1
|
Mandal M, Ghosh D, Karmakar M, Mandi S, Modak P, Ghosh B, Mandal D. Rural child health in India: the persistent nature of deprivation, undernutrition and the 2030 Agenda. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 26:1-24. [PMID: 36742030 PMCID: PMC9888739 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development was launched to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across the globe. This paper is based on the primary database to assess the nutritional status of 5-10 years children and the incidence of deprivation in their households of a backward district (Purulia), India in the context of the first two SDGs, e.g., no poverty and zero hunger. We conclude that around 74% of children are undernourished. The proportion of households multidimensionally deprived is 90%, and the majority of them live on less than $1.25 a day. Results reveal that the BMI of mother and the education of father are the two most statistically significant predictors of child malnutrition. Purulia has long been witnessing the persistent nature of deprivation, which is well reflected in the child's health. The district is quite far from the national targets in achieving the SDGs. Government, private sector, and civil society must come together to accelerate the progress of SDGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Mandal
- Department of Geography, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, Ranchi Road, Post Office- Purulia Sainik School, Purulia, West Bengal 723104 India
| | - Debasis Ghosh
- Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Manas Karmakar
- Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Susanta Mandi
- Department of Geography, Arsha College, Purulia, West Bengal India
| | - Partha Modak
- Department of Geography, Raghunathpur College, Ragunathpur, Purulia, West Bengal India
| | - Biswajit Ghosh
- Department of Geography, Khandra College, Khandra, Burdwan, West Bengal India
| | - Dayamoy Mandal
- Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The prevalence of under-nutrition among the tribal children in India: a systematic review. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2019-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tribal population of India constitutes 8.6% of the total population. They are more susceptible to undernutrition which is recognized as a prevalent health problem mainly because of their uncertainty of food supply, which has serious long term consequences for the child and adversely influences the development of the nation. The assessment of nutritional status is paramount importance because it impels to identify malnutrition which is an aggravation of morbidity and mortality. This review was aimed to find out the overall nutritional status of tribal preschool children. It also seek the major socio-cultural causes which influence the nutritional status from bio-cultural perspectives among the tribal children in India in order to make foundation of new research. In the present review, 41 papers on nutritional status of tribal preschool children published from January 1st 2000 till date, have been identified and included for analysis. To analyze the data, meta-analysis was done using MedCalc software.
The meta-analysis revealed the average rate of prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among the preschool tribal children of India was 42.96%; 44.82% and 23.69%. Among the 41 different studies these rates vary among the different tribal groups of different states associated with their socio-economic status (10%), their cultures of food consumption (10%), maternal education (15%), child feeding practices (20%), dietary deficit during pregnancy (25%) and poor nutrition of the child (52%).
Prevalence rate of under-nutrition and stunting is relatively high in comparison to WHO in India whereas, rate of wasting was lower in comparison to national level which reflect that immediate nutritional status was poor but chronic deficiency of nutrition was less. Nutritional education and short term appropriately planned nutritional intervention programs may also be useful for enhancing their nutritional status.
Collapse
|
3
|
Non-metric traits, physiological stress indicators and paleopathological lesion on human skeletal remains from an early modern cemetery in Wyszyński Street, Wrocław, Poland (15th–18th centuries AD). ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The anthropological analysis and assessment of the living conditions of historical populations should be comprehensive. Due to the scarcity of the well-preserved skeletal remains of a population buried at the cemetery in Wyszyński Street, Wrocław, each piece of information is particularly important in providing the complementary information about living and health conditions of late medieval and early modern inhabitants of Wrocław. This study aims to assess the living conditions of the late medieval and early modern Wrocław inhabitants. This aim was reached by analyzing the frequency of non-metrical cranial and postcranial traits, physiological stress indicators, and pathological lesions. The importance of these traits for population studies is also discussed. For 98 skeletons (22.4% male and 37.8% female) from a cemetery located in Wyszyński Street, (15th –18th centuries AD), the frequencies (p) of the following traits were analyzed: 38 non-metric cranial and 9 post-cranial traits, the morphological indicators of physiological stress (i.e. cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasia), caries and pathological lesions on bones. Among the non-metric cranial traits, only nine (23.7%) were not observed. The most frequent (from p= 0.30 to p=0.65) were foramen parietale, incisura frontalis accesoria seu foramen frontale accesorius, foramen supraorbitale, M3 mandibulare, ossicula suturae lambdoideae, and foramen mastoideum extrasuturale. Only three non-metric post-cranial traits were observed, but with low frequency (p=0.01 and 0.02). Cribra orbitalia was present in 37.0% of the skeletons while enamel hypoplasia was present in only 2.6%. Susceptibility to caries occurred in 68% of the cases while carries lesions occurred in 31.2%. Among pathological changes, the most frequent were degenerative changes (21.6%) and injuries (19.6%). Owing to the poorly preserved remains, the complete assessment of the living conditions of the population was difficult. The number of the observed traits would have probably increased, had the number of complete and well-preserved skeletons been higher. The results of the study suggest that the living conditions of the studied population were poor. It is hypothesized that the cemetery was a burial place for prisoners and victims of various epidemics that affected the city. But since the historical sources of this cemetery are scarce, it is hard to unequivocally state its purpose with certainty.
