1
|
Bolmanis E, Grigs O, Didrihsone E, Senkovs M, Nikolajeva V. Pilot-scale production of Bacillus subtilis MSCL 897 spore biomass and antifungal secondary metabolites in a low-cost medium. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:355-371. [PMID: 38607603 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bacillus subtilis is a plant growth promoting bacterium (PGPB) that acts as a microbial fertilizer and biocontrol agent, providing benefits such as boosting crop productivity and improving nutrient content. It is able to produce secondary metabolites and endospores simultaneously, enhancing its ability to survive in unfavorable conditions and eliminate competing microorganisms. Optimizing cultivation methods to produce B. subtilis MSCL 897 spores on an industrial scale, requires a suitable medium, typically made from food industry by-products, and optimal temperature and pH levels to achieve high vegetative cell and spore densities with maximum productivity. RESULTS This research demonstrates successful pilot-scale (100 L bioreactor) production of a biocontrol agent B. subtilis with good spore yields (1.5 × 109 spores mL-1) and a high degree of sporulation (>80%) using a low-cost cultivation medium. Culture samples showed excellent antifungal activity (1.6-2.3 cm) against several phytopathogenic fungi. An improved methodology for inoculum preparation was investigated to ensure an optimal seed culture state prior to inoculation, promoting process batch-to-batch repeatability. Increasing the molasses concentration in the medium and operating the process in fed-batch mode with additional molasses feed, did not improve the overall spore yield, hence, process operation in batch mode with 10 g molasses L-1 is preferred. Results also showed that the product quality was not significantly impacted for up to 12 months of storage at room temperature. CONCLUSION An economically-feasible process for B. subtilis-based biocontrol agent production was successfully developed at the pilot scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emils Bolmanis
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Street 1-k1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
| | - Oskars Grigs
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia.
| | - Elina Didrihsone
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Maris Senkovs
- Bioefekts Ltd., Livzemes Street 30, Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, 1004, Latvia
| | - Vizma Nikolajeva
- Bioefekts Ltd., Livzemes Street 30, Salaspils, 2169, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, 1004, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding J, Liu Q, Hou W, Cai J, Wang B, Lu C. Enhanced sporulation of B. licheniformis BF-002 through automatic co-feeding of carbon and nitrogen sources. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1642-1658. [PMID: 38381097 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis formulations are effective for environmental remediation, gut microbiota modulation, and soil improvement. An adequate spore quantity is crucial for the activity of B. licheniformis formulations. This study investigated the synergistic effects of carbon/nitrogen source consumption and concentration on B. licheniformis BF-002 cultivation, with the aim of developing an automatic co-feeding strategy to enhance spore production. Initial glucose (10 g/L) and amino nitrogen (1.5 g/L) concentrations promote cell growth, followed by reduced glucose (2.0 g/L) and amino nitrogen (0.5 g/L) concentrations for sustained spore generation. The spore quantity reached 2.59 × 1010 CFU/mL. An automatic co-feeding strategy was developed and implemented in 5 and 50 L cultivations, resulting in spore quantities of 2.35 × 1010 and 2.86 × 1010 CFU/mL, respectively, improving by 6.81% and 30.00% compared to that with a fixed glucose concentration (10.0 g/L). The culture broth obtained at both the 5 and 50 L scales was spray-dried, resulting in bacterial powder with cell viability rates of 85.94% and 82.68%, respectively. Even after exposure to harsh conditions involving high temperature and humidity, cell viability remained at 72.80% and 69.89%, respectively. Employing the automatic co-feeding strategy increased the transcription levels of the spore formation-related genes spo0A, spoIIGA, bofA, and spoIV by 7.42%, 8.46%, 8.87%, and 9.79%, respectively. The proposed strategy effectively promoted Bacillus growth and spore formation, thereby enhancing the quality of B. licheniformis formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- The key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Bayannur Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Center, Bayannur, China
