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Mishra I, Feng B, Basu B, Brown AM, Kim LH, Lin T, Raza MA, Moore A, Hahn A, Bailey S, Sharp A, Bournat JC, Poulton C, Kim B, Langsner A, Sathyanesan A, Sillitoe RV, He Y, Chopra AR. The cerebellum modulates thirst. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01700-9. [PMID: 38987435 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum, a phylogenetically ancient brain region, has long been considered strictly a motor control structure. Recent studies have implicated the cerebellum in cognition, sensation, emotion and autonomic function, making it an important target for further investigation. Here, we show that cerebellar Purkinje neurons in mice are activated by the hormone asprosin, leading to enhanced thirst, and that optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of Purkinje neurons induces rapid manifestation of water drinking. Purkinje neuron-specific asprosin receptor (Ptprd) deletion results in reduced water intake without affecting food intake and abolishes asprosin's dipsogenic effect. Purkinje neuron-mediated motor learning and coordination were unaffected by these manipulations, indicating independent control of two divergent functions by Purkinje neurons. Our results show that the cerebellum is a thirst-modulating brain area and that asprosin-Ptprd signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for the management of thirst disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Mishra
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bing Feng
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bijoya Basu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda H Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mir Abbas Raza
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Amelia Moore
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Abigayle Hahn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Samantha Bailey
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Alaina Sharp
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Juan C Bournat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claire Poulton
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian Kim
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amos Langsner
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Sathyanesan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Atul R Chopra
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Benson DR, Deng B, Kashipathy MM, Lovell S, Battaile KP, Cooper A, Gao P, Fenton AW, Zhu H. The N-terminal intrinsically disordered region of Ncb5or docks with the cytochrome b 5 core to form a helical motif that is of ancient origin. Proteins 2024; 92:554-566. [PMID: 38041394 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
NADH cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase (Ncb5or) is a cytosolic ferric reductase implicated in diabetes and neurological conditions. Ncb5or comprises cytochrome b5 (b5 ) and cytochrome b5 reductase (b5 R) domains separated by a CHORD-Sgt1 (CS) linker domain. Ncb5or redox activity depends on proper inter-domain interactions to mediate electron transfer from NADH or NADPH via FAD to heme. While full-length human Ncb5or has proven resistant to crystallization, we have succeeded in obtaining high-resolution atomic structures of the b5 domain and a construct containing the CS and b5 R domains (CS/b5 R). Ncb5or also contains an N-terminal intrinsically disordered region of 50 residues that has no homologs in other protein families in animals but features a distinctive, conserved L34 MDWIRL40 motif also present in reduced lateral root formation (RLF) protein in rice and increased recombination center 21 in baker's yeast, all attaching to a b5 domain. After unsuccessful attempts at crystallizing a human Ncb5or construct comprising the N-terminal region naturally fused to the b5 domain, we were able to obtain a high-resolution atomic structure of a recombinant rice RLF construct corresponding to residues 25-129 of human Ncb5or (52% sequence identity; 74% similarity). The structure reveals Trp120 (corresponding to invariant Trp37 in Ncb5or) to be part of an 11-residue α-helix (S116 QMDWLKLTRT126 ) packing against two of the four helices in the b5 domain that surround heme (α2 and α5). The Trp120 side chain forms a network of interactions with the side chains of four highly conserved residues corresponding to Tyr85 and Tyr88 (α2), Cys124 (α5), and Leu47 in Ncb5or. Circular dichroism measurements of human Ncb5or fragments further support a key role of Trp37 in nucleating the formation of the N-terminal helix, whose location in the N/b5 module suggests a role in regulating the function of this multi-domain redox enzyme. This study revealed for the first time an ancient origin of a helical motif in the N/b5 module as reflected by its existence in a class of cytochrome b5 proteins from three kingdoms among eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Benson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Maithri M Kashipathy
- Protein Structure and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Anne Cooper
- Protein Production Group, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Philip Gao
- Protein Production Group, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Aron W Fenton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Iosif CI, Bashir ZI, Apps R, Pickford J. Cerebellar Prediction and Feeding Behaviour. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1002-1019. [PMID: 36121552 PMCID: PMC10485105 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of the cerebellum in controlling movements, it might be expected that its main role in eating would be the control of motor elements such as chewing and swallowing. Whilst such functions are clearly important, there is more to eating than these actions, and more to the cerebellum than motor control. This review will present evidence that the cerebellum contributes to homeostatic, motor, rewarding and affective aspects of food consumption.Prediction and feedback underlie many elements of eating, as food consumption is influenced by expectation. For example, circadian clocks cause hunger in anticipation of a meal, and food consumption causes feedback signals which induce satiety. Similarly, the sight and smell of food generate an expectation of what that food will taste like, and its actual taste will generate an internal reward value which will be compared to that expectation. Cerebellar learning is widely thought to involve feed-forward predictions to compare expected outcomes to sensory feedback. We therefore propose that the overarching role of the cerebellum in eating is to respond to prediction errors arising across the homeostatic, motor, cognitive, and affective domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana I Iosif
