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Alhelaisi A, Alrezaki A, Nahdi S, Aldahmash W, Alwasel S, Harrath AH. Early-Life Exposure to the Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 and Developmental Programming of the Ovary of the Offspring: The Possible Role of Autophagy in Fertility Recovery. TOXICS 2023; 11:980. [PMID: 38133381 PMCID: PMC10747440 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by more than one hundred fungi and produce secondary metabolites that contaminate various agricultural commodities, especially rice and corn. Their presence in the food chain is considered a serious problem worldwide. In recent years, a link between exposure to mycotoxins and impaired fertility has been suggested. Consequently, it has become vital to investigate the interactive effects of these mycotoxins on ovarian function. In this study, we investigated the intergenerational effects of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) on ovarian structure and function. Virgin Wistar albino female rats were separated into control and FB1 treatment groups and examined from day 6 of pregnancy until delivery (20 and 50 mg/kg b.w./day). The obtained female rats of the first (F1) and second generations (F2) were euthanized at 4 weeks of age, and ovary samples were collected. We found that the ovary weight index increased with the high dose of the treatment (50 mg/kg b.w./day) among both F1 and F2, in a manner similar to that observed in polycystic ovary syndrome. As expected, FB1 at a high dose (50 mg/kg b.w.) reduced the number of primordial follicles in F1 and F2, leading to an accelerated age-related decline in reproductive capacity. Moreover, it reduced the fertility rate among the F1 female rats by affecting follicle growth and development, as the number of secondary and tertiary follicles decreased. Histopathological changes were evidenced by the altered structures of most of the growing follicle oocytes, as revealed by a thinning irregular zona pellucida and pyknosis in granulosa cells. These findings are concomitant with steroidogenesis- and folliculogenesis-related gene expression, as evidenced by the decrease in CYP19 activity and estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene expression. Additionally, GDF-9 mRNA levels were significantly decreased, and IGF-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased. However, the results from the ovaries of the F2 treatment groups were different and unexpected. While there was no significant variation in CYP19 activity compared to the control, the ESR2 significantly increased, leading to stereological and histopathological changes similar to those of the control, except for some altered follicles. The hallmark histological feature was the appearance of vacuolar structures within the oocyte and between granulosa cell layers. Interestingly, the autophagic marker LC3 was significantly increased in the F2 offspring, whereas this protein was significantly decreased in the F1 offspring. Therefore, we suggest that the promotion of autophagy in the ovaries of the F2 offspring may be considered a recovery mechanism from the effect of prenatal FB1 exposure. Thus, autophagy corrected the effect of FB1 during the early life of the F1 female rats, leading to F2 offspring with ovarian structure and function similar to those of the control. However, the offspring, treated female rats may experience early ovarian aging because their ovarian pool was affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (W.A.); (S.A.)
