Longitudinal Association between Late-Life Depression (LLD) and Frailty: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study (MiMiCS-FRAIL)

Association of aging related genes and immune microenvironment with major depressive disorder

OBJECTIVE

To study the relationship between aging related genes (ARGs) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

METHODS

The datasets GSE98793, GSE52790 and GSE39653 for MDD were obtained from the GEO database, and ARGs were obtained from the Human Aging Genome Resources database. Differential expression genes (DEGs) screening and GO, KEGG enrichment analysis were performed to uncover the underlying mechanisms. To identify key ARGs associated with MDD (key ARG-DEGs), we employed machine learning methods such as LASSO, SVM, and Random Forest, as well as the plug-ins CytoHubba-MCC and MCODE methods. SsGSEA was used to analyze the immune infiltration of MDD and healthy controls. Furthermore, we created risk prediction nomograms model and ROC curves to assess not only the ability of key ARG-DEGs to diagnose MDD, but also predicted miRNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that might interact. Finally, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was performed to confirm the association of identified key ARG-DEGs with depression.

RESULTS

DEGs of ARGs between MDD and healthy controls led to the identification of eight ARG-DEGs. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that the pathways associated with these eight ARG-DEGs were primarily concentrated in Foxo pathway, JAK-STAT pathway, Pl3K-AKT pathway, and metabolic diseases. A comprehensive analysis further narrowed down the 8 ARG-DEGs to 4 key ARG-DEGs: MMP9, IL7R, S100B, and EGF. Immune infiltration analysis indicated significant differences in CD8(+) T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, Th2 cells, and TIL cells between MDD and control groups, correlating with these four key ARG-DEGs. Based on these four key ARG-DEGs, a risk prediction model for MDD was developed. The miRNA-TF-mRNA interaction network of the key ARG-DEGs highlights the complexity of the regulatory process, providing valuable insights for future related research. The MR study suggested a potential causal relationship between MMP9 and the risk of depression.

CONCLUSION

The process of aging, immune dysregulation, and MDD are closely interconnected. MMP9, IL7R, S100B, and EGF may be used as novel diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for MDD, especially MMP9.

Effects of Social Support Provided by Disabled Older Adults to Others on Their Own Depressive Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Model

Purpose

While previous studies have extensively examined the impact of receiving positive social support during social support interactions on depressive symptoms among older adults, adverse effects experienced, such as being rejected or ignored, are often overlooked. Moreover, there has been limited discussion on the effects of giving social support to others. Thus, this study investigates the impacts of social support given by disabled older adults to others on their own depressive symptoms, as well as the mediating role of receiving social support (both positive and negative aspects) and the moderating effect of the activity of daily living (ADL).

Patients and Methods

This cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted in Wenzhou and Jiaxing City, China, from September 2021 to September 2022, with a total of 255 disabled older adults meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were collected face-to-face using a structured questionnaire. The participants were asked to complete the Barthel Index Scale, the Chinese version of the Positive and Negative Social Exchange Scale, the Giving Social Support questionnaire, and the Short Form Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale to measure disability, receiving positive and negative social support, giving social support, and depressive symptoms, respectively. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, mediation effect tests, and moderation effect tests were used to analyse the questionnaire data.

Results

The social support provided by disabled older adults to others primarily involved companionship and care. The positive aspect of social support received was largely emotional support, while the negative aspect was mainly characterised by failure to obtain help and unsympathetic behaviour. Providing social support was found to be associated with a potential beneficial effect on depressive symptoms, linked to lower severity, with this effect fully mediated by receiving social support. Specifically, receiving emotional support accounted for 56.63% of the effect size, while failure to obtain help and unsympathetic behaviour contributed 21.55%, and rejection and neglect collectively accounted for 21.83%. Additionally, the effect was partially moderated by ADL, with older adults exhibiting lower ADL scores showing a greater benefit from both giving and receiving social support compared to those with higher ADL scores.

Conclusion

It is imperative to recognise and encourage disabled older adults to provide social support to others, especially emotional support, while reducing negative feedback, such as neglect and unnecessary blame. This could alleviate their depressive symptoms and promote psycho-social well-being.

Mendelian randomization identifies causal effects of major depressive disorder on accelerated aging

BACKGROUND

Evidence links major depressive disorder (MDD) with aging, but it's unclear if MDD accelerates aging and what factors mediate this transition.

METHODS

Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were applied to estimate the causal association between MDD and frailty index (FI), telomere length (TL), and appendicular lean mass (ALM) from available genome-wide association studies in populations of European ancestry. Furthermore, we conducted mediation MR analyses to assess the mediating effects of 31 lifestyle factors or diseases on the causal relationship between MDD and aging.

