteria (e.g. MRSA, ESBL) dissemination in Poland and Ukraine with other EU countries due to lack of more extensive studies and large-scale monitoring in these two countries. A series of studies concerning resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from livestock environment have been published in Poland but usually on single farms with a very limited number of samples, and without a genotypic drug resistance marking. From Ukraine are available only few reports, but also disturbing. The risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmission does not only concern animal farming, but also other facilities of animal origin food supply chains, especially slaughterhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jeżak
- Biological Safety Unit, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str, 91-348, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Kozajda
- Biological Safety Unit, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
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22
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Gold nanoparticle-DNA aptamer-assisted delivery of antimicrobial peptide effectively inhibits Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mice. J Microbiol 2021; 60:128-136. [PMID: 34964948 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii causes multidrug resistance, leading to fatal infections in humans. In this study, we showed that Lys AB2 P3-His-a hexahistidine-tagged form of an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) loaded onto DNA aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP-Apt)-can effectively inhibit A. baumannii infection in mice. When A. baumannii-infected mice were intraperitoneally injected with AuNP-Apt loaded with Lys AB2 P3-His, a marked reduction in A. baumannii colonization was observed in the mouse organs, leading to prominently increased survival time and rate of the mice compared to those of the control mice treated with AuNP-Apt or Lys AB2 P3-His only. This study shows that AMPs loaded onto AuNP-Apt could be an effective therapeutic tool against infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in humans.
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