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Cantelli CP, Tavares GCL, Sarmento SK, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, da Silva EDSRF, Horta MAP, Miagostovich MP, Yang Z, Leite JPG. Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:317. [PMID: 38543684 PMCID: PMC10974528 DOI: 10.3390/v16030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteric viruses in mussels and oysters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and thirty-four marketed bivalve samples were obtained between January and December 2022. The viral analysis was performed according to ISO/TS 15216, and the screening revealed the detection of norovirus GII/GI (40.3%), sapovirus (SaV; 12.7%), human mastadenovirus (7.5%), and rotavirus A (RVA; 5.9%). In total, 44.8% (60) of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, 46.7% (28/60) of the positive samples tested positive for a single viral agent, 26.7% (16) tested positive for two viral agents, 8.3% (5) for three viral agents, and 13.3% (8) for four viral agents. Additionally, three mussel samples were contaminated with the five investigated viruses (5%, 3/60). Norovirus GII showed the highest mean viral load (3.4 × 105 GC/g), followed by SaV (1.4 × 104 GC/g), RVA (1.1 × 104 GC/g), human mastadenovirus (3.9 × 103 GC/g), and norovirus GI (6.7 × 102 GC/g). Molecular characterization revealed that the recovered norovirus strains belonged to genotypes GII.2, GII.6, GII.9, GII.17, and GII.27; SaV belonged to genotypes GI.1 and GIV.1; RVA to genotypes G6, G8, P[8]-III, and human mastadenovirus to types F40 and F41. The GII.27 norovirus characterized in this study is the only strain of this genotype reported in Brazil. This study highlights the dissemination and diversity of gastroenteric viruses present in commercialized bivalves in a touristic area, indicating the potential risk to human health and the contribution of bivalves in the propagation of emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Zhihui Yang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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Li Y, Xue L, Gao J, Cai W, Zhang Z, Meng L, Miao S, Hong X, Xu M, Wu Q, Zhang J. A systematic review and meta-analysis indicates a substantial burden of human noroviruses in shellfish worldwide, with GII.4 and GII.2 being the predominant genotypes. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Silva MR, Ferreira FC, Maranhão AG, Lanzarini NM, de Carvalho Castro KN, Miagostovich MP. Assessment of Viral Contamination of Five Brazilian Artisanal Cheese Produced from Raw Milk: a Randomized Survey. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:528-534. [PMID: 34318441 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses have been described as important contaminants in fresh and ready-to-eat foods such as sandwiches, deli meat and dairy products. This is a cross-sectional randomized survey to estimate the prevalence of norovirus and human adenovirus (HAdV) from 100 Brazilian artisanal raw milk cheese samples (Minas and Coalho) obtained from different agroindustries in four producing regions in the states of Minas Gerais and one in Piauí, respectively. From October 2017 to April 2018, norovirus genogroups I and II and HAdV were investigated in these cheese samples by RT-qPCR and qPCR, respectively. Viruses were detected in 43 samples, being 26 norovirus GI strains, 14 HAdV, and 3 both viruses. Norovirus GII strains were not detected. Viral concentrations ranged from 6.17 × 104 to 1.44 × 107 genome copies/L-1 and murine norovirus 1 used as internal process control showed 100% success rate of recovery with efficiency of 10%. There was a trend towards a higher positivity rate for both viruses in the rainy season, and HAdV were more commonly found among samples with higher fecal coliform counts. This study is a first step in assessing the risk that this contamination may pose to the consumer of raw products as well as emphasizing the need for good manufacturing practices, quality control systems in the dairy industry and markets. As a randomized survey, we established baseline figures for viruses' prevalence in five types of ready-to-eat raw milk artisanal Brazilian cheese, to allow any monitoring trends, setting control targets and future local risk analyses studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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Godoy MG, Kibenge MJT, Kibenge FSB. SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aquatic food animal species or their products: A review. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 536:736460. [PMID: 33564203 PMCID: PMC7860939 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) have been reported in workers in fish farms and fish processing plants arising from person-to-person transmission, raising concerns about aquatic animal food products' safety. A better understanding of such incidents is important for the aquaculture industry's sustainability, particularly with the global trade in fresh and frozen aquatic animal food products where contaminating virus could survive for some time. Despite a plethora of COVID-19-related scientific publications, there is a lack of reports on the risk of contact with aquatic food animal species or their products. This review aimed to examine the potential for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination and the potential transmission via aquatic food animals or their products and wastewater effluents. The extracellular viability of SARS-CoV-2 and how the virus is spread are reviewed, supporting the understanding that contaminated cold-chain food sources may introduce SAR-CoV-2 via food imports although the virus is unlikely to infect humans through consumption of aquatic food animals or their products or drinking water; i.e., SARS-CoV-2 is not a foodborne virus and should not be managed as such but instead through strong, multifaceted public health interventions including physical distancing, rapid contact tracing, and testing, enhanced hand and respiratory hygiene, frequent disinfection of high-touch surfaces, isolation of infected workers and their contacts, as well as enhanced screening protocols for international seafood trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede De La Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, 5480000, Chile
