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Miller RJH, Slomka PJ. Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Cardiology: An Update and Future Trends. Semin Nucl Med 2024; 54:648-657. [PMID: 38521708 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), using either single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET), is one of the most commonly ordered cardiac imaging tests, with prominent clinical roles for disease diagnosis and risk prediction. Artificial intelligence (AI) could potentially play a role in many steps along the typical MPI workflow, from image acquisition through to clinical reporting and risk estimation. AI can be utilized to improve image quality, reducing radiation exposure and image acquisition times. Once images are acquired, AI can help optimize motion correction and image registration during image reconstruction or provide direct image attenuation correction. Utilizing these image sets, AI can segment a number of anatomic features from associated computed tomographic imaging or even generate synthetic attenuation imaging. Lastly, AI may play an important role in disease diagnosis or risk prediction by combining the large number of potentially important clinical, stress, and imaging-related variables. This review will focus on the most recent developments in the field, providing clinicians and researchers with a timely update on the field. Additionally, it will discuss future trends including applications of AI during multiple points of the typical MPI workflow to maximize clinical utility and methods to maximize the information that can be obtained from hybrid imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J H Miller
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences, and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences, and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
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Miller RJH, Slomka PJ. Current status and future directions in artificial intelligence for nuclear cardiology. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39001698 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2024.2380764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is one of the most commonly ordered cardiac imaging tests. Accurate motion correction, image registration, and reconstruction are critical for high-quality imaging, but this can be technically challenging and has traditionally relied on expert manual processing. With accurate processing, there is a rich variety of clinical, stress, functional, and anatomic data that can be integrated to guide patient management. AREAS COVERED PubMed and Google Scholar were reviewed for articles related to artificial intelligence in nuclear cardiology published between 2020 and 2024. We will outline the prominent roles for artificial intelligence (AI) solutions to provide motion correction, image registration, and reconstruction. We will review the role for AI in extracting anatomic data for hybrid MPI which is otherwise neglected. Lastly, we will discuss AI methods to integrate the wealth of data to improve disease diagnosis or risk stratification. EXPERT OPINION There is growing evidence that AI will transform the performance of MPI by automating and improving on aspects of image acquisition and reconstruction. Physicians and researchers will need to understand the potential strengths of AI in order to benefit from the full clinical utility of MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J H Miller
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences, and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences, and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Randazzo MJ, Elias P, Poterucha TJ, Sharir T, Fish MB, Ruddy TD, Kaufmann PA, Sinusas AJ, Miller EJ, Bateman T, Dorbala S, Di Carli M, Castillo M, Liang JX, Miller RJH, Dey D, Berman DS, Slomka PJ, Einstein AJ. Impact of cardiac size on diagnostic performance of single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging: insights from the REgistry of Fast Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with NExt generation single-photon emission computed tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 25:996-1006. [PMID: 38445511 PMCID: PMC11210974 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Variation in diagnostic performance of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has been observed, yet the impact of cardiac size has not been well characterized. We assessed whether low left ventricular volume influences SPECT MPI's ability to detect obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and its interaction with age and sex. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 2066 patients without known CAD (67% male, 64.7 ± 11.2 years) across nine institutions underwent SPECT MPI with solid-state scanners followed by coronary angiography as part of the REgistry of Fast Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with NExt Generation SPECT. Area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses evaluated the performance of quantitative and visual assessments according to cardiac size [end-diastolic volume (EDV); <20th vs. ≥20th population or sex-specific percentiles], age (<75 vs. ≥75 years), and sex. Significantly decreased performance was observed in patients with low EDV compared with those without (AUC: population 0.72 vs. 0.78, P = 0.03; sex-specific 0.72 vs. 0.79, P = 0.01) and elderly patients compared with younger patients (AUC 0.72 vs. 0.78, P = 0.03), whereas males and females demonstrated similar AUC (0.77 vs. 0.76, P = 0.67). The reduction in accuracy attributed to lower volumes was primarily observed in males (sex-specific threshold: EDV 0.69 vs. 0.79, P = 0.01). Accordingly, a significant decrease in AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value for quantitative and visual assessments was noted in patients with at least two characteristics of low EDV, elderly age, or male sex. CONCLUSION Detection of CAD with SPECT MPI is negatively impacted by small cardiac size, most notably in elderly and male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Randazzo
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pierre Elias
- Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH 10-203, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Timothy J Poterucha
- Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH 10-203, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tali Sharir
- Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthews B Fish
- Sacred Heart Medical Center, Oregon Heart and Vascular Institute, Springfield, OR, USA
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Philipp A Kaufmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiac Imaging, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward J Miller
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Timothy Bateman
- Cardiovascular Imaging Technologies LLC, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sharmila Dorbala
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo Di Carli
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Castillo
- Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH 10-203, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joanna X Liang
- Department of Imaging, Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J H Miller
- Department of Imaging, Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Damini Dey
- Department of Imaging, Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Berman
- Department of Imaging, Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Department of Imaging, Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Einstein
- Seymour, Paul and Gloria Milstein Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH 10-203, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH 10-203, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Han D, Hyun MC, Miller RJH, Gransar H, Slomka PJ, Dey D, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Thomson LEJ, Berman DS, Rozanski A. 10-year experience of utilizing a stress-first SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Int J Cardiol 2024; 401:131863. [PMID: 38365012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its potential benefits, the utilization of stress-only protocol in clinical practice has been limited. We report utilizing stress-first single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). METHODS We assessed 12,472 patients who were referred for SPECT-MPI between 2013 and 2020. The temporal changes in frequency of stress-only imaging were assessed according to risk factors, mode of stress, prior coronary artery disease (CAD) history, left ventricular function, and symptom status. The clinical endpoint was all-cause mortality. RESULTS In our lab, stress/rest SPECT-MPI in place of rest/stress SPECT-MPI was first introduced in November 2011 and was performed more commonly than rest/stress imaging after 2013. Stress-only SPECT-MPI scanning has been performed in 30-34% of our SPECT-MPI studies since 2013 (i.e.. 31.7% in 2013 and 33.6% in 2020). During the study period, we routinely used two-position imaging (additional prone or upright imaging) to reduce attenuation and motion artifact and introduced SPECT/CT scanner in 2018. The rate of stress-only study remained consistent before and after implementing the SPECT/CT scanner. The frequency of stress-only imaging was 43% among patients without a history of prior CAD and 19% among those with a prior CAD history. Among patients undergoing treadmill exercise, the frequency of stress-only imaging was 48%, while 32% among patients undergoing pharmacologic stress test. In multivariate Cox analysis, there was no significant difference in mortality risk between stress-only and stress/rest protocols in patients with normal SPECT-MPI results (p = 0.271). CONCLUSION Implementation of a stress-first imaging protocol has consistently resulted in safe cancellation of 30% of rest SPECT-MPI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Han
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Mark C Hyun
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert J H Miller
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heidi Gransar
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Damini Dey
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sean W Hayes
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - John D Friedman
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Louise E J Thomson
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel S Berman
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Alan Rozanski
- The Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Morningside Hospital, Mount Sinai Heart, and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
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Wang F, Yuan H, Lv J, Han X, Zhou Z, Lu W, Lu L, Jiang L. Stress-only versus rest-stress SPECT MPI in the detection and diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and infarction by machine learning. Nucl Med Commun 2024; 45:35-44. [PMID: 37823249 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rest-stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is widely used to evaluate coronary artery disease (CAD). We aim to evaluate stress-only versus rest-stress MPI in diagnosing CAD by machine learning (ML). METHODS A total of 276 patients with suspected CAD were randomly divided into training (184 patients) and validation (92 patients) cohorts. Variables extracted from clinical, physiological, and rest-stress SPECT MPI were screened. Stress-only and rest-stress MPI using ML were established and compared using the training cohort. Then the diagnostic performance of two models in diagnosing myocardial ischemia and infarction was evaluated in the validation cohort. RESULTS Six ML models based on stress-only MPI selected summed stress score, summed wall thickness score of stress%, and end-diastolic volume of stress as key variables and performed equally good as rest-stress MPI in detecting CAD [area under the curve (AUC): 0.863 versus 0.877, P = 0.519]. Furthermore, stress-only MPI showed a reasonable prediction of reversible deficit, as shown by rest-stress MPI (AUC: 0.861). Subsequently, nomogram models using the above-stated stress-only MPI variables showed a good prediction of CAD and reversible perfusion deficit in training and validation cohorts. CONCLUSION Stress-only MPI demonstrated similar diagnostic performance compared with rest-stress MPI using 6 ML algorithms. Stress-only MPI with ML models can diagnose CAD and predict ischemia from scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghu Wang
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University,
| | - Hui Yuan
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University,
| | - Jieqin Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,
| | - Xu Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University,
| | - Zidong Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University,
