1
|
Torvinen P, Ruotsalainen KS, Zhao S, Cronin N, Ohtonen O, Linnamo V. Evaluation of 3D Markerless Motion Capture System Accuracy during Skate Skiing on a Treadmill. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:136. [PMID: 38391622 PMCID: PMC10886413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a deep learning-based 3D markerless motion capture system for skate skiing on a treadmill and evaluated its accuracy against marker-based motion capture during G1 and G3 skating techniques. Participants performed roller skiing trials on a skiing treadmill. Trials were recorded with two synchronized video cameras (100 Hz). We then trained a custom model using DeepLabCut, and the skiing movements were analyzed using both DeepLabCut-based markerless motion capture and marker-based motion capture systems. We statistically compared joint centers and joint vector angles between the methods. The results demonstrated a high level of agreement for joint vector angles, with mean differences ranging from -2.47° to 3.69°. For joint center positions and toe placements, mean differences ranged from 24.0 to 40.8 mm. This level of accuracy suggests that our markerless approach could be useful as a skiing coaching tool. The method presents interesting opportunities for capturing and extracting value from large amounts of data without the need for markers attached to the skier and expensive cameras.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Torvinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 88610 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo S Ruotsalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 88610 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 88610 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Neil Cronin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 88610 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Ohtonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 88610 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 88610 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiu Y, Guan Y, Liu S. The analysis of infrared high-speed motion capture system on motion aesthetics of aerobics athletes under biomechanics analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286313. [PMID: 37228162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper uses an infrared high-speed motion capture system based on deep learning to analyze difficult movements, which helps aerobics athletes master difficult movements more accurately. Firstly, changes in joint angle, speed of movement, and ground pressure are used to analyze the impact and role of motion fluency and completion based on a biomechanical perspective. Moreover, based on the existing infrared high-speed motion capture systems, the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) model is introduced to construct an unsupervised similarity framework model. Next, the motion data is reorganized based on three-dimensional information to adapt to the model's input. Then, the framework performs similar frame matching to obtain a set of candidate frames that can be used as motion graph nodes. After the infrared high-speed motion capture system and inertial sensors are simultaneously applied to subjects, the multi-correlation coefficients (CMC) values of the hip, knee, and ankle angles are 0.94 ± 0.06, 0.98 ± 0.01, and 0.87 ± 0.09, respectively. The two systems show a high degree of correlation in the measurement results, and the knee joint is the most significant correlation. Finally, a motion graph is constructed to control its trajectory and adjust its motion pattern. The infrared high-speed motion capture system optimized for deep learning can extract features from human bone data and capture motion more accurately, helping trainers to fully understand difficult movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Qiu
- School of Sport, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, China
| | - Yingrong Guan
- School of Sport, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao S, Lindinger S, Ohtonen O, Linnamo V. Contribution and effectiveness of ski and pole forces in selected roller skiing techniques on treadmill at moderate inclines. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:948919. [PMID: 36909359 PMCID: PMC9992420 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.948919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most of the studies about the effects of incline on cross-country skiing are related to the metabolic efficiency. The effective skiing biomechanics has also been indicated to be among the key factors that may promote good performance. The aims of this study were to provide biomechanical characteristics and investigate the relative contribution and effectiveness of ski and pole forces in overcoming the total external resistance with double poling (DP) and Gear 3 (G3) techniques at varying moderate uphill inclines. Methods 10 male cross-country skiers participated in this study. Custom-made force measurement bindings, pole force sensors, and an 8-camera Vicon system were used to collect force data and ski and pole kinematics at 3°, 4° and 5° with 10 km/h skiing speed. Results The cycle length (CL) decreased by 10% and 7% with DP and G3 technique from 3° to 5° (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). The cycle rate (CR) increased by 13% and 9% from 3° to 5° with DP and G3 technique respectively. From 3° to 5°, the peak pole force increased by 25% (p < 0.001) and 32% (p < 0.001) with DP and G3 technique. With DP technique, the average cycle propulsive force (ACPF) increased by 46% (p < 0.001) from 3° to 5°and with G3 technique, the enhancement for ACPF was 50% (p < 0.001). In G3 technique, around 85% was contributed by poles in each incline. Conclusion The higher power output in overcoming the total resistance was required to ski at a greater incline. With DP technique, the upper body demands, and technical effectiveness were increasing with incline. With G3 technique, the role of external pole work for propulsion is crucial over different terrains while role of legs may stay more in supporting the body against gravity and repositioning body segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stefan Lindinger
