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Ortega MA, Alvarez-Mon MA, García-Montero C, Fraile-Martinez O, Guijarro LG, Lahera G, Monserrat J, Valls P, Mora F, Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Quintero J, Álvarez-Mon M. Gut Microbiota Metabolites in Major Depressive Disorder-Deep Insights into Their Pathophysiological Role and Potential Translational Applications. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010050. [PMID: 35050172 PMCID: PMC8778125 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem essential for the proper functioning of the organism, affecting the health and disease status of the individuals. There is continuous and bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the host, conforming to a unique entity known as "holobiont". Among these crosstalk mechanisms, the gut microbiota synthesizes a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds or metabolites which exert pleiotropic effects on the human organism. Many of these microbial metabolites can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or have significant effects on the brain, playing a key role in the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis. An altered microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis is a major characteristic of many neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Significative differences between gut eubiosis and dysbiosis in mental disorders like MDD with their different metabolite composition and concentrations are being discussed. In the present review, the main microbial metabolites (short-chain fatty acids -SCFAs-, bile acids, amino acids, tryptophan -trp- derivatives, and more), their signaling pathways and functions will be summarized to explain part of MDD pathophysiology. Conclusions from promising translational approaches related to microbial metabolome will be addressed in more depth to discuss their possible clinical value in the management of MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Cancer Registry and Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (F.M.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis G. Guijarro
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (CIBEREHD), Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Guillermo Lahera
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Psychiatry Service, Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jorge Monserrat
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paula Valls
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
| | - Fernando Mora
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (F.M.); (J.Q.)
- Department of Legal Medicine and Psychiatry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Legal Medicine and Psychiatry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Institute for Health Research 12 de Octubre Hospital, (Imas 12)/CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Quintero
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (F.M.); (J.Q.)
- Department of Legal Medicine and Psychiatry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.A.O.); (C.G.-M.); (O.F.-M.); (G.L.); (J.M.); (P.V.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service an Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, (CIBEREHD), 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Frenzel S, Wittfeld K, Bülow R, Völzke H, Friedrich N, Habes M, Felix SB, Dörr M, Grabe HJ, Bahls M. Cardiac Hypertrophy Is Associated With Advanced Brain Aging in the General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020994. [PMID: 34465186 PMCID: PMC8649275 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV) has recently been associated with adverse changes of brain structure in older adults, notably increased burden of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). Whether greater LV size or mass is also related to WMH burden in middle‐aged adults is currently unclear. In addition, its relation with alterations in cortical thickness (CT) has not been studied to date. Methods and Results Data from 1602 participants of the population‐based SHIP (Study of Health in Pomerania) with LV ejection fraction >40% and no history of myocardial infarction were included (aged 21–82 years; median age, 49 years; 53% women). Participants underwent both echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head. Imaging markers of brain aging (ie, CT and WMH volume) were determined from magnetic resonance imaging scans. LV mass and diameter were associated with lower global CT and greater WMH volume, while adjusting for age, sex, body height, fat‐free body mass, and intracranial volume. Moreover, thicknesses of the interventricular septum and posterior wall were also associated with lower global CT. These associations could not be explained by cardiovascular risk factors (including hypertension), inflammatory markers, or sociodemographic factors. Regional analyses showed distinct spatial patterns of lower CT in association with LV diameter and posterior wall thickness. Conclusions LV diameter and mass are associated with lower global and regional CT as well as greater WMH burden in the general population. These findings highlight the brain structural underpinnings of the associations of LV hypertrophy with cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Partner Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory (NAL) and the Biggs Institute Neuroimaging Core (BINC)Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA)San AntonioTX
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Partner Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Martin Bahls
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
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Cardiac complexity and emotional dysregulation in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 121:38-45. [PMID: 28830702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sample entropy (SampEn) gives an estimate of signal complexity in cardiac time series and can give information beyond linear heart rate variability. Lower cardiac SampEn is associated with psychopathology in adults. Emotional dysregulation is widely present in adult psychopathology and a forerunner to later mental problems in children. Therefore, this study investigated whether SampEn relates to emotional dysregulation in children. METHODS Participants were 32 children between 9 and 13years with internalizing difficulties and 25 controls. Parents filled out the "Emotional Problems" subscale in the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire and the "Lability/Negativity" scale in the Emotion Regulation Checklist. SampEn, root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), normalized power of high frequency (HFnu) components of the cardiac signal and pre-ejection period (PEP) were computed at rest. The study investigated the predictive power of SampEn, RMSSD and HFnu on the measures of emotional dysregulation. It also tested whether RMSSD or PEP were related to SampEn. RESULTS SampEn was a significant predictor of both measures of emotional dysregulation, while RMSSD and HFnu were not. RMSSD and PEP were both significant predictors of SampEn. CONCLUSIONS SampEn is a potential marker of dysregulation in the underlying neurovisceral processes vital for emotion regulation, and an important complementary measure to linear cardiac indices, explaining more of the variance in emotional dysregulation than RMSSD and HFnu in this study. Lower SampEn can also be linked to both higher vagal and sympathetic activation via RMSSD and PEP.