| | - Wantong Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University,
| | - Lijun Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University,
- Pazhou Lab and
| | - Lei Jiang
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University,
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangzhou, China
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Li J, Yang G, Zhang L. Artificial Intelligence Empowered Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging in Cardiology: A State-of-the-Art Review. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:586-596. [PMID: 38223683 PMCID: PMC10781930 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging plays a significant role in the detection and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). With recent advancements in computer power and the availability of digital archives, artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly gaining traction in the field of medical imaging, including nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. However, the complex and time-consuming workflow and interpretation involved in nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, limit their extensive utilization in clinical practice. To address this challenge, AI has emerged as a fundamental tool for enhancing the role of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. It has shown promising applications in various crucial aspects of nuclear cardiology, such as optimizing imaging protocols, facilitating data processing, aiding in CVD diagnosis, risk classification and prognosis. In this review paper, we will introduce the key concepts of AI and provide an overview of its current progress in the field of nuclear cardiology. In addition, we will discuss future perspectives for AI in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Guifen Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
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Slomka PJ, Miller RJH. Can Deep Learning Detect Incidental Abnormal Cardiac Uptake Related to Amyloidosis on Routine Bone Scintigraphy? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:1096-1098. [PMID: 37558354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Slomka
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Robert J H Miller
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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AlJaroudi WA, Hage FG. Review of cardiovascular imaging in the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 2022: single photon emission computed tomography. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:452-478. [PMID: 36797458 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-023-03216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize a selection of articles on single-photon emission computed tomography published in the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology in 2022. The aim of this review is to concisely recap major advancements in the field to provide the reader a glimpse of the research published in the journal over the last year. This review will place emphasis on myocardial perfusion imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography summarizing advances in the field including in prognosis, non-perfusion variables, attenuation compensation, machine learning and camera design. It will also review nuclear imaging advances in amyloidosis, left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony, cardiac innervation, and lung perfusion. We encourage interested readers to go back to the original articles, and editorials, for a comprehensive read as necessary but hope that this yearly review will be helpful in reminding readers of articles they have seen and attracting their attentions to ones they have missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A AlJaroudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fadi G Hage
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, GSB 446, 1900 University BLVD, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Hijazi W, Leslie W, Filipchuk N, Choo R, Wilton S, James M, Slomka PJ, Miller RJH. External validation of the CRAX2MACE model. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:702-707. [PMID: 35419699 PMCID: PMC9556645 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-02964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion is frequently used to predict risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). We performed an external validation of the CRAX2MACE score, developed to estimate 2-year risk of MACE in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Patients who underwent clinically indicated SPECT with available follow-up for MACE were included (N = 2,985). The prediction performance for MACE (revascularization, myocardial infarction, or death) within 2 years for CRAX2MACE was compared with stress and ischemic total perfusion deficit (TPD) using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Calibration was assessed with calibration plots, Brier score, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS MACE occurred within 2 years in 243 (8.1%) patients. The AUC for CRAX2MACE (0.710, 95% CI 0.677-0.743) was significantly higher compared to stress TPD (AUC 0.669, 95% CI 0.632-0.706, P = .010) and ischemic TPD (AUC 0.664, 95% CI 0.627-0.700, P < .001). The model had acceptable goodness-of-fit (P = .103) and was well-calibrated with Brier score of 0.071. CONCLUSION CRAX2MACE had higher predictive performance for 2-year MACE than quantitative perfusion in an external population. The current model is simple to use and could be implemented to assist physicians when estimating patient risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Hijazi
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, GAA08, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Willam Leslie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Neil Filipchuk
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, GAA08, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Ryan Choo
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, GAA08, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Stephen Wilton
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, GAA08, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Matthew James
- Department of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J H Miller
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, GAA08, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada.