- Doctorado en Acuicultura. Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Molly J T Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Frederick S B Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
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5
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Lamon S, Piras F, Meloni D, Agus V, Porcheddu G, Pes M, Cambula MG, Esposito G, Fois F, Consolati SG, Mureddu A. Enumeration of Escherichia coli and determination of Salmonella spp. and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in shellfish ( Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus) harvested in Sardinia, Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8625. [PMID: 33324586 PMCID: PMC7731884 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella spp., Verotoxigenic E. Coli (VTEC) and enumerate E. coli in shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus) collected before and after depuration from two class B harvesting areas located in Sardinia (Italy). All the samples were analyzed for Salmonella spp. detection according to European Commission Regulation (EC) 2073/2005 and examined using the five tube Most-Probable-Number (MPN) method for enumeration of E. coli in accordance with the European Union reference method ISO 16649-3:2015. E. coli VTEC was investigated following a direct multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) screening test. The enumeration of E. coli met the European law limit for Class A areas of 230 MPN/100g. The averaged enumeration of E. coli in samples of M. galloprovincialis and R. decussatus collected at the harvesting time was 39 and 37 MPN/100 g respectively. The average contamination levels in samples collected after purification were 58 MPN/100g (M. galloprovincialis) and 32 MPN/100 g (R. decussatus). E. coli VTEC was not detected, on the contrary, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was detected in one sample of M. galloprovincialis and in one sample of R. decussatus collected at the harvesting time. No significant associations were observed between E. coli levels in shellfish and environmental parameters of water or with the detection of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium in M. galloprovincialis and R. decussatus samples. Nevertheless, the occurrence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium, involved in human infection outbreaks, should be considered a potential risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lamon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Agus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Margherita Pes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federica Fois
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Anna Mureddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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6
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Suffredini E, Le Q, Di Pasquale S, Pham T, Vicenza T, Losardo M, To K, De Medici D. Occurrence and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in bivalve shellfish marketed in Vietnam. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Ghosh SK, Lekshmi M, Das O, Kumar S, Nayak BB. Occurrence of Human Enteric Adenoviruses in Fresh Tropical Seafood from Retail Markets and Landing Centers. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2256-2260. [PMID: 31334844 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are the foodborne enteric pathogens transmitted by the consumption of contaminated shellfish. In this study, the occurrence of enteric adenoviruses in finfish and shellfish was investigated by virus concentration and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Total plate count, total coliform, and fecal coliform levels were determined and correlated with the presence of adenovirus. Samples of fish, bivalve mollusks, crustaceans, and cephalopods were collected from supermarkets, landing centers, and retail fish markets of Mumbai, India for the study. Overall, the adenovirus DNA was detected in 21.27% of all the samples analyzed. The highest incidence was detected in clams (14.89%), followed by oysters, shrimps, and finfish (2.13% each). High prevalence of enteric adenovirus in filter-feeding bivalves, such as clams and oysters, as well as in fish suggests persistent fecal contamination of coastal waters in the region of study. The occurrence of adenoviruses in samples showed a positive correlation with the bacteriological indicators of fecal contamination, suggesting that fecal indicator bacteria may be used to monitor the presence of adenoviruses in seafood. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research demonstrates the occurrence of human adenoviruse (HAdV) in fresh seafood and the utility of fecal coliforms as indicators of HAdV presence in seafood. The study emphasizes the need to identify HAdV in seafood as a human health hazard and implement measures to prevent sewage pollution of fish and shellfish harvesting areas in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subal Kumar Ghosh
