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Podlech J. Natural resorcylic lactones derived from alternariol. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:2171-2207. [PMID: 39224229 PMCID: PMC11368053 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this overview, naturally occurring resorcylic lactones biosynthetically derived from alternariol and almost exclusively produced by fungi, are discussed with view on their isolation, structure, biological activities, biosynthesis, and total syntheses. This class of compounds consists until now of 127 naturally occurring compounds, with very divers structural motifs. Although only a handful of these toxins (i.e., alternariol and its 9-O-methyl ether, altenusin, dehydroaltenusin, altertenuol, and altenuene) were frequently found and isolated as fungal contaminants in food and feed and have been investigated in significant detail, further metabolites, which were much more rarely found as natural products, similarly show interesting biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Podlech
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Mao X, Chen W, Wu H, Shao Y, Zhu Y, Guo Q, Li Y, Xia L. Alternaria Mycotoxins Analysis and Exposure Investigation in Ruminant Feeds. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:495. [PMID: 37624252 PMCID: PMC10467096 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria mycotoxins are a class of important, agriculture-related hazardous materials, and their contamination in ruminant feeds and products might bring severe toxic effects to animals and even human beings. To control these hazardous compounds, a reliable and sensitive LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method was established for simultaneous determination of six target Alternaria mycotoxins in ruminant feeds, including ALT (Altenuene), AME (Alternariol Monomethyl Ether), AOH (Alternariol), ATX-Ι (Altertoxins I), TeA (Tenuazonic Acid), and TEN (Tentoxin). This developed analytical method was used for the determination of the presence of these substances in cattle and sheep feeds in Xinjiang Province, China. The results revealed that Alternaria mycotoxins are ubiquitously detected in feed samples. Especially, AME, AOH, TeA, and TEN are the most frequently found mycotoxins with a positive rate over 40% and a concentration range of 4~551 µg/kg. The proposed method could be applied for exposure investigation of Alternaria mycotoxins in ruminant feeds and for the reduction in the health risk to animals and even consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Wanzhao Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Huimin Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Ying Shao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ya’ning Zhu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lining Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
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Romero Donato CJ, Nichea MJ, Cendoya E, Zachetti VGL, Ramirez ML. Interacting Abiotic Factors Affect Growth and Mycotoxin Production Profiles of Alternaria Section Alternaria Strains on Chickpea-Based Media. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040565. [PMID: 37111449 PMCID: PMC10144695 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickpea is susceptible to fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination. Argentina exports most of its chickpea production; thus, its quality is of concern. The Alternaria fungal genus was found to be prevalent in chickpea samples from Argentina. The species within this genus are able to produce mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TA). In this context, we evaluated the effect of water activity (0.99, 0.98, 0.96, 0.95, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.90 aW), temperature (4, 15, 25, and 30 °C), incubation time (7, 14, 21, and 28 days), and their interactions on mycelial growth and AOH, AME, and TA production on chickpea-based medium by two A. alternata strains and one A. arborescens strain isolated from chickpea in Argentina. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.99) and 25 °C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium and the temperature were reduced. A. arborescens grew significantly faster than A. alternata. Mycotoxin production was affected by both variables (aW and temperature), and the pattern obtained was dependent on the strains/species evaluated. In general, both A. alternata strains produced maximum amounts of AOH and AME at 30 °C and 0.99-0.98 aW, while for TA production, both strains behaved completely differently (maximum levels at 25 °C and 0.96 aW for one strain and 30 °C and 0.98 aW for the other). A. arborescens produced maximum amounts of the three toxins at 25 °C and 0.98 aW. Temperature and aW conditions for mycotoxin production were slightly narrower than those for growth. Temperature and aW conditions assayed are those found during chickpea grain development in the field, and also could be present during storage. This study provides useful data on the conditions representing a risk for contamination of chickpea by Alternaria toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J Romero Donato
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María J Nichea
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa G L Zachetti
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
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Huang CH, Wang FT, Hsuuw YD, Huang FJ, Chan WH. Non-embryotoxic dosage of alternariol aggravates ochratoxin A-triggered deleterious effects on embryonic development through ROS-dependent apoptotic processes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1211-1222. [PMID: 34956623 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) and ochratoxin A (OTA), two mycotoxins found in many foods worldwide, exhibit cytotoxicity and embryotoxicity, triggering apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in several mammalian cells and mouse embryos. The absorption rate of AOH from dietary foodstuff is low, meaning that the amount of AOH obtained from the diet rarely approaches the cytotoxic threshold. Thus, the potential harm of dietary consumption of AOH is generally neglected. However, previous findings from our group and others led us to question whether a low dosage of AOH could aggravate the cytotoxicity of other mycotoxins. In the present study, we examined how low dosages of AOH affected OTA-triggered apoptosis and embryotoxicity and investigated the underlying regulatory mechanism in mouse blastocysts. Our results revealed that non-cytotoxic concentrations of AOH (1 and 2 μM) could enhance OTA (8 μM)-triggered apoptotic processes and embryotoxicity in mouse blastocysts. We also found that AOH can enhance OTA-evoked intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and that this could be prevented by pretreatment with the potent ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine. Finally, we observed that this ROS generation acts as a key inducer of caspase-dependent apoptotic processes and subsequent impairments of embryo implantation and pre- and post-implantation embryonic development. In sum, our results show that non-cytotoxic dosages of AOH can aggravate OTA-triggered apoptosis and embryotoxicity through ROS- and caspase-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan City 33004, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ting Wang