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Morelli MS, Giannoni A, Passino C, Landini L, Emdin M, Vanello N. A Cross-Correlational Analysis between Electroencephalographic and End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Signals: Methodological Issues in the Presence of Missing Data and Real Data Results. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111828. [PMID: 27809243 PMCID: PMC5134487 DOI: 10.3390/s16111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalographic (EEG) irreducible artifacts are common and the removal of corrupted segments from the analysis may be required. The present study aims at exploring the effects of different EEG Missing Data Segment (MDS) distributions on cross-correlation analysis, involving EEG and physiological signals. The reliability of cross-correlation analysis both at single subject and at group level as a function of missing data statistics was evaluated using dedicated simulations. Moreover, a Bayesian-based approach for combining the single subject results at group level by considering each subject’s reliability was introduced. Starting from the above considerations, the cross-correlation function between EEG Global Field Power (GFP) in delta band and end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) during rest and voluntary breath-hold was evaluated in six healthy subjects. The analysis of simulated data results at single subject level revealed a worsening of precision and accuracy in the cross-correlation analysis in the presence of MDS. At the group level, a large improvement in the results’ reliability with respect to single subject analysis was observed. The proposed Bayesian approach showed a slight improvement with respect to simple average results. Real data results were discussed in light of the simulated data tests and of the current physiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sole Morelli
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Research Center "E. Piaggio", University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alberto Giannoni
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Claudio Passino
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Chai YL, Hilal S, Chong JP, Ng YX, Liew OW, Xu X, Ikram MK, Venketasubramanian N, Richards AM, Lai MK, Chen CP. Growth differentiation factor-15 and white matter hyperintensities in cognitive impairment and dementia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4566. [PMID: 27537582 PMCID: PMC5370808 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathology plays an important role in the development of cognitive decline and dementia. In this context, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been suggested to be a biomarker due to its regulatory roles in inflammatory and trophic responses during tissue injury. However, limited data exist on the associations of GDF-15 with either cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) burden or the spectrum of cognitive impairment. Therefore, we aimed to study peripheral levels of GDF-15 incognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) or Alzheimer disease (AD) subjects assessed for CeVD using a case-control cohort design, with cases recruited from memory clinics and controls from memory clinics and the community. All subjects underwent detailed neuropsychological assessment, 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, and venous blood draw. Subjects were classified as CIND or AD based on clinical criteria, while significant CeVD was defined as the presence of cortical infarcts and/or 2 lacunes or more, and/or confluent white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in 2 or more brain regions. A total of 324 subjects were included in the study, of whom 80 had no cognitive impairment, 144 CIND and 100with AD. Higher GDF-15 levels were significantly associated with disease groups, especially in the presence of CeVD, namely, CIND with CeVD (odds ratios [OR]: 7.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.14-24.27) and AD with CeVD (OR: 21.87; 95% CI: 2.01-237.43). Among the different CeVD markers, only WMH was associated with higher GDF-15 levels (OR: 3.97; 95% CI: 1.79-8.83). The associations between GDF-15 and cognitive impairment as well as with WMH remained significant after excluding subjects with cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, we showed that increased GDF-15 may be a biomarker for CIND and AD in subjects with WMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
| | - Jenny P.C. Chong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Yan Xia Ng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Oi Wah Liew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - A. Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K.P. Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
- Correspondence: Mitchell K.P. Lai, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Unit 09–01, 14 Medical Drive, 117599 Singapore (e-mail: )
| | - Christopher P. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
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