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Dept., ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Dept., ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Oishi Das
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Dept., ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Dept., ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology Dept., ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
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8
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Park H, Jung S, Shin H, Ha SD, Park TJ, Park JP, Seo DJ, Choi C. Localization and persistence of hepatitis A virus in artificially contaminated oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 299:58-63. [PMID: 30954876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as oysters, clams, and cockles, are well-recognized as vectors that concentrate foodborne pathogens by filter feeding. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and persistence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in experimentally contaminated oysters that were either fed or not fed with algae. Oysters were experimentally contaminated with HAV and maintained in depuration conditions. qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in situ hybridization (ISH) were performed on oyster samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-inoculation. When HAV-contaminated oysters were depurated for 7 days, HAV was detected in 91.1-97.8% of the digestive glands and gills. While the high viral load in the digestive glands in oysters did not change significantly regardless of algae-feeding, the viral load of the gills gradually decreased in both groups during the depuration. HAV antigen and RNA were detected in the digestive diverticula and connective tissues by both IHC and ISH. HAV was detected in the stomach, intestine, and gills by only ISH. The distribution of HAV in various oyster tissues may explain the persistence of contamination in oysters during the depuration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansaem Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Melgaço FG, Corrêa AA, Ganime AC, Brandão MLL, Medeiros VDM, Rosas CDO, Lopes SMDR, Miagostovich MP. Evaluation of skimmed milk flocculation method for virus recovery from tomatoes. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:34-39. [PMID: 30166268 PMCID: PMC6328929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the elution-concentration methodology based on skimmed milk flocculation from three varieties of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L. [globe], Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme [cherry] and hybrid cocktail [grape tomato]) for further monitoring of field samples. Spiking experiments were performed to determine the success rate and efficiency recovery of human norovirus (NoV) genogroup II, norovirus murine-1 (MNV-1) used as sample process control virus and human adenovirus (HAdV). Mean values of 18.8%, 2.8% and 44.0% were observed for NoV GII, MNV-1 and HAdV, respectively with differences according to the types of tomatoes, with lower efficiency for cherry tomatoes. Analysis of 90 samples, obtained at commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro State, revealed 4.5% positivity for HAdV. Bacterial analysis was also performed with no detection of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes and fecal coliforms. Data demonstrated that the skimmed milk flocculation method is suitable for recovering HAdV from tomatoes and highlights the need for considering investigation in order to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gil Melgaço
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Carolina Ganime
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Vacinas Virais, Biofarmacêuticos e Cultura Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Mello Medeiros
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira Rosas
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Dos Reis Lopes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent literature and findings concerning selected foodborne viruses. Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually "only" contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. However, they are threats to human public health and make up for the majority of cases. In contrast, the meaning of viruses born from within the food such as natural animal and plant viruses is still in many cases unknown. An exception is Hepatitis E virus that is endemic in pigs, transmitted via pork meat and is recognised as an emerging zoonosis in industrialised countries. SUMMARY Even though the clinical meaning of "new" foodborne viruses, often detected by next generation sequencing, still needs clarification, the method has great potential to enhance surveillance and detection particularly in view of an increasingly globalised food trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Ilic N, Velebit B, Teodorovic V, Djordjevic V, Karabasil N, Vasilev D, Djuric S, Adzic B, Dimitrijevic M. Influence of Environmental Conditions on Norovirus Presence in Mussels Harvested in Montenegro. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:406-414. [PMID: 28439785 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study comprises the first systematic survey of the occurrence of Norovirus in Mediterranean mussels from harvesting areas in Montenegro coast of Adriatic Sea. Mussels may accumulate contaminants of public health concern, including pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Microbiological monitoring of harvesting areas is based on count of Escherichia coli in bivalve molluscs in the European Union. It is assumed that E. coli does not reflect contamination with enteric viruses. A structured field study was undertaken at six locations in Bay of Kotor, Montenegro, in order to investigate plausible influence of environmental factors on the variability of E. coli and norovirus (NoV). From July 2015 to July 2016, a total of 72 samples of mussels were collected in coastal harvesting areas of the Montenegro. The samples were screened for NoV of genogroups GI and GII using reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR). There were 43% NoV positive samples with higher presence of genogroup GII (74.2%). With regard to influence of environmental conditions on Norovirus presence, we have proved seasonal pattern of virus occurrence i.e., the largest number of positive samples was noticed during winter, while other physico-chemical factors were not of great significance. It was found that count of E. coli did not correlate with Norovirus prevalence. From the aspect of food safety, an upgrade of monitoring plans could lead to obtaining safer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Ilic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branko Velebit
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kacanskog 13, 11040, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vlado Teodorovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Djordjevic
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kacanskog 13, 11040, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Vasilev
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Spomenka Djuric
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Adzic
- Specialist Veterinary Laboratory, Bulevar Dzordza Vasingtona bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijevic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Marceddu M, Lamon S, Consolati SG, Ciulli S, Mazza R, Mureddu A, Meloni D. Determination of Salmonella spp., E. coli VTEC, Vibrio spp., and Norovirus GI-GII in Bivalve Molluscs Collected from Growing Natural Beds in Sardinia (Italy). Foods 2017; 6:E88. [PMID: 29019910 PMCID: PMC5664027 DOI: 10.3390/foods6100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp., verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC), Vibrio spp., and Norovirus GI-GII in bivalve molluscs, cockles, and European grooved carpet shells (Cerastoderma spp. and Ruditapes decussatus) collected from a class B growing natural bed in Sardinia (Italy). All of the samples were analysed for Salmonella spp. detection according to European Commission Regulation (EC) 2285/2015. Detection and enumeration of Vibrio spp. were performed according to previously published methods. Presumptive identification of Vibrio spp. isolates was performed by means of conventional biochemical tests. E. coli VTEC was isolated following a direct multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening test. Norovirus GI and GII were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No Salmonella spp. were detected. The prevalence of Vibrio spp. was 90%, and the average contamination levels were 3.19 ± 1.07 and 2.84 ± 0.31 Log10 cfu/g in cockles and European grooved carpet shells, respectively. The prevalence of E. coli VTEC was 6.6%. All of the isolates showed a complete pathogenicity profile. The presence of Norovirus was highlighted in 25% of European grooved carpet shells samples. Results showed the typical microbiological profile of bivalve molluscs collected from backwaters and confirmed the capability of shellfish to accumulate E. coli VTEC, pathogenic vibrios, and Norovirus. The presence of such pathogens in shellfish is of major concern for the safety of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marceddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sonia Lamon
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Simonetta G Consolati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Anna Mureddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Assis ASF, Otenio MH, Drumond BP, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, da Rosa E Silva ML. Optimization of the skimmed-milk flocculation method for recovery of adenovirus from sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:163-168. [PMID: 28094048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Return of treated sludge to the environment poses concerns and has stimulated the development of studies on viral monitoring in this matrix, in order to assess its potential risks for public health. Human adenovirus (HAdV) has been identified as a putative viral marker of faecal contamination due to its stability and resistance to the sewage treatment process. The aim of this study was to optimize the organic flocculation procedure in order to establish an appropriate methodology for HAdV recovery from sewage sludge samples. Four protocols (A-D) have been proposed, with changes in the initial sample dilution, in the stirring time and in the final concentration of skimmed-milk. A single sludge sample was obtained in Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and divided into aliquots. In each protocol, three aliquots were inoculated with HAdV and bacteriophage PP7 and a non-inoculated one was used as negative control. Viral load and recovery rate were determined by quantitative PCR. HAdV recovery rate varied between the protocols tested (p=0.016) and the best result was obtained through the protocol C. In order to confirm this result a field study with activated, thickened and digested sludge samples was carried out. Different types of sludge were obtained in two WWTPs and processed using protocol C. HAdV was detected in all samples, with a similar or higher viral load than those obtained with other concentration techniques already applied to sludge. Protocol C proved to be really efficient, with the advantage of showing low cost and practicability in routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrêssa S F Assis