- Center of Health and Performance (CHP), Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olli Ohtonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao S, Linnamo V, Ruotsalainen K, Lindinger S, Kananen T, Koponen P, Ohtonen O. Validation of 2D Force Measurement Roller Ski and Practical Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9856. [PMID: 36560224 PMCID: PMC9786070 DOI: 10.3390/s22249856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several methods could be used to measure the forces from skis or roller skis in cross-country skiing. Equipment that could measure medio-lateral forces may be of good help for investigating the relevant skating techniques. The aim of this study was to validate a pair of newly designed two-dimensional force measurement roller skis. The vertical and medio-lateral forces which were perpendicular to the body of the roller ski could be measured. Forces were resolved into the global coordinate system and compared with the force components measured by a force plate. A static and dynamic loading situation for the force measurement roller ski was performed to reveal the validity of the system. To demonstrate whether the force measurement roller ski would affect roller skiing performance on a treadmill, a maximum speed test with the V2 technique was performed by using both normal and force measurement roller skis. The force-time curves obtained by these two different force measurement systems were shown to have high similarity (coefficient of multiple correlations > 0.940). The absolute difference for the forces in the X and Z directions over one push-off cycle was 3.9−33.3 N. The extra weight (333 g) of the force measurement roller ski did not affect the performance of the skiers. Overall, the newly designed two-dimensional force measurement roller ski in this study is valid for use in future research during daily training for skate skiing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Ruotsalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stefan Lindinger
- Center of Health and Performance (CHP), Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timo Kananen
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT MIKES, 87100 Kajaani, Finland
| | - Petri Koponen
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT MIKES, 87100 Kajaani, Finland
| | - Olli Ohtonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Validation of temporal parameters within the skating sub-techniques when roller skiing on a treadmill, using inertial measurement units. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270331. [PMID: 35981009 PMCID: PMC9387861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method using inertial measurements units (IMUs) to determine inner-cycle parameters (e.g., cycle, poles and skis contact, and swing time) and the main sub-techniques (i.e., G2, G3 and G4) in cross-country roller ski skating on a treadmill. The developed method is based on the detection of poles and skis initial and final contacts with the ground during the cyclic movements. Thirteen well-trained athletes skied at different combinations of speed (6–24 km∙h-1) and incline (2–14%) on a treadmill using the three different sub-techniques. They were equipped with IMUs attached to their wrists and skis. Their movements were tracked using reflective markers and a multiple camera infrared system. The IMU-based method was able to detect more than 99% of the temporal events. It calculated the inner-cycle temporal parameters with a precision ranging from 19 to 66 ms, corresponding to 3.0% to 7.8% of the corresponding inner-cycle duration. The obtained precision would likely allow differentiation of skiers on different performance levels and detection of technique changes due to fatigue. Overall, this laboratory validation provides interesting possibilities also for outdoor applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao S, Ohtonen O, Ruotsalainen K, Kettunen L, Lindinger S, Göpfert C, Linnamo V. Propulsion Calculated by Force and Displacement of Center of Mass in Treadmill Cross-Country Skiing. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072777. [PMID: 35408391 PMCID: PMC9002459 DOI: 10.3390/s22072777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated two approaches for estimating the total propulsive force on a skier's center of mass (COM) with double-poling (DP) and V2-skating (V2) skiing techniques. We also assessed the accuracy and the stability of each approach by changing the speed and the incline of the treadmill. A total of 10 cross-country skiers participated in this study. Force measurement bindings, pole force sensors, and an eight-camera Vicon system were used for data collection. The coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) was calculated to evaluate the similarity between the force curves. Mean absolute force differences between the estimated values and the reference value were computed to evaluate the accuracy of each approach. In both DP and V2 techniques, the force-time curves of the forward component of the translational force were similar to the reference value (CMC: 0.832-0.936). The similarity between the force and time curves of the forward component of the ground reaction force (GRF) and the reference value was, however, greater (CMC: 0.879-0.955). Both approaches can estimate the trend of the force-time curve of the propulsive force properly. An approach by calculating the forward component of GRF is a more appropriate method due to a better accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.Z.); (O.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Olli Ohtonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.Z.); (O.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Keijo Ruotsalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.Z.); (O.O.); (K.R.)
