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Fletcher PA, Smiljanic K, Prévide RM, Constantin S, Sherman AS, Coon SL, Stojilkovic SS. The astroglial and stem cell functions of adult rat folliculostellate cells. Glia 2023; 71:205-228. [PMID: 36093576 PMCID: PMC9772113 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian pituitary gland is a complex organ consisting of hormone-producing cells, anterior lobe folliculostellate cells (FSCs), posterior lobe pituicytes, vascular pericytes and endothelial cells, and Sox2-expressing stem cells. We present single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistofluorescence analyses of pituitary cells of adult female rats with a focus on the transcriptomic profiles of nonhormonal cell types. Samples obtained from whole pituitaries and separated anterior and posterior lobe cells contained all expected pituitary resident cell types and lobe-specific vascular cell subpopulations. FSCs and pituicytes expressed S100B, ALDOC, EAAT1, ALDH1A1, and VIM genes and proteins, as well as other astroglial marker genes, some common and some cell type-specific. We also found that the SOX2 gene and protein were expressed in ~15% of pituitary cells, including FSCs, pituicytes, and a fraction of hormone-producing cells, arguing against its stem cell specificity. FSCs comprised two Sox2-expressing subclusters; FS1 contained more cells but lower genetic diversity, while FS2 contained proliferative cells, shared genes with hormone-producing cells, and expressed genes consistent with stem cell niche formation, regulation of cell proliferation and stem cell pluripotency, including the Hippo and Wnt pathways. FS1 cells were randomly distributed in the anterior and intermediate lobes, while FS2 cells were localized exclusively in the marginal zone between the anterior and intermediate lobes. These data indicate the identity of the FSCs as anterior pituitary-specific astroglia, with FS1 cells representing differentiated cells equipped for classical FSC roles and FS2 cells exhibiting additional stem cell-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rafael M. Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephanie Constantin
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arthur S. Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven L. Coon
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
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2
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Jiménez-Díaz E, Del-Rio D, Fiordelisio T. The Contribution of Cell Imaging to the Study of Anterior Pituitary Function and Its Regulation. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:179-192. [PMID: 35231920 DOI: 10.1159/000523860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the knowledge of the neuroendocrine system are closely related to the development of cellular imaging and labeling techniques. This synergy ranges from the staining techniques that allowed the first characterizations of the anterior pituitary gland, its relationship with the hypothalamus, and the birth of neuroendocrinology; through the development of fluorescence microscopy applications, specific labeling strategies, transgenic systems, and intracellular calcium sensors that enabled the study of processes and dynamics at the cellular and tissue level; until the advent of super-resolution microscopy, miniscopes, optogenetics, fiber photometry, and other imaging methods that allowed high spatiotemporal resolution and long-term three-dimensional cellular activity recordings in living systems in a conscious and freely moving condition. In this review, we briefly summarize the main contributions of cellular imaging techniques that have allowed relevant advances in the field of neuroendocrinology and paradigm shifts that have improved our understanding of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axes. The development of these methods and equipment is the result of the integration of knowledge achieved by the integration of several disciplines and effort to solve scientific questions and problems of high impact on health and society that this system entails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Jiménez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia LaNSBioDyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Del-Rio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia LaNSBioDyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia LaNSBioDyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ippolitov D, Arreza L, Munir MN, Hombach-Klonisch S. Brain Microvascular Pericytes—More than Bystanders in Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081263. [PMID: 35455945 PMCID: PMC9028330 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue contains the highest number of perivascular pericytes compared to other organs. Pericytes are known to regulate brain perfusion and to play an important role within the neurovascular unit (NVU). The high phenotypic and functional plasticity of pericytes make this cell type a prime candidate to aid physiological adaptations but also propose pericytes as important modulators in diverse pathologies in the brain. This review highlights known phenotypes of pericytes in the brain, discusses the diverse markers for brain pericytes, and reviews current in vitro and in vivo experimental models to study pericyte function. Our current knowledge of pericyte phenotypes as it relates to metastatic growth patterns in breast cancer brain metastasis is presented as an example for the crosstalk between pericytes, endothelial cells, and metastatic cells. Future challenges lie in establishing methods for real-time monitoring of pericyte crosstalk to understand causal events in the brain metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyyl Ippolitov