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Henrique Otenio
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Betânia P Drumond
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tulio M Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize P Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luzia da Rosa E Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Nieuwenhuijse DF, Koopmans MPG. Metagenomic Sequencing for Surveillance of Food- and Waterborne Viral Diseases. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:230. [PMID: 28261185 PMCID: PMC5309255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of viruses can be transmitted by the food- and waterborne route. However, their recognition is challenging because of the variety of viruses, heterogeneity of symptoms, the lack of awareness of clinicians, and limited surveillance efforts. Classical food- and waterborne viral disease outbreaks are mainly caused by caliciviruses, but the source of the virus is often not known and the foodborne mode of transmission is difficult to discriminate from human-to-human transmission. Atypical food- and waterborne viral disease can be caused by viruses such as hepatitis A and hepatitis E. In addition, a source of novel emerging viruses with a potential to spread via the food- and waterborne route is the repeated interaction of humans with wildlife. Wildlife-to-human adaptation may give rise to self- limiting outbreaks in some cases, but when fully adjusted to the human host can be devastating. Metagenomic sequencing has been investigated as a promising solution for surveillance purposes as it detects all viruses in a single protocol, delivers additional genomic information for outbreak tracing, and detects novel unknown viruses. Nevertheless, several issues must be addressed to apply metagenomic sequencing in surveillance. First, sample preparation is difficult since the genomic material of viruses is generally overshadowed by host- and bacterial genomes. Second, several data analysis issues hamper the efficient, robust, and automated processing of metagenomic data. Third, interpretation of metagenomic data is hard, because of the lack of general knowledge of the virome in the food chain and the environment. Further developments in virus-specific nucleic acid extraction methods, bioinformatic data processing applications, and unifying data visualization tools are needed to gain insightful surveillance knowledge from suspect food samples.
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15
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Paszkiewicz W, Kozyra I, Bigoraj E, Ziomek M, Rzeżutka A. A molecular survey of farmed and edible snails for the presence of human enteric viruses: Tracking of the possible environmental sources of microbial mollusc contamination. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Olalemi A, Purnell S, Caplin J, Ebdon J, Taylor H. The application of phage-based faecal pollution markers to predict the concentration of adenoviruses in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and their overlying waters. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1152-62. [PMID: 27377287 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study set out to determine whether phage-based indicators may provide a 'low-tech' alternative to existing approaches that might help maintain the microbial safety of shellfish and their overlying waters. METHODS AND RESULTS Mussels and their overlying waters were collected biweekly from an estuary in southeast England over a 2-year period (May 2013-April 2015) (n = 48). Levels of bacterial indicators were determined using membrane filtration and most probable number methods and those of bacteriophages were determined by direct plaque assay. The detection of adenovirus was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that somatic coliphages demonstrated the most significant correlations with AdV F and G in mussels (ρ = 0·55) and overlying waters (ρ = 0·66), followed by GB124 phages (ρ = 0·43) while Escherichia coli showed no correlation with AdV F and G in mussels. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the use of somatic coliphages and GB124 phages may provide a better indication of the risk of adenovirus contamination of mussels and their overlying waters than existing bacterial indicators. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Phage-based detection may be particularly advantageous in low-resource settings where viral infectious disease presents a significant burden to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olalemi
- Environment and Public Health Research Group, School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, UK. .,Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - S Purnell
- Environment and Public Health Research Group, School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, UK
| | - J Caplin
- Environment and Public Health Research Group, School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, UK
| | - J Ebdon
- Environment and Public Health Research Group, School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, UK
| | - H Taylor
- Environment and Public Health Research Group, School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, UK
