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Mukherjee A, Pandey S. Tremor in Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Scoping Review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2024; 14:31. [PMID: 38911333 PMCID: PMC11192095 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) denotes an expanding list of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Although tremor is an important aspect of the clinical spectrum of the SCAs, its prevalence, phenomenology, and pathophysiology are unknown. Objectives This review aims to describe the various types of tremors seen in the different SCAs, with a discussion on the pathophysiology of the tremors, and the possible treatment modalities. Methods The authors conducted a literature search on PubMed using search terms including tremor and the various SCAs. Relevant articles were included in the review after excluding duplicate publications. Results While action (postural and intention) tremors are most frequently associated with SCA, rest and other rare tremors have also been documented. The prevalence and types of tremors vary among the different SCAs. SCA12, common in certain ethnic populations, presents a unique situation, where the tremor is typically the principal manifestation. Clinical manifestations of SCAs may be confused with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease. The pathophysiology of tremors in SCAs predominantly involves the cerebellum and its networks, especially the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit. Additionally, connections with the basal ganglia, and striatal dopaminergic dysfunction may have a role. Medical management of tremor is usually guided by the phenomenology and associated clinical features. Deep brain stimulation surgery may be helpful in treatment-resistant tremors. Conclusions Tremor is an elemental component of SCAs, with diverse phenomenology, and emphasizes the role of the cerebellum in tremor. Further studies will be useful to delineate the clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic aspects of tremor in SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adreesh Mukherjee
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Hospital, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India
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2
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Salari M, Etemadifar M, Rashedi R, Mardani S. A Review of Ocular Movement Abnormalities in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:702-721. [PMID: 37000369 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of disorders that may present with fine motor deficits as well as gait and balance disturbances that have a significant influence on everyday activities. To review the ocular movements in cerebellar ataxias in order to improve the clinical knowledge of cerebellar ataxias and related subtypes. English papers published from January 1990 to May 2022 were selected by searching PubMed services. The main search keywords were ocular motor, oculomotor, eye movement, eye motility, and ocular motility, along with each ataxia subtype. The eligible papers were analyzed for clinical presentation, involved mutations, the underlying pathology, and ocular movement alterations. Forty-three subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxias and a number of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive ataxias were discussed in terms of pathology, clinical manifestations, involved mutations, and with a focus on the ocular abnormalities. A flowchart has been made using ocular movement manifestations to differentiate different ataxia subtypes. And underlying pathology of each subtype is reviewed in form of illustrated models to reach a better understanding of each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ronak Rashedi
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayna Mardani
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Bajracharya L, Lall M, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Kumar P, Mushtaq I, Saviour P, Paliwal P, Joshi A, Agarwal S, Suman P. A Rare Case of Mosaic 3pter and 5pter Deletion-Duplication with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Dyskinesia. Case Rep Genet 2023; 2023:7974886. [PMID: 37876589 PMCID: PMC10593553 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7974886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is evidence that neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Current genetic testing can clinch an exact diagnosis in 20-25% of such cases. Case Description. A 3 years and 11 months old boy with global developmental delay had repetitive behaviors and hyperkinetic movements. He was stunted and underweight. He had ataxia, limb dyskinesia, triangular face, microcephaly, upward slanting palpebral fissure, hypertelorism, retrognathia, posteriorly rotated ears, long philtrum, thin lips, broad nasal tip, polydactyly, tappering fingers, and decreased tone in the upper and lower limbs with normal deep tendon reflexes. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, ultrasound of the abdomen, and ophthalmological evaluation were normal. Brain evoked response auditory revealed bilateral moderate hearing loss. He fulfilled the Diagnostic Statistical Manual 5 criteria for autism. In the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, his score indicated a severe delay in social functioning. His genetic evaluation included karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). The karyotype report from high-resolution lymphocyte cultures was mos 46, XY, der(3)t(3; 5)(p26; p15.3)[50]/46, XY,der(5) t(3;5) (p26;p15.3)[50].ish. His karyotype report showed a very rare and abnormal mosaic pattern with two cell lines (50% each). Cell-line#1: 3pter deletion with 5pter duplication (3pter-/5pter+) and cell-line#2: 3pter duplication with 5pter deletion (3pter+/5pter-) derived from a de novo reciprocal translocation t(3; 5)(p26; p15.3) which was confirmed by FISH. The chromosomal microarray analysis report was normal. The two cell lines (50% each) seem to have balanced out at the whole genome level. Occupational, sensory integration, and behavior modification therapy were initiated for his autistic features, and anticholinergic trihexiphenidyl was prescribed for hyperkinetic movements. Conclusion This case highlights a rare genetic finding and the need for timely genetic testing in a child with dysmorphism and autism with movement disorder to enable appropriate management and genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Bajracharya
- Department of Pediatrics, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Meena Lall
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Bijarnia-Mahay
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Imran Mushtaq
- Child Developmental Clinic, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pushpa Saviour
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Paliwal
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Joshi
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Agarwal
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Suman