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Leanne Arreza
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Maliha Nuzhat Munir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (D.I.); (L.A.); (M.N.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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do Valle IB, Gomes NA, Diniz IMA, de Arruda JAA, Almeida TFA, Santos MS, Birbrair A, von Zeidler SV, Silva TA. Nestin and Neuron-glial antigen 2 transgenes unveil progenitor units in murine salivary glands. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 134:105344. [PMID: 34990927 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Undifferentiated cells play pivotal roles in sustaining tissue homeostasis during physiological turnovers and after tissue impairment. Nestin and Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) are markers frequently deployed to distinguish progenitor populations. In the salivary gland scenario, these markers remain largely unknown. Particularly for a double-labeled group of progenitor cells (NG2+Nestin+), their phenotype and distribution have never been explored in freshly isolated tissues. Herein, we analyzed a subset of plastic cells that express Nestin and NG2 near the ducts and in the periacinar region of the major salivary glands of murine samples. DESIGN The major salivary glands tissues of Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed mice were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope. The cells marked by GFP and DsRed were counted in the merged image component of random representative images obtained for each gland sample at × 20 magnification. RESULTS In the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, the population of cells exclusively expressing Nestin was more abundant. There was a predominance of Nestin, NG2, and double-labeled cells in the submandibular gland compared to the parotid gland, mainly near the ductal system. Of note, the sublingual and parotid glands had similar populations of Nestin+ and NG2+, especially in acini, and some positive cells were observed surrounding ducts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study revealed differential expression patterns of Nestin and NG2, alone or in combination, in the salivary gland subset during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bittencourt do Valle
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Natália Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ivana Márcia Alves Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Alcides Almeida de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Fernandes Araújo Almeida
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Ventorin von Zeidler
- Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Insight into the Characteristics of Novel Desmin-Immunopositive Perivascular Cells of the Anterior Pituitary Gland Using Transmission and Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168630. [PMID: 34445338 PMCID: PMC8395444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, another new cell type was found in the perivascular space called a novel desmin-immunopositive perivascular (DIP) cell. However, the differences between this novel cell type and other nonhormone-producing cells have not been clarified. Therefore, we introduced several microscopic techniques to gain insight into the morphological characteristics of this novel DIP cell. We succeeded in identifying novel DIP cells under light microscopy using desmin immunocryosection, combining resin embedding blocks and immunoelectron microscopy. In conventional transmission electron microscopy, folliculostellate cells, capsular fibroblasts, macrophages, and pericytes presented a flat cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, whereas those of novel DIP cells had a dilated pattern. The number of novel DIP cells was greatest in the intact rats, though nearly disappeared under prolactinoma conditions. Additionally, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy showed that these novel DIP cells had multidirectional processes and some processes reached the capillary, but these processes did not tightly wrap the vessel, as is the case with pericytes. Interestingly, we found that the rough endoplasmic reticulum was globular and dispersed throughout the cytoplasmic processes after three-dimensional reconstruction. This study clearly confirms that novel DIP cells are a new cell type in the rat anterior pituitary gland, with unique characteristics.