| | - Wenbiao Hou
- The key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Cai
- The key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- The key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- The key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Herrmann LW, Letti LAJ, Penha RDO, Soccol VT, Rodrigues C, Soccol CR. Bacillus genus industrial applications and innovation: First steps towards a circular bioeconomy. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108300. [PMID: 38101553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, environmental concerns have directed several policies, investments, and production processes. The search for sustainable and eco-friendly strategies is constantly increasing to reduce petrochemical product utilization, fossil fuel pollution, waste generation, and other major ecological impacts. The concepts of circular economy, bioeconomy, and biorefinery are increasingly being applied to solve or reduce those problems, directing us towards a greener future. Within the biotechnology field, the Bacillus genus of bacteria presents extremely versatile microorganisms capable of producing a great variety of products with little to no dependency on petrochemicals. They are able to grow in different agro-industrial wastes and extreme conditions, resulting in healthy and environmentally friendly products, such as foods, feeds, probiotics, plant growth promoters, biocides, enzymes, and bioactive compounds. The objective of this review was to compile the variety of products that can be produced with Bacillus cells, using the concepts of biorefinery and circular economy as the scope to search for greener alternatives to each production method and providing market and bioeconomy ideas of global production. Although the genus is extensively used in industry, little information is available on its large-scale production, and there is little current data regarding bioeconomy and circular economy parameters for the bacteria. Therefore, as this work gathers several products' economic, production, and environmentally friendly use information, it can be addressed as one of the first steps towards those sustainable strategies. Additionally, an extensive patent search was conducted, focusing on products that contain or are produced by the Bacillus genus, providing an indication of global technology development and direction of the bacteria products. The Bacillus global market represented at least $18 billion in 2020, taking into account only the products addressed in this article, and at least 650 patent documents submitted per year since 2017, indicating this market's extreme importance. The data we provide in this article can be used as a base for further studies in bioeconomy and circular economy and show the genus is a promising candidate for a greener and more sustainable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Wedderhoff Herrmann
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Alberto Junior Letti
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rafaela de Oliveira Penha
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Cristine Rodrigues
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Francisco H. dos Santos Street, CP 19011, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biermann R, Beutel S. Endospore production of Bacillus spp. for industrial use. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300013. [PMID: 37970521 PMCID: PMC10630785 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased occurrence of antibiotic resistance and the harmful use of pesticides are a major problem of modern times. A ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal breeding has put a focus on the probiotics market. Probiotic food supplements are versatile and show promising results in animal and human nutrition. Chemical pesticides can be substituted by biopesticides, which are very effective against various pests in plants due to increased research. What these fields have in common is the use of spore-forming bacteria. The endospore-forming Bacillus spp. belonging to this group offer an effective solution to the aforementioned problems. Therefore, the biotechnological production of sufficient qualities of such endospores has become an innovative and financially viable field of research. In this review, the production of different Bacillus spp. endospores will be reviewed. For this purpose, the media compositions, cultivation conditions and bioprocess optimization methods of the last 20 years are presented and reflected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Biermann