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Feher A, Pieszko K, Miller R, Lemley M, Shanbhag A, Huang C, Miras L, Liu YH, Sinusas AJ, Miller EJ, Slomka PJ. Integration of coronary artery calcium scoring from CT attenuation scans by machine learning improves prediction of adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing SPECT/CT myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:590-603. [PMID: 36195826 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-03099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) has been previously applied for prognostication in patients undergoing SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We evaluated whether including attenuation CT coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring improves ML prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients undergoing SPECT/CT MPI. METHODS From the REFINE SPECT Registry 4770 patients with SPECT/CT performed at a single center were included (age: 64 ± 12 years, 45% female). ML algorithm (XGBoost) inputs were clinical risk factors, stress variables, SPECT imaging parameters, and expert-observer CAC scoring using CT attenuation correction scans performed to obtain CT attenuation maps. The ML model was trained and validated using tenfold hold-out validation. Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) curves were analyzed for prediction of MACE. MACE-free survival was evaluated with standard survival analyses. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 24.1 months, 475 patients (10%) experienced MACE. Higher area under the ROC curve for MACE was observed with ML when CAC scoring was included (CAC-ML score, 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.79) compared to ML without CAC (ML score, 0.75, 95% CI 0.73-0.77, P = .005) and when compared to CAC score alone (0.71, 95% CI 0.68-0.73, P < .001). Among clinical, imaging, and stress parameters, CAC score had highest variable importance for ML. On survival analysis patients with high CAC-ML score (> 0.091) had higher event rate when compared to patients with low CAC-ML score (hazard ratio 5.3, 95% CI 4.3-6.5, P < .001). CONCLUSION Integration of attenuation CT CAC scoring improves the predictive value of ML risk score for MACE prediction in patients undergoing SPECT MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Feher
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Dana 3, P.O. Box 208017, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Konrad Pieszko
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Miller
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark Lemley
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aakash Shanbhag
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cathleen Huang
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leonidas Miras
- Division of Cardiology, Bridgeport Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Yi-Hwa Liu
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Dana 3, P.O. Box 208017, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Dana 3, P.O. Box 208017, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward J Miller
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Dana 3, P.O. Box 208017, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Miller RJ. Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Cardiology. Cardiol Clin 2023; 41:151-161. [PMID: 37003673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses a variety of computer algorithms that have a wide range of potential clinical applications in nuclear cardiology. This article will introduce core terminology and concepts for AI including classifications of AI as well as training and testing regimens. We will then highlight the potential role for AI to improve image registration and image quality. Next, we will discuss methods for AI-driven image attenuation correction. Finally, we will review advancements in machine learning and deep-learning applications for disease diagnosis and risk stratification, including efforts to improve clinical translation of this valuable technology with explainable AI models.
