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Xia W, Xiang S, Gaman MA, Jamilian P, Prabahar K, Du G, Gao D. The effects of phytosterol and phytostanol supplementation on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4398-4408. [PMID: 36180973 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have proven that phytosterols and phytostanols (PS) are lipid-lowering agents. These compounds play a role in regulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) metabolism. Although various drugs are available and are currently used to treat dyslipidemia, the management of lipid abnormalities during the postmenopausal period remains a challenge. Thus, scientists are trying to develop new strategies to reduce serum lipids concentrations using natural products. However, the impact of PS administration on serum lipids in postmenopausal women remains unclear. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of PS supplementation on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women based on a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify suitable papers published until January 18, 2022. We combined the effect sizes with the DerSimonian and Laird method using a random effects model. PS supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in TC (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -16.73 mg/dl) and LDL-C (WMD: -10.06 mg/dl) levels. No effect of PS supplementation on TG (WMD: -1.14 mg/dl) or HDL-C (WMD: -0.29 mg/dl) concentrations was detected. In the stratified analysis, there was a notable reduction in TC and LDL-C levels when the PS dose was ≥2 g/day (TC: -22.22 mg/dl and LDL-C: -10.14 mg/dl) and when PS were administered to participants with a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 (TC: -20.22 mg/dl and LDL-C: -14.85 mg/dl). PS administration can decrease TC and LDL-C, particularly if the dose of administration is ≥2 g/day and if the participants are overweight or obese. Further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of PS usage in postmenopausal females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Gaman
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania & Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Parmida Jamilian
- School of Pharmacy and Bio Engineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Kousalya Prabahar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Guanggang Du
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Burn and Wound repair, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Burn and Wound repair, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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2
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Weckerle T, Ewald H, Guth P, Knorr K, Philipp B, Holert J. Biogas digestate as a sustainable phytosterol source for biotechnological cascade valorization. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 16:337-349. [PMID: 36415958 PMCID: PMC9871531 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, several million tonnes of anaerobic digestate are produced worldwide as a by-product of the biogas industry, most of which is applied as agricultural fertilizer. However, in the context of a circular bioeconomy, more sustainable uses of residual digestate biomass would be desirable. This study investigates the fate of the sterol lipids β-sitosterol and cholesterol from the feedstocks to the final digestates of three agricultural and one biowaste biogas plants to assess if sterols are degraded during anaerobic digestion or if they remain in the digestate, which could provide a novel opportunity for digestate cascade valorization. Gas chromatographic analyses showed that feedstock sterols were not degraded during anaerobic digestion, resulting in their accumulation in the digestates to up to 0.15% of the dry weight. The highest concentrations of around 1440 mg β-sitosterol and 185 mg cholesterol per kg dry weight were found in liquid digestate fractions, suggesting partial sterol solubilization. Methanogenic batch cultures spiked with β-sitosterol, cholesterol, testosterone and β-oestradiol confirmed that steroids persist during anaerobic digestion. Mycobacterium neoaurum was able to transform digestate sterols quantitatively into androstadienedione, a platform chemical for steroid hormones, without prior sterol extraction or purification. These results suggest that digestate from agricultural and municipal biowaste is an untapped resource for natural sterols for biotechnological applications, providing a new strategy for digestate cascade valorization beyond land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Weckerle
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and BiotechnologyMicrobial Biotechnology & Ecology Group, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Helen Ewald
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and BiotechnologyMicrobial Biotechnology & Ecology Group, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Patrick Guth
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry GroupUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Klaus‐Holger Knorr
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry GroupUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Bodo Philipp
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and BiotechnologyMicrobial Biotechnology & Ecology Group, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Johannes Holert
- Institute for Molecular Microbiology and BiotechnologyMicrobial Biotechnology & Ecology Group, University of MünsterMünsterGermany
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3