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Molina-Pintor I, Rojas-García A, Medina-Díaz I, Barrón-Vivanco B, Bernal-Hernández Y, Ortega-Cervantes L, Ramos A, Herrera-Moreno J, González-Arias C. An update on genotoxic and epigenetic studies of fumonisin B1. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs), a widespread group of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp., are natural contaminants in cereals and foodstuffs. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most toxic and prevalent mycotoxin of this group, and it has been reported that FB1 accounts for 70-80% of FBs produced by the mycotoxigenic strains. The mode of action of FB1 depends on the structural similarity with sphinganine/sphingosine N-acyltransferase. This fact causes an accumulation of sphingoid bases and blocks the sphingolipid biosynthesis or the function of sphingolipids. Diverse toxic effects and diseases such as hepatocarcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cytotoxicity have been reported, and diseases like leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary oedema in horses and swine have been described. In humans, FBs have been associated with oesophageal cancer, liver cancer, neural tube defects, and infantile growth delay. However, despite the International Agency for Research on Cancer designated FB1 as a possibly carcinogenic to humans, its genotoxicity and epigenetic properties have not been clearly elucidated. This review aims to summarise the progress in research about the genotoxic and epigenetics effects of FB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.B. Molina-Pintor
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A.E. Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - I.M. Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - B.S. Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - Y.Y. Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - L. Ortega-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
| | - A.J. Ramos
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - J.F. Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratory of Precision Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 630 west 168th Street, P&S Building Room 16-416, New York, NY, USA
| | - C.A. González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Los fresnos s/n. Tepic, Nayarit C.P. 63155, México
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Arumugam T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. Molecular and epigenetic modes of Fumonisin B 1 mediated toxicity and carcinogenesis and detoxification strategies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:76-94. [PMID: 33605189 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1881040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a natural contaminant of agricultural commodities that has displayed a myriad of toxicities in animals. Moreover, it is known to be a hepatorenal carcinogen in rodents and may be associated with oesophageal and hepatocellular carcinomas in humans. The most well elucidated mode of FB1-mediated toxicity is its disruption of sphingolipid metabolism; however, enhanced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and alterations in immune response may also play a role in its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Alterations to the host epigenome may impact on the toxic and carcinogenic response to FB1. Seeing that the contamination of FB1 in food poses a considerable risk to human and animal health, a great deal of research has focused on new methods to prevent and attenuate FB1-induced toxic consequences. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and epigenetic interactions of FB1 as well as recent research involving FB1 detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilona Arumugam
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Cimbalo A, Alonso-Garrido M, Font G, Manyes L. Toxicity of mycotoxins in vivo on vertebrate organisms: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111161. [PMID: 32014537 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are considered to be a major risk factor affecting human and animal health as they are one of the most dangerous contaminants of food and feed. This review aims to compile the research developed up to date on the toxicological effects that mycotoxins can induce on human health, through the examination of a selected number of studies in vivo. AFB1 shows to be currently the most studied mycotoxin in vivo, followed by DON, ZEA and OTA. Scarce data was found for FBs, PAT, CIT, AOH and Fusarium emerging mycotoxins. The majority of them concerned the investigation of immunotoxicity, whereas the rest consisted in the study of genotoxicity, oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, teratogenicity and neurotoxicity. In order to assess the risk, a wide range of different techniques have been employed across the reviewed studies: qPCR, ELISA, IHC, WB, LC-MS/MS, microscopy, enzymatic assays, microarray and RNA-Seq. In the last decade, the attention has been drawn to immunologic and transcriptomic aspects of mycotoxins' action, confirming their toxicity at molecular level. Even though, more in vivo studies are needed to further investigate their mechanism of action on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cimbalo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avinguda Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - M Alonso-Garrido
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avinguda Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - G Font
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avinguda Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - L Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avinguda Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Nekeety AA, Hassan NS, Gibriel AAY, Abdel-Wahhab KG. Encapsulation of cinnamon essential oil in whey protein enhances the protective effect against single or combined sub-chronic toxicity of fumonisin B 1 and/or aflatoxin B 1 in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:29144-29161. [PMID: 30112645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are fungal metabolites that frequently co-occur in foodstuffs and are responsible for mycotoxicosis and several primary cancers. Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has a spacious range of benefit effects but also has some limitations owing to its strong taste or its interaction with some drugs. This study aimed to use the cinnamon oil emulsion droplets (COED) for the protection against oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats sub-chronically exposed to FB1 and/or AFB1. The composition of CEO was identified using GC-MS then was encapsulated using whey protein as wall material. Male rats were divided into eight groups and treated orally for 8 weeks as follows: control group, AFB1-trreated group (80 μg/kg b.w), FB1-treated group (100 mg/kg b.w), FB1 plus AFB1-treated group, and the groups treated with COED plus FB1 and/or AFB1. Blood and samples of the kidney, liver, and testis were collected for different analysis and histopathological examination. The GC-MS analysis revealed that cinnamaldehyde, α-copaene, trans-cinnamaldehyde, caryophyllene, and delta-cadinene were the main compounds in COE. The average size of COED was 235 ± 1.4 nm and the zeta potential was - 6.24 ± 0.56. Treatment with FB1 and/or AFB1 induced significant disturbances in the serum biochemical analysis, oxidative stress parameters, DNA fragmentation, gene expression, and testosterone and severe pathological changes in the tested organs. Moreover, treatment with both mycotoxins induced synergistic toxic effects. COED did not induce toxic effects and could normalize the majority of the tested parameters and improve the histological picture in rats treated with FB1 and/or AFB1. It could be concluded that COED induce potential protective effects against the single or combined exposure to FB1 and AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Y Gibriel
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
- Center of Drug Research & Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
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Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Humpf HU, Galli C, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05172. [PMID: 32625807 PMCID: PMC7009576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1 (FB 1) of 1.0 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2, FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1. Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3), N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1), O-fatty acyl FB 1, N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1. HFB 1, pHFB 1, NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1. Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1, no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4.