- Child Developmental Clinic, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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4
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Terry LE, Arige V, Neumann J, Wahl AM, Knebel TR, Chaffer JW, Malik S, Liston A, Humblet-Baron S, Bultynck G, Yule DI. Missense mutations in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 result in leaky Ca 2+ channels and activation of store-operated Ca 2+ entry. iScience 2022; 25:105523. [PMID: 36444295 PMCID: PMC9700043 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in all subtypes of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channel are associated with human diseases. In this report, we investigated the functionality of three neuropathy-associated missense mutations in IP3R3 (V615M, T1424M, and R2524C). The mutants only exhibited function when highly over-expressed compared to endogenous hIP3R3. All variants resulted in elevated basal cytosolic Ca2+ levels, decreased endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store content, and constitutive store-operated Ca2+ entry in the absence of any stimuli, consistent with a leaky IP3R channel pore. These variants differed in channel function; when stably over-expressed the R2524C mutant was essentially dead, V615M was poorly functional, and T1424M exhibited activity greater than that of the corresponding wild-type following threshold stimulation. These results demonstrate that a common feature of these mutations is decreased IP3R3 function. In addition, these mutations exhibit a novel phenotype manifested as a constitutively open channel, which inappropriately gates SOCE in the absence of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Vikas Arige
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Julika Neumann
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amanda M. Wahl
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Taylor R. Knebel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - James W. Chaffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sundeep Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Adrian Liston
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David I. Yule
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Superior Cerebellar Atrophy: An Imaging Clue to Diagnose ITPR1-Related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126723. [PMID: 35743164 PMCID: PMC9223788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 1 (ITPR1) gene encodes an InsP3-gated calcium channel that modulates intracellular Ca2+ release and is particularly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Pathogenic variants in the ITPR1 gene are associated with different types of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia: SCA15 (adult onset), SCA29 (early-onset), and Gillespie syndrome. Cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia is invariably detected, but a recognizable neuroradiological pattern has not been identified yet. With the aim of describing ITPR1-related neuroimaging findings, the brain MRI of 14 patients with ITPR1 variants (11 SCA29, 1 SCA15, and 2 Gillespie) were reviewed by expert neuroradiologists. To further evaluate the role of superior vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy as a clue for the diagnosis of ITPR1-related conditions, the ITPR1 gene was sequenced in 5 patients with similar MRI pattern, detecting pathogenic variants in 4 of them. Considering the whole cohort, a distinctive neuroradiological pattern consisting in superior vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy was identified in 83% patients with causative ITPR1 variants, suggesting this MRI finding could represent a hallmark for ITPR1-related disorders.
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6
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Terry LE, Alzayady KJ, Wahl AM, Malik S, Yule DI. Disease-associated mutations in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor subunits impair channel function. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18160-18178. [PMID: 33093175 PMCID: PMC7939385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs), which form tetrameric channels, play pivotal roles in regulating the spatiotemporal patterns of intracellular calcium signals. Mutations in IP3Rs have been increasingly associated with many debilitating human diseases such as ataxia, Gillespie syndrome, and generalized anhidrosis. However, how these mutations affect IP3R function, and how the perturbation of as-sociated calcium signals contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of these diseases remains largely uncharacterized. Moreover, many of these diseases occur as the result of autosomal dominant inheritance, suggesting that WT and mutant subunits associate in heterotetrameric channels. How the in-corporation of different numbers of mutant subunits within the tetrameric channels affects its activities and results in different disease phenotypes is also unclear. In this report, we investigated representative disease-associated missense mutations to determine their effects on IP3R channel activity. Additionally, we designed concatenated IP3R constructs to create tetrameric channels with a predefined subunit composition to explore the functionality of heteromeric channels. Using calcium imaging techniques to assess IP3R channel function, we observed that all the mutations studied resulted in severely attenuated Ca2+ release when expressed as homotetramers. However, some heterotetramers retained varied degrees of function dependent on the composition of the tetramer. Our findings suggest that the effect of mutations depends on the location of the mutation in the IP3R structure, as well as on the stoichiometry of mutant subunits assembled within the tetrameric channel. These studies provide insight into the pathogenesis and penetrance of these devastating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kamil J Alzayady
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Amanda M Wahl
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sundeep Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David I Yule
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
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7
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Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors in Human Disease: A Comprehensive Update. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041096. [PMID: 32290556 PMCID: PMC7231134 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (ITPRs) are intracellular calcium release channels located on the endoplasmic reticulum of virtually every cell. Herein, we are reporting an updated systematic summary of the current knowledge on the functional role of ITPRs in human disorders. Specifically, we are describing the involvement of its loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations in the pathogenesis of neurological, immunological, cardiovascular, and neoplastic human disease. Recent results from genome-wide association studies are also discussed.