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biermann R, Rösner L, Beyer L, Niemeyer L, Beutel S. Bioprocess development for endospore production by Bacillus coagulans using an optimized chemically defined medium. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300210. [PMID: 37795343 PMCID: PMC10545977 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus coagulans is a promising probiotic, because it combines probiotic properties of Lactobacillus and the ability of Bacillus to form endospores. Due to this hybrid relationship, cultivation of this organism is challenging. As the probiotics market continues to grow, there is a new focus on the production of these microorganisms. In this work, a strain-specific bioprocess for B. coagulans was developed to support growth on one hand and ensure sporulation on the other hand. This circumstance is not trivial, since these two metabolic states are contrary. The developed bioprocess uses a modified chemically defined medium which was further investigated in a one-factor-at-a-time assay after adaptation. A transfer from the shake flask to the bioreactor was successfully demonstrated in the scope of this work. The investigated process parameters included temperature, agitation and pH-control. Especially the pH-control improved the sporulation in the bioreactor when compared to shake flasks. The bioprocess resulted in a sporulation efficiency of 80%-90%. This corresponds to a sevenfold increase in sporulation efficiency due to a transfer to the bioreactor with pH-control. Additionally, a design of experiment (DoE) was conducted to test the robustness of the bioprocess. This experiment validated the beforementioned sporulation efficiency for the developed bioprocess. Afterwards the bioprocess was then scaled up from a 1 L scale to a 10 L bioreactor scale. A comparable sporulation efficiency of 80% as in the small scale was achieved. The developed bioprocess facilitates the upscaling and application to an industrial scale, and can thus help meet the increasing market for probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riekje Biermann
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Laura Rösner
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Lisa‐Marie Beyer
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Laura Niemeyer
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abuhena M, Al-Rashid J, Azim MF, Khan MNM, Kabir MG, Barman NC, Rasul NM, Akter S, Huq MA. Optimization of industrial (3000 L) production of Bacillus subtilis CW-S and its novel application for minituber and industrial-grade potato cultivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11153. [PMID: 35778426 PMCID: PMC9249890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A commercial plant probiotic product was developed employing Bacillus subtilis CW-S in submerged fermentation. The effects of molasses and urea on cell growth were investigated with the goal of low-cost manufacturing. Plackett–Burman and Central-Composite Design (CCD) were utilized to optimize production parameters to maximize productivity. The stability of the formulated product and its efficacy in cultivating minituber in aeroponics and industrial-grade potatoes in the field were assessed. The results showed that the medium BS10 (molasses and urea) produced satisfactory cell density (7.19 × 108 CFU/mL) as compared to the control (1.51 × 107 CFU/mL) and BS1-BS9 (expensive) media (1.84 × 107–1.37 × 109 CFU/mL). According to validated CCD results, optimized parameters fitted well in pilot (300 L; 2.05 × 109 CFU/mL) and industrial (3000 L; 2.01 × 109 CFU/mL) bioreactors, resulting in a two-fold increase in cell concentration over laboratory (9.84 × 108 CFU/mL) bioreactors. In aeroponics, CW-S produced excellent results, with a significant increase in the quantity and weight of minitubers and the survival rate of transplanted plantlets. In a field test, the yield of industrial-grade (> 55 mm) potatoes was increased with a reduction in fertilizer dose. Overall, the findings suggest that CW-S can be produced commercially utilizing the newly developed media and optimized conditions, making plant probiotics more cost-effective and accessible to farmers for crop cultivation, particularly in aeroponic minituber and industrial-grade potato production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abuhena
- Department of Research and Development, Apex Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Limited, Gobindaganj, Gaibandha, 5740, Bangladesh
| | - Jubair Al-Rashid
- Department of Research and Development, Apex Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Limited, Gobindaganj, Gaibandha, 5740, Bangladesh.,Apex Biotechnology Laboratory, Apex Holdings Ltd., East Chandora, Shafipur, Kaliakoir, Gazipur, 1751, Bangladesh