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Looprasertkul S, Sereemaspun A, Kitkumthorn N, Sooklert K, Sarachana T, Jindatip D. Gold Nanoparticles Affect Pericyte Biology and Capillary Tube Formation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050738. [PMID: 34067883 PMCID: PMC8156556 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, especially antiangiogenesis, which are accomplished via inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. However, no research has been performed on the effects of AuNPs in pericytes, which play vital roles in endothelial cell functions and capillary tube formation during physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, the effects of AuNPs on the morphology and functions of pericytes need to be elucidated. This study treated human placental pericytes in monoculture with 20 nm AuNPs at a concentration of 30 ppm. Ki-67 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) mRNA expression was measured using real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell migration was assessed by Transwell migration assay. The fine structures of pericytes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, 30 ppm AuNP-treated pericytes and intact human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cocultured on Matrigel to form three-dimensional (3D) capillary tubes. The results demonstrated that AuNPs significantly inhibited proliferation, reduced PDGFR-β mRNA expression, and decreased migration in pericytes. Ultrastructural analysis of pericytes revealed AuNPs in late endosomes, autolysosomes, and mitochondria. Remarkably, many mitochondria were swollen or damaged. Additionally, capillary tube formation was reduced. We found that numerous pericytes on 3D capillary tubes were round and did not extend their processes along the tubes, which resulted in more incomplete tube formation in the treatment group compared with the control group. In summary, AuNPs can affect pericyte proliferation, PDGFR-β mRNA expression, migration, morphology, and capillary tube formation. The findings highlight the possible application of AuNPs in pericyte-targeted therapy for antiangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikarn Looprasertkul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.L.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Amornpun Sereemaspun
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.L.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Kitkumthorn
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Payathai Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Kanidta Sooklert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.L.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewarit Sarachana
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama 1 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- SYstems Neuroscience of Autism and PSychiatric Disorders (SYNAPS) Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Depicha Jindatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.L.); (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-256-4281
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7
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Nian S, Lo ACY, Mi Y, Ren K, Yang D. Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets. EYE AND VISION 2021; 8:15. [PMID: 33931128 PMCID: PMC8088070 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-021-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the common complications of diabetes, is the leading cause of visual loss in working-age individuals in many industrialized countries. It has been traditionally regarded as a purely microvascular disease in the retina. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that DR is a complex neurovascular disorder that affects not only vascular structure but also neural tissue of the retina. Deterioration of neural retina could precede microvascular abnormalities in the DR, leading to microvascular changes. Furthermore, disruption of interactions among neurons, vascular cells, glia and local immune cells, which collectively form the neurovascular unit, is considered to be associated with the progression of DR early on in the disease. Therefore, it makes sense to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse retinal neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and impaired cell-cell interactions of the neurovascular unit in early stage DR. Here, we present current perspectives on the pathophysiology of DR as a neurovascular disease, especially at the early stage. Potential novel treatments for preventing or reversing neurovascular injuries in DR are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Nian
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Amy C Y Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yajing Mi
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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8
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O'Hara L, Christian HC, Jeffery N, Le Tissier P, Smith LB. Characterisation of a mural cell network in the murine pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12903. [PMID: 32959418 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary are composed of endocrine cells, as well as vasculature and supporting cells, such as folliculostellate cells. Folliculostellate cells form a network with several postulated roles in the pituitary, including production of paracrine signalling molecules and cytokines, coordination of endocrine cell hormone release, phagocytosis, and structural support. Folliculostellate cells in rats are characterised by expression of S100B protein, and in humans by glial fibrillary acid protein. However, there is evidence for another network of supporting cells in the anterior pituitary that has properties of mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. The present study aims to characterise the distribution of cells that express the mural cell marker platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) in the mouse pituitary and establish whether these cells are folliculostellate. By immunohistochemical localisation, we determine that approximately 80% of PDGFRβ+ cells in the mouse pituitary have a non-perivascular location and 20% are pericytes. Investigation of gene expression in a magnetic cell sorted population of PDGFRβ+ cells shows that, despite a mostly non-perivascular location, this population is enriched for mural cell markers but not enriched for rat or human folliculostellate cell markers. This is confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The present study concludes that a mural cell network is present throughout the anterior pituitary of the mouse and that this population does not express well-characterised human or rat folliculostellate cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O'Hara
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathan Jeffery