RESULTS

MDD was significantly causally associated with increased FI (βIVW = 0.23, 95 % CI = 0.18 to 0.28, p = 1.20 × 10-17), shorter TL (βIVW = -0.04, 95 % CI = -0.07 to -0.01, p = 0.01), and decreased ALM (βIVW = -0.07, 95 % CI = -0.11 to -0.03, p = 3.54 × 10-4). The mediation analysis through two-step MR revealed smoking initiation (9.09 %), hypertension (6.67 %) and heart failure (5.36 %) mediated the causal effect of MDD on FI. Additionally, alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependence on the causal relationship between MDD and TL were found to be 17.52 % and 17.13 % respectively.

LIMITATIONS

Confounding, statistical power, and Euro-centric focus limit generalization.

CONCLUSION

Overall, individuals with MDD may be at a higher risk of experiencing premature aging, and this risk is partially influenced by the pathways involving smoking, alcohol use, and cardiovascular health. It underscores the importance of early intervention and comprehensive health management in individuals with MDD to promote healthy aging and overall well-being.

Frailty and psychiatric disorders: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

The association between frailty and psychiatric disorders has been reported in observational studies. However, it is unclear whether frailty facilitates the appearance of psychiatric disorders or vice versa. Therefore, we conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to evaluate the causality.

METHODS

Independent genetic variants associated with frailty index (FI) and psychiatric disorders were obtained from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The inverse variance weighted method was utilized as the primary method to estimate causal effects, followed by various sensitivity analyses. Multivariable analyses were performed to further adjust for potential confounders.

RESULTS

The present MR study revealed that genetically predicted FI was significantly and positively associated with the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) (odds ratio [OR] 1.79, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.48-2.15, P = 1.06 × 10-9), anxiety disorder (OR 1.61, 95 % CI 1.19-2.18, P = 0.002) and neuroticism (OR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.18-1.61, P = 3.73 × 10-5). In the reverse MR test, genetic liability to MDD (beta 0.232, 95 % CI 0.189-0.274, P = 1.00 × 10-26) and neuroticism (beta 0.128, 95 % CI 0.081-0.175, P = 8.61 × 10-8) were significantly associated with higher FI. Multivariable analyses results supported the causal association between FI and MDD and neuroticism.

LIMITATIONS

Restriction to European populations, and sample selection bias.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested a bidirectional causal association between frailty and MDD neuroticism, and a positive correlation of genetically predicted frailty on the risk of anxiety disorder. Developing a deeper understanding of these associations is essential to effectively manage frailty and optimize mental health in older adults.

Association of depression and sleep quality with frailty: a cross-sectional study in China

Background

With the rapid growth of global aging, frailty has become a serious public health burden, affecting the life quality of older adults. Depressive symptoms (depression hereafter) and sleep quality are associated with frailty, but the pathways in which sleep quality and depression affect frailty remain unclear.

Method

This cross-sectional study included 1866 community-dwelling older adults. Demographic characteristics and health-related data of them was collected, and we also assessed frailty, depression, and sleep quality. Descriptive statistics were carried out and ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors correlated with frailty. Spearman correlation analysis and mediation analysis were employed to assess associations between sleep quality, depression and frailty. Two-sided p < 0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

The results showed that 4.1% older adults were frail and 31.0% were pre-frail. Ordinal logistic regression showed that age, consumptions of vegetables, exercise, sleep quality, depression, number of chronic diseases, chronic pain, and self-rated health were correlated with frailty. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that frailty was associated with depression and sleep quality. There was a mediation effect that sleep quality was a significant and positive predictor of frailty (total effect = 0.0545, 95% boot CI = 0.0449-0.0641), and depression was a mediator between sleep quality and frailty (mediation effect = 60.4%).

Conclusion

Depression and poor sleep quality may be early indicators of frailty in older adults. Improving the sleep quality and psychological state of older adults can improve frailty, which is beneficial for healthy aging.

Changes in frailty and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese people: a nationwide cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The older people bears a severe burden of disease due to frailty and depressive symptoms, however, the results of association between the two in the older Chinese people have been conflicting. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the developmental trajectories and interactions of frailty and depressive symptoms in the Chinese middle-aged and older adults.

METHODS

The study used four waves of data from 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2018 in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database, focused on middle-aged and older people ≥ 45 years of age, and analyzed using latent growth models and cross-lagged models.