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Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Barghchi H, Pahlavani N, Barati M, Amiri Y, Fadel A, Khosravi M, Talebi S, Arzhang P, Ziaei R, Ghavami A. Biological and pharmacological effects and nutritional impact of phytosterols: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2021; 36:299-322. [PMID: 34729825 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs), classified into plant sterols and stanols, are bioactive compounds found in foods of plant origin. PSs have been proposed to exert a wide number of pharmacological properties, including the potential to reduce total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and thereby decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Other health-promoting effects of PSs include anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Also, anticancer effects have been strongly suggested, as phytosterol-rich diets may reduce the risk of cancer by 20%. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the available evidence regarding the beneficial physiological and pharmacological activities of PSs, with special emphasis on their therapeutic potential for human health and safety. Also, we will explore the factors that influence the physiologic response to PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyas Nattagh-Eshtivani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasaman Amiri
- Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdulmannan Fadel
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Talebi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pishva Arzhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutritional Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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4
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Shao Y, Hu Z, Liu C, Xu Q, Zhang H, Yan Q, Zhu D, Zhu Z. Phenolic acids and phytosterols in rice grains and wheat flours consumed in five regions of China. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1878-1892. [PMID: 33884623 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic acids and phytosterols, the main functional compounds in cereals, could promote wellbeing and reduce the risks of diet-related diseases. This study aimed to demonstrate phenolic acid and phytosterol profiles in rice grains and wheat flours, and estimate their intakes in five geographical regions and among different age groups. Phenolic acids and phytosterols mainly existed in bound form, and the whole rice grain had high amount of 161.39 to 368.74 µg/g and 37.50 to 93.31 mg/ 100 g, respectively. In total, nine phenolic acids and six phytosterols were detected with ferulic and p-coumaric acid, and β-sitosterol the most abundant. The dietary intakes of phenolic acids and phytosterols were calculated combined with the dietary foods intake data of Chinese people. The intakes of total phenolic acids and phytosterols from rice grains and wheat flours varied across different regions with Beijing the highest among the five regions. At the age of 2 to 70 years, the average intakes of phenolic acids and phytosterols from rice and wheat flours were 7.74 to 17.52 and 58.02 to 135.61 mg/sp/day, respectively. If 3-ounce of polished rice was replaced by black rice grain, the predicted intakes of total phenolic acids and phytosterols from rice grains and wheat flours would increase by at least 196% and 68%, respectively, especially for free phenolic acids and phytosterols. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study would help the consumers know how much phenolic acids and phytosterols they would get from 3 ounces of black rice in a reasonable intake of staple food but shift away other kinds of foods. It could also provide inspirations for food industries to explore the functional cereal foods that are rich in phenolic acids and phytosterols for different regions and different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Shao
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Rice (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhanqiang Hu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Rice (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chengzhi Liu
- Hangzhou Digital-Micro Biotech Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qingyu Xu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qin Yan
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dawei Zhu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Rice (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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5
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Couder-García BDC, Jacobo-Herrera NJ, Zentella-Dehesa A, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Tavarez-Santamaría Z, Martínez-Vázquez M. The Phytosterol Peniocerol Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth in a Colon Cancer Xenograft Model. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1341. [PMID: 31850224 PMCID: PMC6901603 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of peniocerol against human colon cancer cell lines and its antitumor effect in vivo in a xenograft model using nu/nu mice. Materials and Methods: SW-620, HCT-15, and HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines were treated with peniocerol for cytotoxicity by crystal violet technique. Cell apoptosis induction was detected by flow cytometry, and the antitumor activity of peniocerol was evaluated in a xenograft model of HCT-116 in nu/nu mice. After treatment, the effect of peniocerol was analyzed in histological sections of tumors by immunohistochemistry using DAPI, anti-PCNA, and PARP-1 antibodies. Results: Peniocerol inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro in a time and dose-dependent manner. Besides, peniocerol administration (30 or 15 mg/kg) inhibited tumor growth and induced apoptosis in the xenograft mice. The lack of peniocerol toxicity was proved by a biochemical blood analysis of healthy nu/nu mice administrated with this sterol. Conclusions: Our results proved that peniocerol induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia J Jacobo-Herrera
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental & Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Zaira Tavarez-Santamaría
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacán, Mexico
| | - Mariano Martínez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacán, Mexico
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6
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Yu D, Wang T, Chen J, Tang H, Li D, Zhang X, Geng H, Wang L, Elfalleh W, Jiang L. Enzymatic esterification of rice bran oil and phytosterol in supercritical CO
2. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianyu Yu
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Honglin Tang
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Haoyuan Geng
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Liqi Wang
- School of Computer and Information Engineering Harbin University of Commerce Harbin China
| | - Walid Elfalleh
- Laboratoire Energie, Eau, Environnement et Procèdes Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Gabès, Université de Gabès Gabès Tunisia
| | - Lianzhou Jiang
- School of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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7
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Zhao X, Dong B, Li P, Wei W, Dang J, Liu Z, Tao Y, Han H, Shao Y, Yue H. Fatty Acid and Phytosterol Composition, and Biological Activities ofLycium ruthenicumMurr. Seed Oil. J Food Sci 2018; 83:2448-2456. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Banmacailang Dong
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Pi Li
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Wei Wei
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Jun Dang
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Zenggeng Liu
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Hongping Han
- the Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province; Xining 810008 China
| | - Yun Shao
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
| | - Huilan Yue
- the Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Northwest Inst. of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research; Qinghai 810008 China
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8
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Development and Characterization of Phytosterol-Enriched Oil Microcapsules for Foodstuff Application. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Fibigr J, Šatínský D, Solich P. A UHPLC method for the rapid separation and quantification of phytosterols using tandem UV/Charged aerosol detection – A comparison of both detection techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:274-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Shahzad N, Khan W, MD S, Ali A, Saluja SS, Sharma S, Al-Allaf FA, Abduljaleel Z, Ibrahim IAA, Abdel-Wahab AF, Afify MA, Al-Ghamdi SS. Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent: Current status and future perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:786-794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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11
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Jaceldo-Siegl K, Lütjohann D, Sirirat R, Mashchak A, Fraser GE, Haddad E. Variations in dietary intake and plasma concentrations of plant sterols across plant-based diets among North American adults. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28130879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Phytosterols are bioactive compounds in plants with similar cholesterol-lowering properties as vegetarian diets. However, information on phytosterol intake and plasma plant sterols among vegetarians is sparse. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined dietary intake and plasma concentration of plant sterols and cholesterol across five dietary patterns in the Adventist Health Study-2 Calibration Sub-study (n = 861, 66% females, average age 61 years). To measure intake and plasma concentrations of these compounds, we used 24-h dietary recalls and gas-liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection, respectively. Mean (SD) total phytosterol and cholesterol intake were 363 (176) mg/day and 131 (111) mg/day; plasma β-sitosterol, campesterol, and cholesterol were 3.3 (1.7) μg/mL, 4.2 (2.3) μg/mL, and 1.9 (0.4) mg/mL, respectively. Total phytosterol intake was lowest among non-vegetarians (263 mg/day) and highest among vegans (428 mg/day) (p < 0.0001). Cholesterol intake was lowest among vegans (15.2 mg/day) and highest among non-vegetarians (124.6 mg/day) (p < 0.0001). Plasma plant sterols and cholesterol did not differ by diet. Cholesterol-adjusted plasma β-sitosterol and campesterol were significantly higher in Blacks than Whites, though no ethnic differences were observed in dietary intake of these plant sterols. CONCLUSION Dietary intake but not plasma concentration of plant sterols and cholesterol varies across distinct plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jaceldo-Siegl
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Bonn
| | - Rawiwan Sirirat
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Mashchak
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary E Fraser
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ella Haddad
- Adventist Health Studies, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Mao S, Zhou F, Huang W, Lu B, Yang J, He L, Zhao Y. The effect of traditional stir-frying process on hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacities of pine nut kernels. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:873-80. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and
| | - Fei Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and
| | - Weisu Huang
- Department of Applied Technology, Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and
| | - Lilin He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and
| | - Yiying Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Risk Assessment of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and
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13
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Yang J, Zhou F, Xiong L, Mao S, Hu Y, Lu B. Comparison of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, phytosterols and antioxidant potential in Zhejiang pecan [Carya cathayensis] at different stir-frying steps. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Fernández-Cuesta A, León L, Velasco L, De la Rosa R. Changes in squalene and sterols associated with olive maturation. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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