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Miller RJH, Rozanski A, Slomka PJ, Han D, Gransar H, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Thomson LEJ, Berman DS. Development and validation of ischemia risk scores. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:324-334. [PMID: 35484468 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-02976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The likelihood of ischemia on myocardial perfusion imaging is central to physician decisions regarding test selection, but dedicated risk scores are lacking. We derived and validated two novel ischemia risk scores to support physician decision making. METHODS Risk scores were derived using 15,186 patients and validated with 2,995 patients from a different center. Logistic regression was used to assess associations with ischemia to derive point-based and calculated ischemia scores. Predictive performance for ischemia was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared with the CAD consortium basic and clinical models. RESULTS During derivation, the calculated ischemia risk score (0.801) had higher AUC compared to the point-based score (0.786, p < 0.001). During validation, the calculated ischemia score (0.716, 95% CI 0.684- 0.748) had higher AUC compared to the point-based ischemia score (0.699, 95% CI 0.666- 0.732, p = 0.016) and the clinical CAD model (AUC 0.667, 95% CI 0.633- 0.701, p = 0.002). Calibration for both ischemia scores was good in both populations (Brier score < 0.100). CONCLUSIONS We developed two novel risk scores for predicting probability of ischemia on MPI which demonstrated high accuracy during model derivation and in external testing. These scores could support physician decisions regarding diagnostic testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J H Miller
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alan Rozanski
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside Hospital, Mount Sinai Heart and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiac Sciences, Mount Sinai Morningside Hospital, Mount Sinai Heart and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donghee Han
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Gransar
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean W Hayes
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John D Friedman
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise E J Thomson
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Berman
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Hijazi W, Miller RJH. Developing a framework for evaluating and comparing risk models. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:59-61. [PMID: 36575282 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-03036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Hijazi
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, GAA08, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Robert J H Miller
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, GAA08, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada.
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McMahon SR, Patel EK, Duvall WL. Stress-First Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Cardiol Clin 2023; 41:163-175. [PMID: 37003674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Stress-first approaches to myocardial perfusion imaging provide diagnostically and prognostically accurate perfusion data equivalent to a full rest-stress study while saving time in the imaging laboratory and reducing the radiation exposure to patients and laboratory staff. Unfortunately, implementing a stress-first approach in a nuclear cardiology laboratory involves significant challenges such as the need for attenuation correction, triage of patients to an appropriate protocol, real-time review of stress images, and consideration of differential reimbursement. Despite it being best practice for both the patient and the laboratory, these impediments have kept the proportions of studies performed stress-first relatively unchanged in North America and world-wide in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R McMahon
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
| | - Etee K Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
| | - W Lane Duvall
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
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Singh A, Miller RJH, Otaki Y, Kavanagh P, Hauser MT, Tzolos E, Kwiecinski J, Van Kriekinge S, Wei CC, Sharir T, Einstein AJ, Fish MB, Ruddy TD, Kaufmann PA, Sinusas AJ, Miller EJ, Bateman TM, Dorbala S, Di Carli M, Liang JX, Huang C, Han D, Dey D, Berman DS, Slomka PJ. Direct Risk Assessment From Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Using Explainable Deep Learning. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:209-220. [PMID: 36274041 PMCID: PMC10980287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is frequently used to provide risk stratification, but methods to improve the accuracy of these predictions are needed. OBJECTIVES The authors developed an explainable deep learning (DL) model (HARD MACE [major adverse cardiac events]-DL) for the prediction of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) and validated its performance in large internal and external testing groups. METHODS Patients undergoing single-photon emission computed tomography MPI were included, with 20,401 patients in the training and internal testing group (5 sites) and 9,019 in the external testing group (2 different sites). HARD MACE-DL uses myocardial perfusion, motion, thickening, and phase polar maps combined with age, sex, and cardiac volumes. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality or nonfatal MI. Prognostic accuracy was evaluated using area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS During internal testing, patients with normal perfusion and elevated HARD MACE-DL risk were at higher risk than patients with abnormal perfusion and low HARD MACE-DL risk (annualized event rate, 2.9% vs 1.2%; P < 0.001). Patients in the highest quartile of HARD MACE-DL score had an annual rate of death or MI (4.8%) 10-fold higher than patients in the lowest quartile (0.48% per year). In external testing, the AUC for HARD MACE-DL (0.73; 95% CI: 0.71-0.75) was higher than a logistic regression model (AUC: 0.70), stress total perfusion deficit (TPD) (AUC: 0.65), and ischemic TPD (AUC: 0.63; all P < 0.01). Calibration, a measure of how well predicted risk matches actual risk, was excellent in both groups (Brier score, 0.079 for internal and 0.070 for external). CONCLUSIONS The DL model predicts death or MI directly from MPI, by estimating patient-level risk with good calibration and improved accuracy compared with traditional quantitative approaches. The model incorporates mechanisms to explain to the physician which image regions contribute to the adverse event prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Singh
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert J H Miller
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuka Otaki
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul Kavanagh
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael T Hauser
- Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Oklahoma Heart Hospital, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Evangelos Tzolos
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Kwiecinski
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Serge Van Kriekinge
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chih-Chun Wei
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tali Sharir
- Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel
| | - Andrew J Einstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mathews B Fish
- Oregon Heart and Vascular Institute, Sacred Heart Medical Center, Springfield, Oregon, USA
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipp A Kaufmann
- Division of Cardiac Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edward J Miller
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Sharmila Dorbala
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcelo Di Carli
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joanna X Liang
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cathleen Huang
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Donghee Han
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Damini Dey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel S Berman
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Calnon DA. Noninvasive surveillance for cardiac allograft vasculopathy following heart transplantation: One of several emerging clinical applications for cardiac positron emission tomography with assessment of myocardial blood flow reserve. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:2568-2570. [PMID: 34519010 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Calnon
- OhioHealth Heart and Vascular Physicians, 3705 Olentangy River Road, Suite 100, Columbus, OH, 43214, USA.
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Miller RJH, Hauser MT, Sharir T, Einstein AJ, Fish MB, Ruddy TD, Kaufmann PA, Sinusas AJ, Miller EJ, Bateman TM, Dorbala S, Di Carli M, Huang C, Liang JX, Han D, Dey D, Berman DS, Slomka PJ. Machine learning to predict abnormal myocardial perfusion from pre-test features. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:2393-2403. [PMID: 35672567 PMCID: PMC9588501 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-03012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurately predicting which patients will have abnormal perfusion on MPI based on pre-test clinical information may help physicians make test selection decisions. We developed and validated a machine learning (ML) model for predicting abnormal perfusion using pre-test features. METHODS We included consecutive patients who underwent SPECT MPI, with 20,418 patients from a multi-center (5 sites) international registry in the training population and 9019 patients (from 2 separate sites) in the external testing population. The ML (extreme gradient boosting) model utilized 30 pre-test features to predict the presence of abnormal myocardial perfusion by expert visual interpretation. RESULTS In external testing, the ML model had higher prediction performance for abnormal perfusion (area under receiver-operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.762, 95% CI 0.750-0.774) compared to the clinical CAD consortium (AUC 0.689) basic CAD consortium (AUC 0.657), and updated Diamond-Forrester models (AUC 0.658, p < 0.001 for all). Calibration (validation of the continuous risk prediction) was superior for the ML model (Brier score 0.149) compared to the other models (Brier score 0.165 to 0.198, all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION ML can predict abnormal myocardial perfusion using readily available pre-test information. This model could be used to help guide physician decisions regarding non-invasive test selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J H Miller
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Timothy Hauser
- Section of Nuclear Cardiology, Department of Clinical Imaging, Oklahoma Heart Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tali Sharir
- Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel
| | - Andrew J Einstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathews B Fish
- Oregon Heart and Vascular Institute, Sacred Heart Medical Center, Springfield, OR, USA
| | - Terrence D Ruddy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Philipp A Kaufmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiac Imaging, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward J Miller
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Sharmila Dorbala
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo Di Carli
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cathleen Huang
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Joanna X Liang
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Donghee Han