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8
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Chen B, Qi CY, Chen L, Dai MJ, Miao YY, Chen R, Wei WE, Yang S, Wang HL, Duan XG, Gong MW, Wang Y, Xue ZF. A C1976Y missense mutation in the mouse Ip3r1 gene leads to short-term mydriasis and unfolded protein response in the iris constrictor muscles. Exp Anim 2019; 69:45-53. [PMID: 31391379 PMCID: PMC7004804 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ip3r1 encodes an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-responsive calcium
channel. Mutations in the IP3R1 gene in humans may cause Gillespie
syndrome (GS) typically presents as fixed dilated pupils in affected infants, which was
referred to as iris hypoplasia. However, there is no report of mice with
Ip3r1 heterozygous mutations showing dilated pupils. Here, we report a
new Ip3r1 allele with short-term dilated pupil phenotype derived from an
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen. This allele carries a G5927A transition
mutation in Ip3r1 gene (NM_010585), which is predicted to result in a
C1976Y amino acid change in the open reading frame of IP3R1 (NP_034715). We named this
novel Ip3r1 allele Ip3r1C1976Y. Histology and
pharmacological tests show that the dilated pupil phenotype is a mydriasis caused by the
functional defect in the iris constrictor muscles in
Ip3r1C1976Y. The dilated pupil phenotype in
Ip3r1C1976Y was referred to as mydriasis and excluding
iris hypoplasia. IHC analysis revealed increased expression of BIP protein, the master
regulator of unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, in
Ip3r1C1976Y mice that did not recover. This study is the
first report of an Ip3r1 mutation being associated with the mydriasis
phenotype. Ip3r1C1976Y mice represent a self-healing model
that may be used to study the therapeutic approach for Ip3r1-related
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Chong-Yang Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Meng-Jun Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Ya-You Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Wan-E Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Hong-Ling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Xiao-Ge Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Min-Wei Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
| | - Zheng-Feng Xue
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, P.R.China
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Pathophysiological consequences of isoform-specific IP 3 receptor mutations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1707-1717. [PMID: 29906486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling governs a diverse range of cellular processes and, as such, is subject to tight regulation. A main component of the complex intracellular Ca2+-signaling network is the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R), a tetrameric channel that mediates Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in response to IP3. IP3R function is controlled by a myriad of factors, such as Ca2+, ATP, kinases and phosphatases and a plethora of accessory and regulatory proteins. Further complexity in IP3R-mediated Ca2+ signaling is the result of the existence of three main isoforms (IP3R1, IP3R2 and IP3R3) that display distinct functional characteristics and properties. Despite their abundant and overlapping expression profiles, IP3R1 is highly expressed in neurons, IP3R2 in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes and IP3R3 in rapidly proliferating cells as e.g. epithelial cells. As a consequence, dysfunction and/or dysregulation of IP3R isoforms will have distinct pathophysiological outcomes, ranging from neurological disorders for IP3R1 to dysfunctional exocrine tissues and autoimmune diseases for IP3R2 and -3. Over the past years, several IP3R mutations have surfaced in the sequence analysis of patient-derived samples. Here, we aimed to provide an integrative overview of the clinically most relevant mutations for each IP3R isoform and the subsequent molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of the disease.
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10
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Terry LE, Alzayady KJ, Furati E, Yule DI. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptor Mutations associated with Human Disease. MESSENGER (LOS ANGELES, CALIF. : PRINT) 2018; 6:29-44. [PMID: 30197841 PMCID: PMC6128530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium release into the cytosol via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) calcium channel is important for a variety of cellular processes. As a result, impairment or inhibition of this release can result in disease. Recently, mutations in all four domains of the IP3R have been suggested to cause diseases such as ataxia, cancer, and anhidrosis; however, most of these mutations have not been functionally characterized. In this review we summarize the reported mutations, as well as the associated symptoms. Additionally, we use clues from transgenic animals, receptor stoichiometry, and domain location of mutations to speculate on the effects of individual mutations on receptor structure and function and the overall mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Kamil J Alzayady
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Esraa Furati
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - David I Yule
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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