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Hall R, Yuan S, Wood K, Katona M, Straub AC. Cytochrome b5 reductases: Redox regulators of cell homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102654. [PMID: 36441026 PMCID: PMC9706631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome-b5 reductase (CYB5R) family of flavoproteins is known to regulate reduction-oxidation (redox) balance in cells. The five enzyme members are highly compartmentalized at the subcellular level and function as "redox switches" enabling the reduction of several substrates, such as heme and coenzyme Q. Critical insight into the physiological and pathophysiological significance of CYB5R enzymes has been gleaned from several human genetic variants that cause congenital disease and a broad spectrum of chronic human diseases. Among the CYB5R genetic variants, CYB5R3 is well-characterized and deficiency in expression and activity is associated with type II methemoglobinemia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Importantly, pharmacological and genetic-based strategies are underway to target CYB5R3 to circumvent disease onset and mitigate severity. Despite our knowledge of CYB5R3 in human health and disease, the other reductases in the CYB5R family have been understudied, providing an opportunity to unravel critical function(s) for these enzymes in physiology and disease. In this review, we aim to provide the broad scientific community an up-to-date overview of the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological roles of CYB5R proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hall
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine Wood
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mate Katona
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Johnson JL. Mutations in Hsp90 Cochaperones Result in a Wide Variety of Human Disorders. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:787260. [PMID: 34957217 PMCID: PMC8694271 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.787260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hsp90 molecular chaperone, along with a set of approximately 50 cochaperones, mediates the folding and activation of hundreds of cellular proteins in an ATP-dependent cycle. Cochaperones differ in how they interact with Hsp90 and their ability to modulate ATPase activity of Hsp90. Cochaperones often compete for the same binding site on Hsp90, and changes in levels of cochaperone expression that occur during neurodegeneration, cancer, or aging may result in altered Hsp90-cochaperone complexes and client activity. This review summarizes information about loss-of-function mutations of individual cochaperones and discusses the overall association of cochaperone alterations with a broad range of diseases. Cochaperone mutations result in ciliary or muscle defects, neurological development or degeneration disorders, and other disorders. In many cases, diseases were linked to defects in established cochaperone-client interactions. A better understanding of the functional consequences of defective cochaperones will provide new insights into their functions and may lead to specialized approaches to modulate Hsp90 functions and treat some of these human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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Benson DR, Lovell S, Mehzabeen N, Galeva N, Cooper A, Gao P, Battaile KP, Zhu H. Crystal structures of the naturally fused CS and cytochrome b 5 reductase (b 5R) domains of Ncb5or reveal an expanded CS fold, extensive CS-b 5R interactions and productive binding of the NAD(P) + nicotinamide ring. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:628-638. [PMID: 31282472 PMCID: PMC6718094 DOI: 10.1107/s205979831900754x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ncb5or (NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase), a cytosolic ferric reductase implicated in diabetes and neurological diseases, comprises three distinct domains, cytochrome b5 (b5) and cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) domains separated by a CHORD-Sgt1 (CS) domain, and a novel 50-residue N-terminal region. Understanding how interdomain interactions in Ncb5or facilitate the shuttling of electrons from NAD(P)H to heme, and how the process compares with the microsomal b5 (Cyb5A) and b5R (Cyb5R3) system, is of interest. A high-resolution structure of the b5 domain (PDB entry 3lf5) has previously been reported, which exhibits substantial differences in comparison to Cyb5A. The structural characterization of a construct comprising the naturally fused CS and b5R domains with bound FAD and NAD+ (PDB entry 6mv1) or NADP+ (PDB entry 6mv2) is now reported. The structures reveal that the linker between the CS and b5R cores is more ordered than predicted, with much of it extending the β-sandwich motif of the CS domain. This limits the flexibility between the two domains, which recognize one another via a short β-sheet motif and a network of conserved side-chain hydrogen bonds, salt bridges and cation-π interactions. Notable differences in FAD-protein interactions in Ncb5or and Cyb5R3 provide insight into the selectivity for docking of their respective b5 redox partners. The structures also afford a structural explanation for the unusual ability of Ncb5or to utilize both NADH and NADPH, and represent the first examples of native, fully oxidized b5R family members in which the nicotinamide ring of NAD(P)+ resides in the active site. Finally, the structures, together with sequence alignments, show that the b5R domain is more closely related to single-domain Cyb5R proteins from plants, fungi and some protists than to Cyb5R3 from animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Benson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Nurjahan Mehzabeen
- Protein Structure Laboratory, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Nadezhda Galeva
- Analytical Proteomics Laboratory, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Anne Cooper
- Protein Production Group, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Philip Gao
- Protein Production Group, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kevin P. Battaile
- IMCA-CAT, APS, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Building 435A, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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