1
|
Casoni F, Croci L, Marroni F, Demenego G, Marullo C, Cremona O, Codazzi F, Consalez GG. A spatial-temporal map of glutamatergic neurogenesis in the murine embryonic cerebellar nuclei uncovers a high degree of cellular heterogeneity. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38970393 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclei are the main output structures of the cerebellum. Each and every cerebellar cortical computation reaches several areas of the brain by means of cerebellar nuclei processing and integration. Nevertheless, our knowledge of these structures is still limited compared to the cerebellar cortex. Here, we present a mouse genetic inducible fate-mapping study characterizing rhombic lip-derived glutamatergic neurons of the nuclei, the most conspicuous family of long-range cerebellar efferent neurons. Glutamatergic neurons mainly occupy dorsal and lateral territories of the lateral and interposed nuclei, as well as the entire medial nucleus. In mice, they are born starting from about embryonic day 9.5, with a peak between 10.5 and 12.5, and invade the nuclei with a lateral-to-medial progression. While some markers label a heterogeneous population of neurons sharing a common location (BRN2), others appear to be lineage specific (TBR1, LMX1a, and MEIS2). A comparative analysis of TBR1 and LMX1a distributions reveals an incomplete overlap in their expression domains, in keeping with the existence of separate efferent subpopulations. Finally, some tagged glutamatergic progenitors are not labeled by any of the markers used in this study, disclosing further complexity. Taken together, our results obtained in late embryonic nuclei shed light on the heterogeneity of the excitatory neuron pool, underlying the diversity in connectivity and functions of this largely unexplored cerebellar territory. Our findings contribute to laying the groundwork for a comprehensive functional analysis of nuclear neuron subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Marroni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Demenego
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Marullo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Codazzi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Apsley EJ, Becker EBE. Purkinje Cell Patterning-Insights from Single-Cell Sequencing. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182918. [PMID: 36139493 PMCID: PMC9497131 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their homogeneous appearance, Purkinje cells are remarkably diverse with respect to their molecular phenotypes, physiological properties, afferent and efferent connectivity, as well as their vulnerability to insults. Heterogeneity in Purkinje cells arises early in development, with molecularly distinct embryonic cell clusters present soon after Purkinje cell specification. Traditional methods have characterized cerebellar development and cell types, including Purkinje cell subtypes, based on knowledge of selected markers. However, recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies provide vastly increased resolution of the whole cerebellar transcriptome. Here we draw together the results of multiple single-cell transcriptomic studies in developing and adult cerebellum in both mouse and human. We describe how this detailed transcriptomic data has increased our understanding of the intricate development and function of Purkinje cells and provides first clues into features specific to human cerebellar development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Apsley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Esther B. E. Becker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nayak SB, Sumalatha S, Shetty SD. A rare additional lobe of cerebellum, projecting from its superior surface. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:376-379. [PMID: 35692090 PMCID: PMC9519761 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebellum plays a vital role in motor coordination, regulation of muscle tone and maintaining the equilibrium of the body. It seldom shows anatomical/morphological variations. Herein, we report the presence of a small additional lobe projecting out on the superior surface of the right cerebellar hemisphere in the para-vermal area in an adult male cadaver. There was a notch on the tentorial surface of the occipital lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere, corresponding to the additional lobe of cerebellum. The additional lobe was histologically normal, with no evidence of any tumour cells. Knowledge of this variation is of importance to radiologists, neuroanatomists and neurosurgeons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satheesha Badagabettu Nayak
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Suhani Sumalatha
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Surekha Devadasa Shetty
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Q, Qin J, Liang Y, Zhang W, He S, Tissir F, Qu Y, Zhou L. Celsr3 is required for Purkinje cell maturation and regulates cerebellar postsynaptic plasticity. iScience 2021; 24:102812. [PMID: 34308297 PMCID: PMC8283331 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical cadherin Celsr3 is critical for brain embryonic development, and its role in the postnatal cerebellum remains unknown. Using Celsr3-GFP mice, Celsr3 shows high expression in postnatal Purkinje cells (PCs). Mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of Celsr3 in postnatal PCs exhibit deficit in motor coordination and learning, atrophic PC dendrites, and decreased synapses. Whole-PC recording in cerebellar slices discloses a reduction frequency of mEPSC and defective postsynaptic plasticity (LTP and LTD) in Celsr3 cKO mutants. Wnt5a perfusion enhances LTP formation, which could be occluded by cAMP agonist and diminished by cAMP antagonist in control, but not in Celsr3 cKO or Fzd3 cKO cerebellar slices. Celsr3 cKO resulted in the failure of mGluR1 agonist-induced LTD and paired stimulation-induced PKCα overexpression in PC dendrites, and downregulation of mGluR1 expression compvared to controls. In conclusion, Celsr3 is required for PCs maturation and regulates postsynaptic LTP and LTD through Wnt5a/cAMP and mGluR1/PKCα signaling respectively. Celsr3 cKO in postnatal PCs impairs mouse motor coordination and learning Celsr3 inactivation affects the maturation of PC dendrites and synapses Celsr3 is required for the cerebellar LTP induction via the Wnt5a/cAMP signaling Celsr3 regulates the cerebellar LTD induction through the mGluR1/PKCα pathway