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lee B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Su X, Huang L, Qu Y, Xiao D, Mu D. Pericytes in Cerebrovascular Diseases: An Emerging Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:519. [PMID: 31824267 PMCID: PMC6882740 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are functional components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) that are located around the blood vessels, and their roles in the regulation of cerebral health and diseases has been reported. Currently, the potential properties of pericytes as emerging therapeutic targets for cerebrovascular diseases have attracted considerable attention. Nonetheless, few reviews have comprehensively discussed pericytes and their roles in cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, in this review, we not only summarized and described the basic characteristics of pericytes but also focused on clarifying the new understanding about the roles of pericytes in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases, including white matter injury (WMI), hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, depression, neovascular insufficiency disease, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we summarized the current therapeutic strategies targeting pericytes for cerebrovascular diseases. Collectively, this review is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of pericytes and new insights about the use of pericytes as novel therapeutic targets for cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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10
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Jindatip D, Fujiwara K, Sarachana T, Mutirangura A, Yashiro T. Characteristics of pericytes in diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced pituitary prolactinoma in rats. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 51:147-155. [PMID: 29344720 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most common tumor of the human pituitary. They result in excessive prolactin secretion and important changes in the vasculature. Pericytes are perivascular cells associated with capillaries and have crucial roles in physiological and pathological neovascularization. We previously reported that pericytes produce type I and III collagens in the anterior pituitary of adult rats. In addition, pituitary pericytes contained well-developed cell organelles and actively synthesized collagens during early postnatal development. However, the characteristics of pericytes in pituitary tumors are unclear. In this study, we used diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated rats as an animal model of prolactinoma. Using five common pericyte markers, more pericytes were observed in rats treated with DES for 3 months (prolactinoma) compared to the control. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that attached and semidetached pericytes exhibited active cell organelles. Moreover, we identified pericyte migration between capillaries. Although the fine structure of pituitary pericytes was active in prolactinoma, expressions of type I and III collagen mRNAs were greatly diminished. In sum, the characteristics and functions of pericytes were altered in pituitary tumors. This study is the first to clarify fine structural changes of pericytes in rat prolactinomas and improves our understanding of the function of pericytes under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depicha Jindatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tewarit Sarachana
- Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama 1 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Choi JH, Riew TR, Kim HL, Jin X, Lee MY. Desmin expression profile in reactive astrocytes in the 3-nitropropionic acid-lesioned striatum of rat: Characterization and comparison with glial fibrillary acidic protein and nestin. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:795-803. [PMID: 29054283 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Desmin, a muscle-specific, type-III intermediate-filament protein, is reportedly expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system. These cells become reactive astrocytes in response to brain injuries. To elucidate whether desmin is involved in this process, we examined the spatiotemporal expression profiles of desmin and their relationship with two astroglial intermediate filaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin, in the striatum of rats treated with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Weak, constitutive immunoreactivity for desmin was observed in astrocytes generally, and in reactive astrocytes in the peri-lesional area, its expression increased in parallel with that of GFAP over 3 d post-lesion and was maintained until at least day 28. Desmin, GFAP, and nestin showed characteristic time-dependent expression patterns in reactive astrocytes forming the astroglial scar; delayed and long-lasting induction of desmin and GFAP, and rapid but transient induction of nestin. In the lesion core, desmin was expressed in two categories of perivascular cells: nestin-negative and nestin-positive. These findings show that desmin, together with GFAP and nestin, is a dynamic component of intermediate filaments in activated astroglia, which may account for the dynamic structural changes seen in these cells in response to brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Heon Choi
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ryong Riew
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuyan Jin
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Yong Lee
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Cell Death Disease Research Center, and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Blood-brain-barrier spheroids as an in vitro screening platform for brain-penetrating agents. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15623. [PMID: 28585535 PMCID: PMC5467173 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture-based blood–brain barrier (BBB) models are crucial tools to enable rapid screening of brain-penetrating drugs. However, reproducibility of in vitro barrier properties and permeability remain as major challenges. Here, we report that self-assembling multicellular BBB spheroids display reproducible BBB features and functions. The spheroid core is comprised mainly of astrocytes, while brain endothelial cells and pericytes encase the surface, acting as a barrier that regulates transport of molecules. The spheroid surface exhibits high expression of tight junction proteins, VEGF-dependent permeability, efflux pump activity and receptor-mediated transcytosis of angiopep-2. In contrast, the transwell co-culture system displays comparatively low levels of BBB regulatory proteins, and is unable to discriminate between the transport of angiopep-2 and a control peptide. Finally, we have utilized the BBB spheroids to screen and identify BBB-penetrant cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). This robust in vitro BBB model could serve as a valuable next-generation platform for expediting the development of CNS therapeutics. In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are crucial tools for screening brain-penetrating compounds. Here the authors develop a self-assembling BBB spheroid model with superior performance to the standard transwell BBB model, and use their platform to identify cell-penetrating peptides that can cross the BBB.