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Damini Dey
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Daniel S Berman
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Elwazir MY, Chareonthaitawee P. Can we REFINE stress-only SPECT MPI protocols using machine learning? J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:2308-2310. [PMID: 34668152 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y Elwazir
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Miller RJH, Huang C, Liang JX, Slomka PJ. Artificial intelligence for disease diagnosis and risk prediction in nuclear cardiology. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:1754-1762. [PMID: 35508795 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-02977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have emerged as a highly efficient approach to accurately and rapidly interpret diagnostic imaging and may play a vital role in nuclear cardiology. In nuclear cardiology, there are many clinical, stress, and imaging variables potentially available, which need to be optimally integrated to predict the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) or predict the risk of cardiovascular events. In spite of clinical awareness of a large number of potential variables, it is difficult for physicians to integrate multiple features consistently and objectively. Machine learning (ML) is particularly well suited to integrating this vast array of information to provide patient-specific predictions. Deep learning (DL), a branch of ML characterized by a multi-layered convolutional model architecture, can extract information directly from images and identify latent image features associated with a specific prediction. This review will discuss the latest AI applications to disease diagnosis and risk prediction in nuclear cardiology with a focus on potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J H Miller
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cathleen Huang
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Joanna X Liang
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Imaging and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite Metro 203, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Radiomics in Cardiovascular Disease Imaging: from Pixels to the Heart of the Problem. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-022-09563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review of the literature aims to present potential applications of radiomics in cardiovascular radiology and, in particular, in cardiac imaging.
Recent Findings
Radiomics and machine learning represent a technological innovation which may be used to extract and analyze quantitative features from medical images. They aid in detecting hidden pattern in medical data, possibly leading to new insights in pathophysiology of different medical conditions. In the recent literature, radiomics and machine learning have been investigated for numerous potential applications in cardiovascular imaging. They have been proposed to improve image acquisition and reconstruction, for anatomical structure automated segmentation or automated characterization of cardiologic diseases.
Summary
The number of applications for radiomics and machine learning is continuing to rise, even though methodological and implementation issues still limit their use in daily practice. In the long term, they may have a positive impact in patient management.
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Diagnosis of middle cerebral artery stenosis using the transcranial Doppler images based on convolutional neural network. World Neurosurg 2022; 161:e118-e125. [PMID: 35077885 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore the diagnostic value of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis by analyzing the transcranial Doppler (TCD) images. METHODS Overall 278 patients who underwent cerebral vascular TCD and cerebral angiography were enrolled and classified into stenosis and non-stenosis groups based on cerebral angiography findings. Manual measurements were performed on TCD images. The patients were divided into a training set and a test set, and the CNNs architecture was used to classify TCD images. The diagnostic accuracies of manual measurements, CNNs, and TCD parameters for MCA stenosis were calculated and compared. RESULTS Overall, 203 patients without stenosis and 75 patients with stenosis were evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) for manual measurements of MCA stenosis were 0.80, 0.83, and 0.81, respectively. After 24 iterations of the running model in the training set, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of the CNNs in the test set were 0.84, 0.86, and 0.80, respectively. The diagnostic value of CNNs differed minimally from that of manual measurements. Two parameters of TCD, peak systolic velocity and mean flow velocity, were higher in patients with stenosis than in those without stenosis; however, their diagnostic values were significantly lower than those of CNNs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic value of CNNs for MCA stenosis based on TCD images paralleled that of manual measurements. CNNs could be used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool to improve the diagnosis of MCA stenosis.
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The application of artificial intelligence in nuclear cardiology. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:111-122. [PMID: 35029816 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A decade of unprecedented progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated a lot of interest in medical imaging research including nuclear cardiology. AI has a potential to reduce cost, save time and improve image acquisition, interpretation, and decision-making. This review summarizes recent researches and potential applications of AI in nuclear cardiology and discusses the pitfall of AI.
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