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Khan RB, Phulukdaree A, Chuturgoon AA. Concentration-dependent effect of fumonisin B1 on apoptosis in oesophageal cancer cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:762-771. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117735570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The geographical distribution of oesophageal cancer is linked to the exposure of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by fungi that contaminates staple food worldwide. Non-genotoxic carcinogens like FB1 disturb homeostasis through increased cell proliferation or suppression of apoptosis. This study investigated the involvement of FB1 (0–20 μM) in spindle-shaped N-cadherin (+) CD45 (−) osteoblastic (SNO) cell death. Cell viability and death were assessed using the MTS and Annexin V-Fluos assays, respectively. Caspase activities were determined luminometrically and the comet assay assessed DNA damage. Induction of oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) was measured using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), while cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and Bax were determined by western blotting. Cell viability and PARP-1 cleavage were not affected by 1.25 μM FB1, but phosphatidylserine externalization, Bax protein expression, caspase activity, comet tail length and OGG1 transcripts were increased. The reduced cell viability in 10 μM FB1-treated cells was accompanied by corresponding increases in externalized phosphatidylserine, Bax, caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved PARP-1. The OGG1 transcripts were not significantly increased, but comet tails were increased. Bax, caspase-3/7 activities and cleaved PARP-1 were inhibited at 20 μM FB1. In addition, the OGG1 transcript levels were decreased ( p < 0.0001) along with comet lengths ( p < 0.0001). This study showed that FB1-induced apoptosis in SNO cells may be caspase-dependent or caspase-independent; the pathway used depends on the exposure concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- RB Khan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - A Phulukdaree
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - AA Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Aasa J, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Carlsson H, Törnqvist M. The genotoxic potency of glycidol established from micronucleus frequency and hemoglobin adduct levels in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chuturgoon A, Phulukdaree A, Moodley D. Fumonisin B1 induces global DNA hypomethylation in HepG2 cells - An alternative mechanism of action. Toxicology 2014; 315:65-9. [PMID: 24280379 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a common mycotoxin contaminant of maize, is known to inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis and has been implicated in cancer promoting activity in animals and humans. FB1 disrupts DNA methylation and chromatin modifications in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. We investigated the effect of FB1 on enzymes, DNA methyltransferases and demethylases, involved in chromatin maintenance and gross changes in structural integrity of DNA in HepG2 cells. We measured: (i) the expression of 84 key genes encoding enzymes known to modify genomic DNA and histones (superarray and qPCR); (ii) protein expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B) and the major demethylase (MBD2) (western blotting); (iii) degree of DNA methylation by FACS using anti-5-MeCyt and (iv) DNA migration (single cell gel electrophoresis). FB1 significantly decreased the methyltransferase activities of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, and significantly up regulated the demethylases (MBD2 expression and activity, and KDM5B and KDM5C expression). FACS data showed FB1 significantly increased DNA hypomethylation and resulted in gross changes in structural DNA as evidenced by the Comet assay. We conclude that FB1 induces global DNA hypomethylation and histone demethylation that causes chromatin instability and may lead to liver tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Alisa Phulukdaree
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Devapregasan Moodley
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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