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Lüttringhaus S, Pradel W, Suarez V, Manrique-Carpintero NC, Anglin NL, Ellis D, Hareau G, Jamora N, Smale M, Gómez R. Dynamic guardianship of potato landraces by Andean communities and the genebank of the International Potato Center. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2021; 2:45. [PMID: 34870239 PMCID: PMC8626715 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-021-00065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato landraces (Solanum spp.) are not only crucial for food security and sustenance in Andean communities but are also deeply rooted in the local culture. The crop originated in the Andes, and while a great diversity of potato persists, some landraces have been lost. Local communities and the genebank of the International Potato Center (CIP) partnered to re-establish some of these landraces in situ by supplying clean seed potatoes to farmers. Over time, the genebank formalized a repatriation program of potato landraces. Repatriation is the process of returning native germplasm back to its place of origin, allowing a dynamic exchange between ex situ and in situ conditions. So far, no comprehensive description of CIP's repatriation program, the changes it induced, nor its benefits, has been carried out. METHODS We addressed this research gap by analyzing CIP genebank distribution data for repatriated accessions, conducting structured interviews with experts of the repatriation program, and applying duration and benefit analyses to a survey dataset of 301 households. RESULTS Between 1997 and 2020, 14,950 samples, representing 1519 accessions, were distributed to 135 communities in Peru. While most households (56%) abandoned the repatriated material by the fourth year after receiving it, the in situ survival probability of the remaining material stabilized between 36% in year 5 and 18% in year 15. Households where the plot manager was over 60 years old were more likely to grow the repatriated landraces for longer periods of times. While male plot management decreased survival times compared to female plot management, higher levels of education, labor force, wealth, food insecurity, and geographic location in the southern part of Peru were associated with greater survival times. Most farmers reported nutritional and cultural benefits as reasons for maintaining landrace material. Repatriated potatoes enabled farmers to conserve potato diversity, and hence, re-establish and broaden culinary diversity and traditions. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to apply an economic model to analyze the duration of in situ landrace cultivation by custodian farmers. We provide an evidence base that describes the vast scope of the program and its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Lüttringhaus
- Genebank Impacts Fellow, CGIAR Genebank Platform, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Sustainable Land Use and Climate Change, Department of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Willy Pradel
- Social and Health Sciences and Innovation Systems. International Potato Center, Av. La Universidad 1895, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Víctor Suarez
- Social and Health Sciences and Innovation Systems. International Potato Center, Av. La Universidad 1895, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Norma C. Manrique-Carpintero
- International Potato Center, Program for Conserving Biodiversity for the Future, Av. La Universidad 1895, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Noelle L. Anglin
- International Potato Center, Program for Conserving Biodiversity for the Future, Av. La Universidad 1895, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
- USDA ARS Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research, Pacific West Area, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA
| | - David Ellis
- International Potato Center, Program for Conserving Biodiversity for the Future, Av. La Universidad 1895, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Guy Hareau
- Social and Health Sciences and Innovation Systems. International Potato Center, Av. La Universidad 1895, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Nelissa Jamora
- Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust), Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Melinda Smale
- Michigan State University, 446 W. Circle Dr., Rm 219, Justin S Morrill Hall of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI 48824-1039 USA
| | - Rene Gómez
- International Potato Center, Program for Conserving Biodiversity for the Future, Av. La Universidad 1895, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru
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Halewood M, Jamora N, Noriega IL, Anglin NL, Wenzl P, Payne T, Ndjiondjop MN, Guarino L, Kumar PL, Yazbek M, Muchugi A, Azevedo V, Tchamba M, Jones CS, Venuprasad R, Roux N, Rojas E, Lusty C. Germplasm Acquisition and Distribution by CGIAR Genebanks. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101296. [PMID: 33019539 PMCID: PMC7601315 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The international collections of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) hosted by 11 CGIAR Centers are important components of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's global system of conservation and use of PGRFA. They also play an important supportive role in realizing Target 2.5 of the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper analyzes CGIAR genebanks' trends in acquiring and distributing PGRFA over the last 35 years, with a particular focus on the last decade. The paper highlights a number of factors influencing the Centers' acquisition of new PGRFA to include in the international collections, including increased capacity to analyze gaps in those collections and precisely target new collecting missions, availability of financial resources, and the state of international and national access and benefit-sharing laws and phytosanitary regulations. Factors contributing to Centers' distributions of PGRFA included the extent of accession-level information, users' capacity to identify the materials they want, and policies. The genebanks' rates of both acquisition and distribution increased over the last decade. The paper ends on a cautionary note concerning the potential of unresolved tensions regarding access and benefit sharing and digital genomic sequence information to undermine international cooperation to conserve and use PGRFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Halewood
- Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT), Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy; (I.L.N.); (P.W.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nelissa Jamora
- Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust), Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany; (N.J.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Isabel Lopez Noriega
- Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT), Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy; (I.L.N.); (P.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Noelle L. Anglin
- International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru; (N.L.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Peter Wenzl
- Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT), Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy; (I.L.N.); (P.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Thomas Payne
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico;
| | | | - Luigi Guarino
- Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust), Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany; (N.J.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - P. Lava Kumar
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (P.L.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Mariana Yazbek
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 114/5055, Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Alice Muchugi
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Box 30677, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Vania Azevedo
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Telangana State, India;
| | - Marimagne Tchamba
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria; (P.L.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Chris S. Jones
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Ramaiah Venuprasad
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños 4030, Laguna, Philippines;
| | - Nicolas Roux
- Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT), Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy; (I.L.N.); (P.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Edwin Rojas
- International Potato Center (CIP), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru; (N.L.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Charlotte Lusty
- Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust), Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn, Germany; (N.J.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
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