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13
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Caplan AI. New MSC: MSCs as pericytes are Sentinels and gatekeepers. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1151-1159. [PMID: 28294393 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells, hMSCs, were first named over 25 years ago with the "stem cell" nomenclature derived from the fact that we and others could cause these cells to differentiate into a number of different mesodermal phenotypes in cell culture. The capacity to form skeletal tissue in vitro encouraged the use of hMSCs for the fabrication of tissue engineered skeletal repair tissue with subsequent transplantation to in vivo sites. With the current realization that MSCs are derived from perivascular cells, pericytes, and the immunomodulatory and trophic capabilities of MSCs in both in vitro and in vivo test systems, a complete re-evaluation of the role and functions of MSCs in the body was required. Additionally, the skeleton is a preferred organ for cancer dissemination from various tumor malignancies. To date, most efforts to understand skeletal metastasis have focused on the invasive and digestive capability of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). The contribution of the target organ-specific microvascular structure influencing extravasation is less well understood. Current targeted cancer therapies are designed to alter not only biological functions in DTCs, but also components of the tumor stroma/microenvironment such as blood vessels. We now have a comprehensive image of the critical role of the host vasculature as an instructive niche for DTCs. The focus of this manuscript is to present the current information about MSC function in situ and to emphasize how these new observations provide insight into understanding the role of the pericyte/MSC in skeletal activities including our new hypothesis for how these cells act as a gatekeeper for metastasis of melanoma into bone. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1151-1159, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold I Caplan
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Skeletal Research Center, 10600 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
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14
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Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Dattilo M, Macut D, Duntas L, Gonos ES, Goulis DG, Gantenbein CK, Kapetanou M, Koukkou E, Lambrinoudaki I, Michalaki M, Eftekhari-Nader S, Pasquali R, Peppa M, Tzanela M, Vassilatou E, Vryonidou A. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R283-R308. [PMID: 28264815 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging and its underlying pathophysiological background has always attracted the attention of the scientific society. Defined as the gradual, time-dependent, heterogeneous decline of physiological functions, aging is orchestrated by a plethora of molecular mechanisms, which vividly interact to alter body homeostasis. The ability of an organism to adjust to these alterations, in conjunction with the dynamic effect of various environmental stimuli across lifespan, promotes longevity, frailty or disease. Endocrine function undergoes major changes during aging, as well. Specifically, alterations in hormonal networks and concomitant hormonal deficits/excess, augmented by poor sensitivity of tissues to their action, take place. As hypothalamic-pituitary unit is the central regulator of crucial body functions, these alterations can be translated in significant clinical sequelae that can impair the quality of life and promote frailty and disease. Delineating the hormonal signaling alterations that occur across lifespan and exploring possible remedial interventions could possibly help us improve the quality of life of the elderly and promote longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Leonidas Duntas
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Endocrine ClinicEvgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- National Hellenic Research FoundationInstitute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- First Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyMedical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics Medical SchoolAghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- National Hellenic Research FoundationInstitute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Michalaki
- Endocrine DivisionInternal Medicine Department, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Shahla Eftekhari-Nader
- Department of Internal MedicineMc Goven Medical School, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Melpomeni Peppa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine PropaedeuticResearch Institute and Diabetes Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangeline Vassilatou
- Endocrine Unit2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, 'Red Cross Hospital', Athens, Greece
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15
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Azuma M, Tofrizal A, Maliza R, Batchuluun K, Ramadhani D, Syaidah R, Tsukada T, Fujiwara K, Kikuchi M, Horiguchi K, Yashiro T. Maintenance of the Extracellular Matrix in Rat Anterior Pituitary Gland: Identification of Cells Expressing Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:185-92. [PMID: 26855451 PMCID: PMC4726572 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in creating cellular environments in tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that ECM components are localized in anterior pituitary cells and affect cell activity. Thus, clarifying the mechanism responsible for ECM maintenance would improve understanding of gland function. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and participate in ECM degradation. In this study, we investigated whether cells expressing TIMPs are present in rat anterior pituitary gland. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze expression of the TIMP family (TIMP1-4), and cells producing TIMPs in the gland were identified by using in situ hybridization. Expression of TIMP1, TIMP2, and TIMP3 mRNAs was detected, and the TIMP-expressing cells were located in the gland. The TIMP-expressing cells were also investigated by means of double-staining with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques. Double-staining revealed that TIMP1 mRNA was expressed in folliculostellate cells. TIMP2 mRNA was detected in folliculostellate cells, prolactin cells, and thyroid-stimulating hormone cells. TIMP3 mRNA was identified in endothelial cells, pericytes, novel desmin-immunopositive perivascular cells, and folliculostellate cells. These findings indicate that TIMP1-, TIMP2-, and TIMP3-expressing cells are present in rat anterior pituitary gland and that they are involved in maintaining ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morio Azuma