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Choi C, Kingsley DH. Temperature-Dependent Persistence of Human Norovirus Within Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:141-147. [PMID: 26983441 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the persistence of human norovirus in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) held at different seawater temperatures. Oysters were contaminated with human norovirus GI.1 (Norwalk strain 8FIIa) by exposing them to virus-contaminated water at 15 °C, and subsequently holding them at 7, 15, and 25 °C for up to 6 weeks. Viral RNA was extracted from oyster tissue and hemocytes and quantitated by RT-qPCR. Norovirus was detected in hemocytes and oysters held at 7 and 15 °C for 6 weeks and in hemocytes and oysters held at 25 °C for up to 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Results confirm that NoV is quite persistent within oysters and demonstrate that cooler water temperatures extend norovirus clearance times. This study suggests a need for substantial relay times to remove norovirus from contaminated shellfish and suggests that regulatory authorities should consider the effects of water temperature after a suspected episodic norovirus-contamination event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Intervention Technologies, James W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Risk is an inherent component of human existence, as is our creation of ways to avoid or minimize such risks. The formal process of assessing the likelihood and magnitude of risk, using that information to manage risk, and then communicating the process to others, forms the basis for risk analysis. This chapter provides an overview of the steps of risk analysis with a focus on risk assessment for foodborne viruses, particularly quantitative efforts that model and estimate the risks these viruses pose to human health. Most risk assessments in food and environmental virology performed in the last decade have focused on water, fresh produce, molluscan shellfish, and prepared foods. Recent examples of enteric virus risk modeling efforts are discussed in detail, as are several of the difficulties and intricacies of performing risk assessments for foodborne viruses compared to bacteria and other agents. This is a relatively new area of study, but one that will continue to grow as national and international agencies continue to adopt and require the methodology for food safety and the protection of human health.
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19
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Melgaço FG, Victoria M, Corrêa AA, Ganime AC, Malta FC, Brandão MLL, de Mello Medeiros V, de Oliveira Rosas C, Bricio SML, Miagostovich MP. Virus recovering from strawberries: Evaluation of a skimmed milk organic flocculation method for assessment of microbiological contamination. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:14-9. [PMID: 26476572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skimmed milk organic flocculation method was adapted, optimized and compared with polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and filtration methods for recovering viruses from a strawberry matrix. Spiking experiments with norovirus genogroup II genotype 4 (NoV GII.4) and murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) demonstrated that the organic flocculation method associated with a glycine elution buffer, filter bag and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) showed a recovery percentage of 2.5 and 32 times higher than PEG precipitation and filtration methodologies for NoV recovering. Furthermore, this method was used for investigating NoV and human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in 90 samples of fresh strawberries commercialized in Rio de Janeiro markets. NoV GI and GII were not detected in those samples and MNV-1, used as internal process control (IPC), was recovered in 95.5% (86) of them. HAdVs were detected in 18 (20.0%) samples and characterized by nucleotide sequencing as Human Mastadenovirus specie F and as type specie HAdV-2. Bacterial analysis did not detect Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, however, 3.3% of fecal coliforms were detected in those samples. These results indicate the organic flocculation method as an alternative for recovering enteric viruses from strawberries, emphasizing a need for virus surveillance in food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gil Melgaço
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Regional Norte, CENUR Noroeste, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
| | | | - Ana Carolina Ganime
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Macaé, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Food Sector, Laboratory of Food and Sanitizing, Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Valéria de Mello Medeiros
- Food Sector, Laboratory of Food and Sanitizing, Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carla de Oliveira Rosas
- Food Sector, Laboratory of Food and Sanitizing, Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Maria Lopes Bricio
- Food Sector, Laboratory of Food and Sanitizing, Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
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A Refinement of an International Standard Method (ISO/TS 15216–2:2013) to Allow Extraction and Concentration of Human Enteric Viruses from Tissues of Edible Snail Species. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Suffredini E, Lanni L, Arcangeli G, Pepe T, Mazzette R, Ciccaglioni G, Croci L. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of viral contamination in bivalve molluscs harvested in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 184:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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