| | - Md Faisal Azim
- Department of Research and Development, Apex Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Limited, Gobindaganj, Gaibandha, 5740, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Niuz Morshed Khan
- Apex Biotechnology Laboratory, Apex Holdings Ltd., East Chandora, Shafipur, Kaliakoir, Gazipur, 1751, Bangladesh
| | - Md Golam Kabir
- Department of Research and Development, Apex Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Limited, Gobindaganj, Gaibandha, 5740, Bangladesh.,Apex Biotechnology Laboratory, Apex Holdings Ltd., East Chandora, Shafipur, Kaliakoir, Gazipur, 1751, Bangladesh
| | - Nirmal Chandra Barman
- Apex Biotechnology Laboratory, Apex Holdings Ltd., East Chandora, Shafipur, Kaliakoir, Gazipur, 1751, Bangladesh
| | - Noorain Munim Rasul
- Department of Research and Development, Apex Biofertilizers and Biopesticides Limited, Gobindaganj, Gaibandha, 5740, Bangladesh.,Apex Biotechnology Laboratory, Apex Holdings Ltd., East Chandora, Shafipur, Kaliakoir, Gazipur, 1751, Bangladesh
| | - Shahina Akter
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 461-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Md Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tenea GN, Gonzalez GL, Moreno JL. Probiotic Characteristics and Antimicrobial Potential of a Native Bacillus subtilis Strain Fa17.2 Rescued from Wild Bromelia sp. Flowers. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050860. [PMID: 35630306 PMCID: PMC9145066 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we identified the Bacillus subtilis strain annotated Fa17.2 isolated from Bromelia flower inflorescences collected from the subtropical humid mesothermal region, Santo Domingo de Los Tsachilas Province, Ecuador. The probiotic capacity and antimicrobial potential against four foodborne pathogens were assessed. The cell culture of Fa17.2 is highly resistant to synthetic gastric acid (pH 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5), bile salts (0.3%), tolerating different sodium chloride concentrations (1, 3, and 5%), and growth conditions (15 °C and 45 °C), suggesting its potential probiotic features. The isolate showed no antibiotic resistance and was considered safe as no hemolysis was detected on sheep blood agar. The optimum medium for bacterial growth and the release of antimicrobial compounds was MRS with 10% glucose. The active components released in the neutralized crude extract (NCE) were insensitive to organic solvents, surfactants, and nonproteolytic enzymes and sensitive to proteolytic enzymes suggesting their proteinaceous nature. The antimicrobial activity was enhanced by heat and maintained active over a wide range of pH (2.0–8.0). Moreover, the crude extract (CE) showed inhibitory activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The molecular weight of partially purified precipitated bacteriocin-like substances (BLISs) was about 14 kDa in 20% Tricine-SDS-PAGE. The CE obtained from Fa17.2 inhibits the growth of four foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Kosaconia cowanii, and Shigella dysenteriae, which implies its potential as an antimicrobial producer strain.
Collapse
|
8
|
Optimization of Growth Conditions for the Production of Bacillus subtilis Using Central Composite Design and Its Antagonism Against Pathogenic Fungi. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 15:682-693. [PMID: 35006575 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Today, the enhancement of spore yields of Bacillus subtilis has considerable interest and has been widely investigated. In this context, studies have been carried out to improve the spore yield as well as the production amount. In order to perform this, optimization studies are conducted for large-scale production of B. subtilis in bioreactors. The prokaryotic structure, high extracellular production potential, lack of pathogenic activity, well-known fermentation technology and short fermentation time are the prominent advantages for the production of B. subtilis in a bioreactor. The Bacillus species produce a wide variety of antifungal and antimicrobial compounds, making them ideal biological control agents. In this study, first, the growth conditions of the medium were investigated and then optimized using the central composite design approach to achieve the highest productivity for the growth of B. subtilis. In the experiments, the effect of temperature of 25, 30 and 35 °C and pH level of 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 on spore yield was studied. Moreover, the antifungal activity of the B. subtilis culture was investigated against pathogenic fungi: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus brasiliensis.