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Alimuddin Tofrizal
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Rita Maliza
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Khongorzul Batchuluun
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Dini Ramadhani
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Rahimi Syaidah
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Motoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Laboratory of Natural History, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Kotaro Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Kyorin University
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
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16
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Laminin and collagen modulate expression of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan fibromodulin in rat anterior pituitary gland. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 354:633-8. [PMID: 23959432 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is a complex organ consisting of five types of hormone-producing cells, non–hormone-producing cells such as folliculostellate (FS) cells and vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes). We have previously shown that FS cells and pericytes produce fibromodulin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP). SLRPs are major proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are important in regulating cell signaling pathways and ECM assembly. However, the mechanism regulating fibromodulin expression in the anterior pituitary has not been elucidated. Here, we investigate whether fibromodulin expression is modulated by major anterior pituitary ECM components such as laminin and type I collagen. Using transgenic rats expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) specifically in FS cells, we examine fibromodulin expression in GFP-positive (FS cells) and GFP-negative cells (e.g., pericytes, endocrine cells and endothelial cells). Immunostaining and Western blot analysis were used to assess protein expression in the presence and absence of laminin or type I collagen. We confirmed fibromodulin expression in the pituitary and observed the up-regulation of fibromodulin in FS cells in the presence of ECM components. However, neither laminin nor type I collagen affected expression in GFP-negative cells. This suggests that laminin and type I collagen support the function of FS cells by increasing fibromodulin protein expression in the anterior pituitary.
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17
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Jindatip D, Fujiwara K, Horiguchi K, Tsukada T, Kouki T, Yashiro T. Changes in fine structure of pericytes and novel desmin-immunopositive perivascular cells during postnatal development in rat anterior pituitary gland. Anat Sci Int 2013; 88:196-203. [PMID: 23681702 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-013-0180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular cells associated with capillaries. We previously demonstrated that pericytes, identified by desmin immunohistochemistry, produce type I and III collagens in the anterior pituitary gland of adult rats. In addition, we recently used desmin immunoelectron microscopy to characterize a novel type of perivascular cell, dubbed a desmin-immunopositive perivascular cell, in the anterior pituitary. These two types of perivascular cells differ in fine structure. The present study attempted to characterize the morphological features of pituitary pericytes and novel desmin-immunopositive perivascular cells during postnatal development, in particular their role in collagen synthesis. Desmin immunostaining revealed numerous perivascular cells at postnatal day 5 (P5) and P10. Transmission electron microscopy showed differences in the fine structure of the two cell types, starting at P5. Pericytes had well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus at P5 and P10. The novel desmin-immunopositive perivascular cells exhibited dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum at P5-P30. In addition, during early postnatal development in the gland, a number of type I and III collagen-expressing cells were observed, as were high expression levels of these collagen mRNAs. We conclude that pituitary pericytes and novel desmin-immunopositive perivascular cells contain well-developed cell organelles and that they actively synthesize collagens during the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depicha Jindatip
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The pituitary gland has a role in puberty, reproduction, stress-adaptive responses, sodium and water balance, uterine contractions, lactation, thyroid function, growth, body composition and skin pigmentation. Ageing is marked by initially subtle erosion of physiological signalling mechanisms, resulting in lower incremental secretory-burst amplitude, more disorderly patterns of pituitary hormone release and blunted 24 h rhythmic secretion. Almost all pituitary hormones are altered by ageing in humans, often in a manner dependent on sex, body composition, stress, comorbidity, intercurrent illness, medication use, physical frailty, caloric intake, immune status, level of exercise, and neurocognitive decline. The aim of this article is to critically discuss the mechanisms mediating clinical facets of changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis during ageing, and the extent to which confounding factors operate to obscure ageing-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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19
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Rusu MC, Motoc AGM, Pop F, Folescu R. Sprouting angiogenesis in human midterm uterus and fallopian tube is guided by endothelial tip cells. Anat Sci Int 2012; 88:25-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-012-0154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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