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinji Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Qin
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yaying Liang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan He
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Yibo Qu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, P.R. China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jian University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reflections on Cerebellar Neuropathology in Classical Scrapie. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050649. [PMID: 33924986 PMCID: PMC8146067 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the most important neuropathological changes found in the cerebella of sheep affected by classical natural scrapie are discussed. This disease is the oldest known of a group of unconventional “infections” caused by toxic prions of different origins. Scrapie is currently considered a “transmissible spongiform encephalopathy” (due to its neuropathological characteristics and its transmission), which is the paradigm of prion pathologies as well as many encephalopathies (prion-like) that present aberrant deposits of insoluble protein with neurotoxic effects due to errors in their catabolization (“misfolding protein diseases”). The study of this disease is, therefore, of great relevance. Our work data from the authors’ previous publications as well as other research in the field. The four most important types of neuropathological changes are neuron abnormalities and loss, neurogliosis, tissue vacuolization (spongiosis) and pathological or abnormal prion protein (PrP) deposits/deposition. These findings were analyzed and compared to other neuropathologies. Various aspects related to the presentation and progression of the disease, the involution of different neuronal types, the neuroglial responses and the appearance of abnormal PrP deposits are discussed. The most important points of controversy in scrapie neuropathology are presented.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Magnus G, Han VZ. Cell type-specific plasticity at parallel fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells in the posterior caudal lobe of the mormyrid fish cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:644-661. [PMID: 29668384 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00175.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that there are two morphological subtypes of Purkinje cells (PCs)-fan-shaped Purkinje cells (fPCs) and multipolar Purkinje cells (mPCs)-in the posterior caudal lobe of the mormyrid fish cerebellum, but whether these cell types are also functionally distinct is unknown. Here, we have used electrophysiological and pharmacological tools in a slice preparation to demonstrate that pairing parallel fiber (PF) and climbing fiber (CF) inputs at a low frequency induces long-term depression (LTD) in fPCs but long-term potentiation (LTP) in mPCs. The induction of plasticity in both cell types required postsynaptic Ca2+ and type 1α metabotropic glutamate receptors. However, the LTD in fPCs was inducted via a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II cascade, whereas LTP induction in mPCs required calcineurin. Moreover, the LTD in fPCs and LTP in mPCs were accompanied by changes to the corresponding paired-pulse ratios and their coefficients of variation, suggesting presynaptic modes of expression for the plasticity at PF terminals for both cell types. Hence, the synaptic plasticity at PF synapses onto PCs in the posterior caudal lobe of the mormyrid cerebellum is cell type specific, with both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms contributing to its induction and expression. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Much has been learnt about the cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) in the cortex. More recent work has shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) is equally important for cerebellar motor learning. Here we report for the first time that plasticity in the mormyrid cerebellum is cell type specific, e.g., following the conventional pairing of parallel and climbing fiber inputs in an in vitro preparation leads to LTD in one Purkinje cell subtype and LTP in another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital , Xi'an , China.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
| | - Gerhard Magnus
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
| | - Victor Z Han
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cerebellum: from Development to Disease-the 8th International Symposium of the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:1-3. [PMID: 29349629 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been tremendous growth in research on cerebellar motor and non-motor functions. Cerebellum is particularly involved in the spectrum of neurodevelopmental diseases. The 8th International Symposium of the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxia (SRCA) was held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, (Canada) on May 24-26, 2017. The main theme of the 8th International Symposium was "Development of the Cerebellum and Neurodevelopmental Disorders." Advances in genetics, epigenetic, cerebellar neurogenesis, axonogenesis and gliogenesis, cerebellar developmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), neuroimaging, cerebellar ataxias, medulloblastoma, and clinical investigation of cerebellar diseases were presented. The goal of this symposium was to provide a platform to discuss cutting-edge knowledge while allowing researchers and trainees the opportunity to share and discuss their front-line research and ideas with others in the field, make connections, and strengthen international collaborations. The Ferdinando Rossi lecture was delivered by Dr. Richard Hawkes on the topic of patterning of the cerebellar cortex. This symposium emphasized the major importance of the involvement of the cerebellum in neurodevelopmental diseases from the clinical, radiological, biological, and genetic standpoint.
Collapse
|