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Kruger DT, Beelen KJ, Opdam M, Sanders J, van der Noort V, Boven E, Linn SC. Hierarchical clustering of activated proteins in the PI3K and MAPK pathways in ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer with potential therapeutic consequences. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:832-839. [PMID: 30287915 PMCID: PMC6189147 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and/or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are frequently activated in breast cancer which can result in antioestrogen resistance. Single protein markers failed to be introduced into clinical practice. We, therefore, aimed to find a better read-out of activation of the PI3K and MAPK pathways in ER+/HER2− breast cancer. Assessment of seven PI3K/MAPK proteins might better reflect pathway activation and distinguish patients without adjuvant tamoxifen benefit. Methods Tumour blocks were recollected from 293 primary postmenopausal ER+/HER2− breast cancer patients randomised between tamoxifen and no adjuvant therapy. PTEN, p-AKT(Thr308), p-AKT(Ser473), p-p70S6K, p-4EBP1, p-ERK1/2 and p-S6RP expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry followed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free interval. Multivariate Cox models were used to assess tamoxifen benefit. A classification tool was developed based on protein expression profile. Results Subgroups were identified with preferentially activated (A) and preferentially not activated (N) proteins. Patients in group N derived significant benefit from tamoxifen (multivariate hazard ratio (HR) = 0.23, p = 0.000101), while patients from group A did not (multivariate HR = 1.37, p = 0.64), p for interaction 0.020. Our generated classification tool confirmed these results (p for interaction 0.024). Conclusions Hierarchical clustering of seven PI3K/MAPK proteins reflects pathway activation and can guide treatment decisions in primary ER+/HER2− postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinja T Kruger
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J Beelen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Reinier de Graaf Groep, Reinier de Graafweg 5, 2625 AD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Opdam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Sanders
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van der Noort
- Division of Biometrics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Epie Boven
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C Linn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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McRee AJ, Marcom PK, Moore DT, Zamboni WC, Kornblum ZA, Hu Z, Phipps R, Anders CK, Reeder-Hayes K, Carey LA, Weck KE, Perou CM, Dees EC. A Phase I Trial of the PI3K Inhibitor Buparlisib Combined With Capecitabine in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:289-297. [PMID: 29153866 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buparlisib is an oral pan-class I phosphotidyinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. The present phase I study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of buparlisib with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received buparlisib once daily (range, 50 to 100 mg) for 3 weeks with capecitabine twice daily (range, 1000 to 1250 mg/m2) for 2 weeks with a 1-week break. Dose escalation used a traditional "3 + 3" design with standard definitions of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose. RESULTS Of the 25 patients enrolled, 23 were evaluable for DLT and 17 were evaluable for response. The maximum tolerated dose of the combination was buparlisib 100 mg daily and capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 twice daily. DLTs included grade 3 hyperglycemia and grade 3 confusion. The most common grade 3 toxicities were diarrhea and elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase. One patient exhibited a complete response to treatment and four had a confirmed partial response. In cohorts 3 and 4, in which the buparlisib dose remained constant but the capecitabine dose was increased, significant increases in the buparlisib plasma concentration were noted. CONCLUSION The combination of buparlisib with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer was generally well-tolerated, with several patients demonstrating prolonged responses. Unexpectedly low rates of PIK3CA mutations (3 of 17) were seen, and only 2 of 7 tumors with subtyping were luminal, making exploration of these putative predictive markers impossible. Further study of the combination is not unreasonable, with expanded pharmacokinetics and sequencing analysis to better elucidate potential drug-drug interactions and more accurate predictive biomarkers of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J McRee
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Paul K Marcom
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Dominic T Moore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William C Zamboni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Zachary A Kornblum
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rachel Phipps
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Carey K Anders
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Lisa A Carey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Karen E Weck
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - E Claire Dees
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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The sensitivity and efficacy method of PIK3CA exon 9 E545A as a high diagnostic accuracy in breast cancer. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 16:71-76. [PMID: 30647707 PMCID: PMC6296600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PIK3s) are lipid kinases. Mutation in the exon 9 and exon 20 determined as a predictive factor in anti-HER-2 therapy. In some countries, such as Singapore, China, and Peru, PIK3CA exon 9 E545A was reported to produce the highest rate of mutation. In this research, we developed and optimized PIK3CA exon 9 E545A detection methods with intercalating dye SYBR Green I based on the Tm Shift approach by using prepared recombinant plasmid pGEMT-easy PIK3CA exon 9 and PIK3CA exon 9 E545A. Recombinant plasmid was used due to the limited number of samples. Methods Recombinant plasmid was prepared based on manufactured procedures, and this process was then followed by Tm prediction with Poland software, Tm Shift SYBR Green I development, and its characterization (reproducibility, repeatability, sensitivity, qPCR efficiency, and qPCR amplification), respectively. Result A method for PIK3CA E545A detection based on TM shift SYBR Green I has been successfully developed. The melting temperature for PIK3CA exon 9 was 78.1 ± 0.1 °C, while that for PIK3CA exon E545A was 80.20 °C. The Tm of mutant was the same as that predicted using Polland Software. The reproducibility of the methods was high, with the coefficient values for inter and intra assays were below 10% with a high sensitivity at 1%, while R2 0.99 and PCR efficiency was 97.75%. Conclusion The results presented here demonstrate that the PIK3CA exon 9 E545A detection method has a good sensitivity and efficacy assay, which proves that the method has a high diagnostic accuracy in breast cancer.
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Gadina M, Gazaniga N, Vian L, Furumoto Y. Small molecules to the rescue: Inhibition of cytokine signaling in immune-mediated diseases. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:20-31. [PMID: 28676205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted proteins associated with the maintenance of immune homeostasis but also implicated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Biologic agents blocking cytokines or their receptors have revolutionized the treatment of such pathologies. Nonetheless, some patients fail to respond to these drugs or do not achieve complete remission. The signal transduction originating from membrane-bound cytokine receptors is an intricate network of events that lead to gene expression and ultimately regulate cellular functionality. Our understanding of the intracellular actions that molecules such as interleukins, interferons (IFNs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) set into motion has greatly increased in the past few years, making it possible to interfere with cytokines' signaling cascades. The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the Phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinases (PI3K) pathways have all been intensively studied and key steps as well as molecules have been identified. These research efforts have led to the development of a new generation of small molecule inhibitors. Drugs capable of blocking JAK enzymatic activity or interfering with the proteasome-mediated degradation of intermediates in the NF-kB pathway have already entered the clinical arena confirming the validity of this approach. In this review, we have recapitulated the biochemical events downstream of cytokine receptors and discussed some of the drugs which have already been successfully utilized in the clinic. Moreover, we have highlighted some of the new molecules that are currently being developed for the treatment of immune-mediated pathologies and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA.
| | - Nathalia Gazaniga
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA
| | - Laura Vian
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA
| | - Yasuko Furumoto
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, USA
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