| | - Lauri Kettunen
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Stefan Lindinger
- Center of Health and Performance (CHP), Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Caroline Göpfert
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, 5400 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (S.Z.); (O.O.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview. Appl Bionics Biomech 2020; 2020:2041549. [PMID: 32676126 PMCID: PMC7330631 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2041549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, a number of technological developments have advanced the spread of wearable sensors for the assessment of human motion. These sensors have been also developed to assess athletes' performance, providing useful guidelines for coaching, as well as for injury prevention. The data from these sensors provides key performance outcomes as well as more detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data that provides insight into how the performance was obtained. From this perspective, inertial sensors, force sensors, and electromyography appear to be the most appropriate wearable sensors to use. Several studies were conducted to verify the feasibility of using wearable sensors for sport applications by using both commercially available and customized sensors. The present study seeks to provide an overview of sport biomechanics applications found from recent literature using wearable sensors, highlighting some information related to the used sensors and analysis methods. From the literature review results, it appears that inertial sensors are the most widespread sensors for assessing athletes' performance; however, there still exist applications for force sensors and electromyography in this context. The main sport assessed in the studies was running, even though the range of sports examined was quite high. The provided overview can be useful for researchers, athletes, and coaches to understand the technologies currently available for sport performance assessment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Image-based center of mass estimation of the human body via 3D shape and kinematic structure. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-019-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Göpfert C, Lindinger SJ, Ohtonen O, Rapp W, Müller E, Linnamo V. Arm swing during skating at different skiing speeds affects skiing mechanics and performance. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Göpfert
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
- Sports Technology Unit; Department of Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Centre; University of Jyväskylä; Vuokatti Finland
| | - Stefan J. Lindinger
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Olli Ohtonen
- Sports Technology Unit; Department of Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Centre; University of Jyväskylä; Vuokatti Finland
| | - Walter Rapp
- Olympic Training Centre Freiburg-Schwarzwald; Freiburg Germany
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Sports Technology Unit; Department of Biology of Physical Activity; Neuromuscular Research Centre; University of Jyväskylä; Vuokatti Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moon J, Kim J, Kim J, Kim J, Kim C, Kim H. Roller skiing biomechanical information analysis using GPS, IMU, and atmospheric pressure sensors: a case study. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-018-0278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Bolger CM, Bessone V, Federolf P, Ettema G, Sandbakk Ø. The influence of increased distal loading on metabolic cost, efficiency, and kinematics of roller ski skating. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197592. [PMID: 29791464 PMCID: PMC5965841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of increased loading of the roller ski on metabolic cost, gross efficiency, and kinematics of roller ski skating in steep and moderate terrain, while employing two incline-specific techniques. Ten nationally ranked male cross-country skiers were subjected to four 7-minute submaximal intervals, with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg added beneath the roller-ski in a randomized order. This was done on two separate days, with the G2 skating at 12% incline and 7 km/h speed and G3 skating at 5% incline and 14 km/h speed, respectively. At 12% incline, there was a significant increase in metabolic rate and a decrease in gross efficiency with added weight (P<0.001 and P = 0.002). At 5% incline, no change in metabolic rate or gross efficiency was found (P = 0.89 and P = 0.11). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) increased gradually with added weight at both inclines (P>0.05). No changes in cycle characteristics were observed between the different ski loadings at either incline, although the lateral and vertical displacements of the foot/skis were slightly altered at 12% incline with added weight. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that increased loading of the ski increases the metabolic cost and reduces gross efficiency during steep uphill roller skiing in G2 skating, whereas no significant effect was revealed when skating on relatively flat terrain in G3. Cycle characteristics remained unchanged across conditions at both inclines, whereas small adjustments in the displacement of the foot coincided with the efficiency changes in uphill terrain. The increased RPE values with added ski-weight at both inclines indicates that other factors than those measured here could have influenced effort and/or fatigue when lifting a heavier ski.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor M. Bolger
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veronica Bessone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Federolf
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|