Collapse
|
9
|
A Review of the Effects and Production of Spore-Forming Probiotics for Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071941. [PMID: 34209794 PMCID: PMC8300232 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spore-forming probiotics are widely used in the poultry industry for their beneficial impact on host health. The main feature that separates spore-forming probiotics from the more common lactic acid probiotics is their high resistance to external and internal factors, resulting in higher viability in the host and correspondingly, greater efficiency. Their most important effect is the ability to confront pathogens, which makes them a perfect substitute for antibiotics. In this review, we cover and discuss the interactions of spore-forming probiotic bacteria with poultry as the host, their health promotion effects and mechanisms of action, impact on poultry productivity parameters, and ways to manufacture the probiotic formulation. The key focus of this review is the lack of reproducibility in poultry research studies on the evaluation of probiotics’ effects, which should be solved by developing and publishing a set of standard protocols in the professional community for conducting probiotic trials in poultry. Abstract One of the main problems in the poultry industry is the search for a viable replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. This issue requires a “one health” approach because the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a concern not only in animals, but for humans as well. One of the promising ways to overcome this challenge is found in probiotics due to their wide range of features and mechanisms of action for health promotion. Moreover, spore-forming probiotics are suitable for use in the poultry industry because of their unique ability, encapsulation, granting them protection from the harshest conditions and resulting in improved availability for hosts’ organisms. This review summarizes the information on gastrointestinal tract microbiota of poultry and their interaction with commensal and probiotic spore-forming bacteria. One of the most important topics of this review is the absence of uniformity in spore-forming probiotic trials in poultry. In our opinion, this problem can be solved by the creation of standards and checklists for these kinds of trials such as those used for pre-clinical and clinical trials in human medicine. Last but not least, this review covers problems and challenges related to spore-forming probiotic manufacturing.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ruiz Sella SRB, Bueno T, de Oliveira AAB, Karp SG, Soccol CR. Bacillus subtilis natto as a potential probiotic in animal nutrition. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:355-369. [PMID: 33563053 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1858019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The growing global demand for animal products and processed meat has created a challenge for the livestock sector to enhance animal productivity without compromising product quality. The restriction of antibiotics in animal feeds as growth promoters makes the use of probiotics a natural and safe alternative to obtain functional foods that provide animal health and quality and to maintain food safety for consumers. To incorporate these additives into the diet, detailed studies are required, in which in vitro and in vivo assays are used to prove the efficacy and to ensure the safety of probiotic candidate strains. Studies on the use of Bacillus subtilis natto as a spore-forming probiotic bacterium in animal nutrition have shown no hazardous effects and have demonstrated the effectiveness of its use as a probiotic, mainly due to its proven antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enzymatic, and immunomodulatory activity. This review summarizes the recent scientific background on the probiotic effects of B. subtilis natto in animal nutrition. It focuses on its safety assessment, host-associated efficacy, and industrial requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R B Ruiz Sella
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Departament of Research and Development, Production and Research Centre of Immunobiological Products, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Piraquara, Brazil
| | - Tarcila Bueno
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Biotechnology Coordination, Federal Institute of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Angelo A B de Oliveira
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Susan Grace Karp
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
WoldemariamYohannes K, Wan Z, Yu Q, Li H, Wei X, Liu Y, Wang J, Sun B. Prebiotic, Probiotic, Antimicrobial, and Functional Food Applications of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14709-14727. [PMID: 33280382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens belongs to the genus Bacillus and family Baciliaceae. It is ubiquitously found in food, plants, animals, soil, and in different environments. In this review, the application of B. amyloliquefaciens in probiotic and prebiotic microbes in fermentation, synthesis, and hydrolysis of food compounds is discussed as well as further insights into its potential application and gaps. B. amyloliquefaciens is also a potential microbe in the synthesis of bioactive compounds including peptides and exopolysaccharides. In addition, it can synthesize antimicrobial compounds (e.g., Fengycin, and Bacillomycin Lb), which makes its novelty in the food sector greater. Moreover, it imparts and improves the functional, sensory, and shelf life of the end products. The hydrolysis of complex compounds including insoluble proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, hemicellulose, and lignans also shows that B. amyloliquefaciens is a multifunctional and potential microbe which can be applied in the food industry and in functional food processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalekristos WoldemariamYohannes
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhen Wan
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qinglin Yu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuetuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingli Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mahoney R, Weeks R, Zheng T, Huang Q, Dai W, Cao Y, Liu G, Guo Y, Chistyakov V, Chikindas ML. Evaluation of an Industrial Soybean Byproduct for the Potential Development of a Probiotic Animal Feed Additive with Bacillus Species. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 12:1173-1178. [PMID: 31784951 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are gaining public attention for their application in animal husbandry due to their ability to promote growth and prevent infections. Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 are two spore-forming probiotic microorganisms that have been demonstrated to provide health benefits for poultry when supplemented into their diet. These strains can be propagated on a wide range of substrates, including soybean-derived byproducts from the food processing industry. Soybean-derived byproducts are often incorporated into animal feeds, but the value of an additive could potentially be increased by the addition of probiotic microorganisms, which may decrease production costs and reduce environmental impact. In this study, a soybean byproduct and a desalted version of this byproduct were evaluated as potential substrates for the growth of two probiotic bacilli species. Chemical analysis of these byproducts showed favorable carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid profiles, which were not affected by the desalting process. The desalted byproduct was further evaluated as a substrate for the growth of B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 under solid-state conditions, and samples from this experiment were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The results of this study indicate that the desalted soybean byproduct is a suitable substrate for the propagation of the two Bacillus species, which grew to numbers sufficient for the formulation of a probiotic animal feed additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mahoney
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Weijie Dai
- Guangdong Huiertai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongjing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Vladimir Chistyakov
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Optimization of a culture medium based on forage palm for δ-endotoxin production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Su YT, Liu C, Long Z, Ren H, Guo XH. Improved Production of Spores and Bioactive Metabolites from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in Solid-state Fermentation by a Rapid Optimization Process. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 11:921-930. [PMID: 30251004 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A dipicolonic acid fluorimetry assay was used instead of plate counting for the assessment of spore yields for enhanced optimization efficiency. The associated parameters, including the ratio of solid substrates, composition of liquid substrates, and cultivation conditions, were systematically optimized in a shake-flask culture. The maximum spore yield of 7.24 × 1010 CFU/g of wet substrate was achieved. The optimization process produced a 25.7-fold increase in spore yields compared with those before optimization. In addition, the maximum release of bioactive metabolites during spore accumulation was subsequently obtained with 573.0 U/g of protease, 188.8 U/g of amylase, 186.8 U/g of cellulase, and 3.45 mg/g of acid-soluble protein. The experiment provides a methodological basis for the rapidly optimized production of Bacillus spores in pure solid-state fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Su
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhu Long
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hang Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Recent Advances in the Physiology of Spore Formation for Bacillus Probiotic Production. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 11:731-747. [PMID: 30515722 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spore-forming probiotic bacteria have received a wide and constantly increasing scientific and commercial interest. Among them, Bacillus species are the most studied and well-characterized Gram-positive bacteria. The use of bacilli as probiotic products is expanding especially rapidly due to their inherent ability to form endospores with unique survivability and tolerance to extreme environments and to produce a large number of valuable metabolites coupled with their bio-therapeutic potential demonstrating immune stimulation, antimicrobial activities and competitive exclusion. Ease of Bacillus spp. production and stability during processing and storage make them a suitable candidate for commercial manufacture of novel foods or dietary supplements for human and animal feeds for livestock, especially in the poultry and aquaculture industries. Therefore, the development of low-cost and competitive technologies for the production of spore-forming probiotic bacteria through understanding physiological peculiarities and mechanisms determining the growth and spore production by Bacillus spp. became necessary. This review summarizes the recent literature and our own data on the physiology of bacilli growth and spore production in the submerged and solid-state fermentation conditions, focusing on the common characteristics and unique properties of individual bacteria as well as on several approaches providing enhanced spore formation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Berikashvili V, Sokhadze K, Kachlishvili E, Elisashvili V, Chikindas ML. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Spore Production Under Solid-State Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Residues. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:755-761. [PMID: 29249066 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate cultivation conditions determining Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 growth and enhanced spore formation during the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industrial lignocellulosic biomasses. Among the tested growth substrates, corncobs provided the highest yield of spores (47 × 1010 spores g-1 biomass) while the mushroom spent substrate and sunflower oil mill appeared to be poor growth substrates for spore formation. Maximum spore yield (82 × 1010 spores g-1 biomass) was achieved when 15 g corncobs were moistened with 60 ml of the optimized nutrient medium containing 10 g peptone, 2 g KH2PO4, 1 g MgSO4·7H2O, and 1 g NaCl per 1 l of distilled water. The cheese whey usage for wetting of lignocellulosic substrate instead water promoted spore formation and increased the spore number to 105 × 1010 spores g-1. Addition to the cheese whey of optimized medium components favored sporulation process. The feasibility of developed medium and strategy was shown in scaled up SSF of corncobs in polypropylene bags since yield of 10 × 1011 spores per gram of dry biomass was achieved. In the SSF of lignocellulose, B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 secreted comparatively high cellulase and xylanase activities to ensure good growth of the bacterial culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violet Berikashvili
- Agricultural University of Georgia, David Agmashenebeli alley 240, 0159, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Kakha Sokhadze
- Agricultural University of Georgia, David Agmashenebeli alley 240, 0159, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eva Kachlishvili
- Agricultural University of Georgia, David Agmashenebeli alley 240, 0159, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Vladimir Elisashvili
- Agricultural University of Georgia, David Agmashenebeli alley 240, 0159, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Michael L Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Center for Digestive Health, Nutrition and Health, New Jersey Institute for Food, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liang XS, Liu C, Long Z, Guo XH. Rapid and simple detection of endospore counts in probiotic Bacillus cultures using dipicolinic acid (DPA) as a marker. AMB Express 2018; 8:101. [PMID: 29922919 PMCID: PMC6008271 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore counting in probiotic Bacillus cultures using dipicolinic acid (DPA) as a marker was studied for developing a rapid and simple detection method. The newly developed method is based on the fluorescence enhancement by a new chelating agent, which forms a complex with EuCl3 and DPA. The results showed that 1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N,N′N′-tetraacetic acid (CyDTA) greatly enhanced the fluorescence intensity in all selected chelating agents. The optimal composition of the fluorescence complex DPA-Eu-CyDTA had a detection limit of 0.3 nM of DPA. Metal ions in high concentrations, including Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Zn2+, might lower the detection sensitivity, which could be eliminated by diluting the sample with the metal ions below 10 μM. The maximum release of DPA was achieved by heating treatments at 121 °C for at least 10 min for two types of Bacillus endospores. The spore concentrations and corresponding released DPA fluorescence intensities were linearly associated (coefficient R2 = 0.9993 and 0.9995 for Bacillus subtilis MA139 and Bacillus licheniformis BL20386, respectively). The detection limit for both strains reached approximately 6800 spores/mL. The verification results showed that the DPA fluorimetry assay developed in the present study was fully consistent with the plate-counting assay. The study shows that the fluorescence complex DPA-Eu-CyDTA can be reliably used for the detection of endospores in Bacillus fermentation for the production of probiotics.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ren H, Su YT, Guo XH. Rapid optimization of spore production from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in submerged cultures based on dipicolinic acid fluorimetry assay. AMB Express 2018; 8:21. [PMID: 29453688 PMCID: PMC5815978 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Some optimization techniques have been widely applied for spore fermentation based on the plate counting. This study optimized the culture medium for the spore production of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS-20 and investigated the feasibility of using a dipicolonic acid (DPA) fluorimetry assay as a simpler alternative to plate counting for evaluating spore yields. Through the single-factor experiment, the metal ions and agro-industrial raw materials that significantly enhanced spore production were determined. After conducting a response surface methodology (RSM) analysis of several metal ions, the combined use of optimum concentrations of Mn2+, Fe2+, and Ca2+ in culture media produced a 3.4-fold increase in spore yields. Subsequently, supplementing soybean meal and corn meal with optimum concentrations determined by another RSM analysis produced an 8.8-fold increase. The final spore concentration from a culture medium incorporating optimum concentrations of the metal ions and raw materials mentioned above was verified to reach (8.05 ± 0.70) × 109 CFU/mL by both DPA fluorimetry and plate counting. The results suggest that the use of DPA fluorescence intensity as an alternative value to colony counting provides a general method for assessing spore yields with less work and shorter time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei China
| | - Ya-ting Su
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei China
| | - Xiao-hua Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|