RESULTS

The parallel latent growth model showed that the initial level of depressive symptoms had a significant positive predictive effect on the initial level of frailty. The rate of change in depressive symptoms significantly positively predicted the rate of change in frailty. The initial level of frailty had a significant positive predictive effect on the initial level of depressive symptoms, but a significant negative predictive effect on the rate of change in depressive symptoms. The rate of change in frailty had a significant positive predictive effect on the rate of change in depressive symptoms. The results of the cross-lagged analysis indicated a bidirectional causal association between frailty and depressive symptoms in the total sample population. Results for the total sample population grouped by age and gender were consistent with the total sample.

CONCLUSIONS

This study recommends advancing the age of concern for frailty and depressive symptoms to middle-aged adults. Both men and women need early screening and intervention for frailty and depressive symptoms to promote healthy aging.

Causal relationship between depression and aging: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

The causal relationship and the direction of the effect between depression and aging remain controversial.

METHODS

We used a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to examine the relationship between depression and age proxy indicators. We obtained pooled statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on depression and the age proxy indicators. We employed five MR analysis methods to address potential biases and ensure robustness of our results, with the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method being the primary outcome. We also conducted outlier exclusion using Radial MR, MRPRESSO, and MR Steiger filters. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy.

RESULTS

Our MR analysis revealed that depression causally leads to shortened telomere length (β = - 0.014; P = 0.038), increased frailty index (β = 0.076; P = 0.000), and accelerated GrimAge (β = 0.249; P = 0.024). Furthermore, our findings showed that the frailty index (OR = 1.679; P = 0.001) was causally associated with an increased risk of depression. Additionally, we found that appendicular lean mass (OR = 0.929; P = 0.000) and left-hand grip strength (OR = 0.836; P = 0.014) were causally associated with a reduced risk of depression. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of our findings.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides evidence that depression contributes to the accelerated aging process, resulting in decreased telomere length, increased frailty index, and accelerated GrimAge. Additionally, we found that the frailty index increases the risk of depression, while appendicular lean mass and left-handed grip strength reduce the risk of depression.

Effectiveness of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression in the Elderly: A Retrospective Natural Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Depression in the elderly is an understudied condition. Psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches suffer from specific difficulties with this patient group. Brain stimulation techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) offer a therapeutic alternative. rTMS remains understudied in this age group when compared with younger patients.

METHODS

A cohort of 505 patients with depression was analyzed in retrospect concerning their response to rTMS treatment. A total of 15.5% were 60 years old or older, defined as the elderly group of depressed patients. The majority of these were treated with high-frequency protocols over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). For group comparisons, we used Student t-tests or chi-square-tests, depending on the scales of measurement. As measures for effect size, we used Cohen's d for the relative and absolute change in the HDRS total score.

RESULTS

Groups did not differ significantly with respect to baseline depression severity or treatment parameters. In the group of elderly patients, a higher number of females were present. Groups did not differ significantly with respect to treatment efficacy, as indicated by the absolute and relative changes in the HDRS-21 sum score. Elderly patients tended to take higher numbers of mood stabilizers. Elderly patients showed a significantly superior reduction for the item "appetite" and a superior reduction tending towards significance for the item "work and interests".

CONCLUSIONS

Antidepressant rTMS treatment showed comparable efficacy for patients above 60 years to that in younger patients. Differences between the age groups concerning amelioration of distinct HDRS single items deserve further investigation.

Association of frailty with cognitive impairment and functional disability in older adults with affective disorders: a brief research report

Introduction

The Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index (IVCF-20) is a validated multidimensional instrument that has been used in Brazil to evaluate functional disability in frail older adults. The main aim of this study was to assess frailty using this novel screening tool. In addition, to investigate whether frailty was associated with cognitive impairment and functional disability in older adults with affective disorders.

Methods

Participants included were over 60 years old, with affective disorders (depressive or anxiety disorders), from two specialized outpatient clinics. The sample was comprised of 46 patients (30% of a total from 153). The following instruments were applied: Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); Verbal Fluency Test (VFT); Pfeffer Questionnaire or Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ); Katz Index; Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15); Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), and IVCF-20 as well as sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires. The association between the variables of interest was estimated using Spearman correlation.

Results

This study found a negative correlation between frailty and cognitive decline (MMSE; rs = -0.58; p < 0.001); (VFT; rs = -0.60; p < 0.001); (CDT; rs = -0.47; p = 0.001) and a positive correlation between frailty and depressive symptoms (GDS-15; rs = 0.34; p = 0.019) as well as disability for IADLs (FAQ; rs = 0.69; p < 0.001). However, there was no statistical difference in the association between frailty and anxiety symptoms (GAI; rs = 0.24; p = 0.103) or disability for BADLs (Katz; rs = -0.02; p = 0.895).