Collapse
|
4
|
Prenkert M, Ehnfors M. Growth data of underprivileged children living in rural areas of Chin State, Burma/Myanmar, compared to the WHO reference growth standards: an observational study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009119. [PMID: 26787249 PMCID: PMC4735213 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore growth data (height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age) of children living in poor socioeconomic conditions in rural areas of Chin State, Burma/Myanmar; and to compare these data with the growth and development z-score (GDZ) values for school-aged children and adolescents, provided by the WHO. SETTING A support and educational programme, run by the Swedish association Chin Development and Research Society (CDRS), was carried out among underprivileged school-aged children, unable to attend school without economic and practical support, living in villages and remote areas in Chin State. PARTICIPANTS Community leaders who were well familiar with the citizens in the community identified children in need of this support. Other community members could also suggest or apply for this. The sample includes all participating children in the CDRS programme at the time of the data collection in six townships. The children were placed in host families, close to a suitable school. Two samples with a total of 639 children from 144 villages and remote areas were obtained:1. Children in the CDRS Chin Programme (CCP) (2007-2010) comprised 558 children: 50% girls and boys.2. Children in the Chin Society (CCS) (2010) comprised 81 children: 44% girls and 56% boys. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Growth data. RESULTS All growth data from both groups deviated significantly from the WHO standard references (p ≤ 0.001). The prevalence of stunting (height-for-age ≤-2SD) was 52% among girls and 68% among boys. High levels of wasting (weight-for-age ≤-2SD) were found among girls 29% and boys 36% aged 5-10 years. In addition, severe thinness (BMI-for-age ≤-2SD) was found among girls 31% and boys 44%, all results to be compared to the expected 2.27%. CONCLUSIONS Many more than expected-according to the WHO reference values-in CCP and CCS suffered from stunting, wasting and thinness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Prenkert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Centre for Health Care Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Margareta Ehnfors
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Manjunath R, K JK, Kulkarni P, Begum K, R GM. Malnutrition among under-five children of kadukuruba tribe: need to reach the unreached. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:JC01-4. [PMID: 25177582 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9436.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poor nutritional status of tribal children observed in different parts of India, calls for introspection into various factors influencing it, in order to seek remedial measures. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of malnutrition among under-five children of Kadukuruba tribe and socio-demographic factors associated with it. MATERIALS AND METHODS Community based cross-sectional study was done in Kadukuruba tribes of Mysore district over a period of one year among 101 under-five children. Socio-demographic information and anthropometric measurements were obtained by using standard techniques. Height and weight of each child was compared with World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standards-2006 for that particular age and sex to get W/A, H/A and W/H Indices and below 2SD of the reference median on these indices were considered as underweight, stunted and wasted respectively. RESULTS Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 60.4 %, 55.4% and 43% respectively which was significantly associated with respect to age, presence of ration card in thefamily and egg in the child's diet. CONCLUSION Significantly higher prevalence of under-nutrition was noted among under-five children in this community. This calls for educating mothers and other caretakers in the family regarding increased nutritional requirements with increasing age, strengthening Public Distribution System (PDS) and ensuring egg made available in the regular weekly Menu at all Anganwadi's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Manjunath
- Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagadish Kumar K
- Professor, Department of Paediatrics, JSS Medical College , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Khyrunissa Begum
- Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gangadhar M R
- Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Mysore , Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zavoshy R, Noroozi M, Jahanihashemi H, Kiamiri D. Nutritional intervention on malnutrition in 3-6 years old rural children in Qazvin Province, Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 15:347-52. [PMID: 24163961 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2012.347.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Not only include acute effects on children's health, but also it has long-term effects on their cognitive development and economic growth in the society. Wasting (weight for height with Z<-1) is one of the malnutrition indices in children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a cooked meal for 175 days on the anthropometric indices of weight, height and weight for height (wasting) of 3-6 years old children in all the rural nursery of Qazvin province, in Iran. In this interventional study, 2385 children (48.8% female and 51.2% male) were recruited. Data were collected by a census in 2010. The children were received a cooked meal based on 360 +/- 20 kcal energy, 17% protein, 53% carbohydrate and 30% fat per day for 175 days at lunch time. The anthropometric indices were collected before and after the intervention. The results were analyzed using paired t-test by SPSS V.16 software. Prevalence of wasting (mild and moderate) and (sever malnutrition) after intervention reduced from 14.2 and 0.95-12.6 and 0.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). Receiving a cooked meal significantly decreased wasting (15.2-13.2%) in all children (p < 0.05). Nutritional intervention with cooked meal for 175 days had significant reduction in wasting in all children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Zavoshy
- Department and Laboratory of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Shahid Bahonar Boulevard, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meshram II, Balakrishna N, Arlappa N, Mallikarjun Rao K, Laxmaiah A, Brahmam GNV. Prevalence of undernutrition, its determinants, and seasonal variation among tribal preschool children of Odisha state, India. Asia Pac J Public Health 2012; 26:470-80. [PMID: 22500042 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512441492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in the tribal areas of Odisha state, India, covering 1951 preschool children to assess their nutritional status in terms of underweight, stunting, and wasting; its correlates; and seasonal variation in nutritional status. χ(2) Test, one-way analysis of variance, and unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were used for data analysis. The prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting was 58%, 65%, and 20%, respectively. The risk of underweight and stunting was, respectively, 1.9 and 2.4 times higher among children of illiterate mothers, whereas underweight and wasting was 1.4 times higher among children who had morbidities during the preceding fortnight. The prevalence of undernutrition was significantly (P < .01) higher during monsoon as compared with winter season. Undernutrition is an important public health problem and is associated with literacy of mother, morbidity, and season. Thus, improving socioeconomic condition, literacy, and sanitation along with insuring food security during monsoon season might improve nutritional status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrapal I Meshram
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - N Balakrishna
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - N Arlappa
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Mallikarjun Rao
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Laxmaiah
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - G N V Brahmam
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Yang X, Ge J, Zhang J. Blood lead level and its relationship to certain essential elements in the children aged 0 to 14 years from Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:3016-3020. [PMID: 21601238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate blood lead level and its relationship to copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium and iron in the children aged 0 to 14 years old from Beijing, China. METHODS We classified 3181 children into one of the four groups: Group A (n=783, <1 year old); Group B (n=1538, 1-3 years old); Group C (n=443, 3-7 years old); and, Group D (n=417, 7-14 years old). All these metal elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS The blood lead level was 0.207±0.105 μmol/L. There was a significant gender difference for zinc (P<0.05) in Group C, and there was also a significant gender difference for copper (P<0.05) and lead (P<0.05) in Group D. Controlling for gender and age, we observed that there was a negative correlation of lead with zinc (r=-0.052, P<0.01), magnesium (r=-0.042, P<0.05) and iron (r=-0.031, P<0.05), respectively. Furthermore, in the children aged 1-7 years old, we also found there was a negative linear correlation of lead with zinc, magnesium and iron, respectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Blood lead level in children from Beijing was markedly decreased. And deficiency of zinc, magnesium and iron is related to the elevated blood lead level in the children aged 1-7 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|