- Rehabilitation and Technical Aid Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Der Hsuuw
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Huang
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan
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Huang CH, Wang FT, Chan WH. Alternariol exerts embryotoxic and immunotoxic effects on mouse blastocysts through ROS-mediated apoptotic processes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:719-732. [PMID: 34484663 PMCID: PMC8403814 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin belonging to the genus Alternaria, has been shown to induce cytotoxicity, including apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, in several mammalian cell types. However, its effects on early-stage embryonic development require further investigation. Here, we have shown that AOH exerts embryotoxic effects on mouse blastocyst-stage embryos and long-term adverse effects on immunity in one-day-old newborn mice of the next generation. Significant apoptosis and decrease in total cell number, predominantly through loss of inner cell mass (ICM), and to a minor extent, trophectoderm (TE) cells, were observed in AOH-treated blastocysts. Moreover, AOH exerted detrimental effects on pre- and post-implantation embryo development potential and induced a decrease in fetal weight in in vitro development and embryo transfer assays. Injection of pregnant mice with AOH (1, 3 and 5 mg/kg body weight/day) for 4 days resulted in apoptosis of blastocyst-stage embryos and injurious effects on embryonic development from the zygote to blastocyst stage or embryo degradation and a further decrease in fetal weight. Furthermore, AOH exerted a long-term impact on the next generation, triggering a significant increase in total oxidative stress content and expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins. Lower expression of CXCL1, IL-1β and IL-8 related to innate immunity was detected in liver tissue extracts obtained from one-day-old newborns of AOH-injected pregnant mice (5 mg/kg body weight/day) relative to their non-treated counterparts. In addition, ROS served as an upstream regulator of AOH-triggered apoptotic processes and impairment of embryonic development. Our collective results highlight the potential of AOH as an embryotoxic and immunotoxic risk factor during embryo and infant development stages in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Taoyuan City 33004, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ting Wang
- Rehabilitation and Technical Aid Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan
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Schoevers EJ, Santos RR, Roelen BAJ. Susceptibility of Oocytes from Gilts and Sows to Beauvericin and Deoxynivalenol and Its Relationship with Oxidative Stress. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040260. [PMID: 33917490 PMCID: PMC8067504 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) and deoxynivalenol are toxins produced by Fusarium species that can contaminate food and feed. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of these mycotoxins on the maturation of oocytes from gilts and sows. Furthermore, the antioxidant profiles in the oocytes' environment were assessed. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) from gilts and sows were exposed to beauvericin (BEA) or deoxynivalenol (DON) and matured in vitro. As an extra control, these COCs were also exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). The maturation was mostly impaired when oocytes from gilts were exposed to 0.02 μmol/L DON. Oocytes from sows were able to mature even in the presence of 5 μmol/L BEA. However, the maturation rate of gilt oocytes was already impaired by 0.5 μmol/L BEA. It was observed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the follicular fluid (FF) of gilt oocytes was higher than that from sows. However, the expression of SOD1 and glutathione synthetase (GSS) was higher in the oocytes from sows than in those from gilts. Although DON and BEA impair cell development by diverse mechanisms, this redox imbalance may partially explain the vulnerability of gilt oocytes to these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Schoevers
- Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regiane R. Santos
- Schothorst Feed Research, P.O. Box 533, 8200 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernard A. J. Roelen
- Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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El Jai A, Zinedine A, Juan-García A, Mañes J, Etahiri S, Juan C. Occurrence of Free and Conjugated Mycotoxins in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants and Dietary Exposure Assessment in the Moroccan Population. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020125. [PMID: 33567683 PMCID: PMC7915639 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs), as herbal material, are subjected to contamination by various mycotoxin-producing fungi, either free and conjugated. Such a problem is associated with poor storage practices, and lack of adopting good agricultural practices and good harvesting practices. Nevertheless, AMPs are poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), beauvericin (BEA), four enniatins (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1), zearalenone (ZEN), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin (TENT), T-2, and HT-2 toxins) in 40 samples of AMPs frequently consumed in Morocco by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of conjugated mycotoxins and their identification using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry with ion mass exact was also carried out. Results showed that 90% of the analyzed samples presented at least one mycotoxin, and 52% presented co-occurrence of them. Mycotoxins detected were: AOH (85%), ZEN (27.5%), β-ZEL (22%), AFG1 (17.5%), TENT (17.5%), ENB (10%), AFG2 (7.5%), α-ZEL (5%), ENA1 (2.5%), and HT-2 (2.5%), while the conjugated mycotoxins were ZEN-14-Glc (11%) and ZEN-14-Sulf (9%). The highest observed level was for AOH, with 309 ng/g. Ten samples exceeded the recommended levels set by the European Pharmacopoeia for AF mycotoxins in plant material (4 ng/g), and three samples exceeded the maximum limits for AFs (10 ng/g) in species established by the European Commission. Although the co-occurrence of several mycotoxins in AMP samples was observed, the dietary exposure assessment showed that the intake of mycotoxins through the consumption of AMP beverages does not represent a risk for the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha El Jai
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box. 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (A.E.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box. 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (A.E.J.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.J.-G.); (J.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.J.-G.); (J.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Samira Etahiri
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, P.O. Box. 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (A.E.J.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (A.J.-G.); (J.M.); (C.J.)
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