Discussion

Our data support that the associations between frailty, cognitive and functional disability are prevalent issues in Psychogeriatrics. Assessing frailty in a multidimensional context is essential using a rapid assessment frailty tool in clinical practice.

Bidirectional causal relationship between depression and frailty: a univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomisation study

BACKGROUND

cumulative evidence from cohort studies suggested that there were inconsistent conclusions as to whether there was a bidirectional association between depression and frailty. Therefore, this study used a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to investigate the causal relationship between depression and frailty.

METHODS

we performed univariate and multivariate bidirectional MR analyses to assess the causal association between depression and frailty. Independent genetic variants associated with depression and frailty were selected as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median and weighted mode were mainly used in univariate MR analysis. Multivariate MR (MVMR) analyses used multivariable inverse variance-weighted methods to individually and jointly adjust for three potential confounders, body mass index (BMI), age at menarche (AAM) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, adjusted for BMI).

RESULTS

univariate MR analysis showed a positive causal relationship between depression and risk of frailty (IVW, odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23-1.37, P = 6.54E-22). Causal relationship between frailty and risk of depression (IVW, OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.33-2.16, P = 2.09E-05). MVMR analysis revealed that the bidirectional causal association between depression and frailty remained after adjusting for three potential confounders, BMI, AAM and WHR (adjusted for BMI), individually and in combination.

CONCLUSIONS

our findings supported a causal relationship between genetically predicted depression and frailty in both directions.

Prevalence of Frailty and Its Association with Depressive Symptoms among European Older Adults from 17 Countries: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to examine the association between frailty and depressive symptoms.

METHODS

Cross-sectional and five-year longitudinal study. Data were from the population-based Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) waves six (2015) and eight (2020). Frailty was assessed using the SHARE-Frailty Instrument. Fatigue, appetite, walking difficulties, and physical activity were self-reported, and grip strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. The EURO-D 12-item scale was used to measure depressive symptoms.

RESULTS

The sample comprised 25,771 older adults (56.2% female) with a mean age of 66.5 (95% CI 66.4, 66.6) years. The prevalence of frailty was 4.2% (95% CI 3.9, 4.4) in 2015 and 6.7% (95% CI 13.5, 14.3) in 2020. Among frail participants, 72.5% and 69.6% had depression in 2015 and 2020, respectively. Frailty was associated with depression over the 5 years. Those with pre-frailty and those with frailty in 2015 had 1.86 (95% CI 1.71, 2.01) and 2.46 (95% CI 2.14, 2.83) greater odds of having depressive symptoms in 2020.

CONCLUSIONS

Frailty is a predictor of depression in older adults, and frail participants had greater odds of presenting depressive symptoms.

The Frail Depressed Patient: A Narrative Review on Treatment Challenges

Although the public importance of frailty is widely acknowledged by the World Health Organization, physical frailty is still largely neglected in geriatric mental health care. Firstly in this narrative review, we summarize the knowledge on the epidemiology of the association between depression and frailty, whereafter implications for treatment will be discussed. Even though frailty and depression have overlapping diagnostic criteria, epidemiological studies provide evidence for distinct constructs which are bidirectionally associated. Among depressed patients, frailty has predictive validity being associated with increased mortality rates and an exponentially higher fall risk due to antidepressants. Nonetheless, guidelines on the treatment of depression neither consider frailty for risk stratification nor for treatment selection. We argue that frailty assessment enables clinicians to better target the pharmacological and psychological treatment of depression as well as the need for interventions targeting primarily frailty, for instance, lifestyle interventions and reduction of polypharmacy. Applying a frailty informed framework of depression treatment studies included in a meta-analysis reveals that the benefit–harm ratio of antidepressants given to frail depressed patients can be questioned. Nonetheless, frail-depressed patients should not withhold antidepressants as formal studies are not available yet, but potential adverse effects should be closely monitored. Dopaminergic antidepressants might be preferable when slowness is a prominent clinical feature. Psychotherapy is an important alternative for pharmacological treatment, especially psychotherapeutic approaches within the movement of positive psychology, but this approach needs further study. Finally, geriatric rehabilitation, including physical exercise and nutritional advice, should also be considered. In this regard, targeting ageing-related abnormalities underlying frailty that may also be involved in late-life depression such as low-grade inflammation might be a promising target for future studies. The lack of treatment studies precludes firm recommendations, but more awareness for frailty in mental health care will open a plethora of alternative treatment options to be considered.