1
|
Yang F, Ma L, Gou JM, Yao HZ, Ren M, Yang BK, Lin Q. Seasonal distribution of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Tibetan sheep in Qinghai, China. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:394. [PMID: 36303255 PMCID: PMC9615363 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause important intestinal diseases in ruminants. However, data on the distribution of these three protozoan pathogens in Tibetan sheep are limited. Methods We collected 761 fecal samples from Tibetan sheep across four seasons in Qinghai Province, China, and screened the samples for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi using PCR-based sequence analysis of the genes encoding 18S ribosomal RNA, triosephosphate isomerase and the internal transcribed spacer, respectively. Results The positivity rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in Tibetan sheep were 3.68% (28/761 samples), 1.58% (12/761) and 6.44% (49/761), respectively. Four species of Cryptosporidium were identified: C. xiaoi (n = 13 samples), C. ubiquitum (n = 8), C. bovis (n = 6) and C. ryanae (n = 1). Two G. duodenalis assemblages, namely the A (n = 2 samples) and E (n = 10) assemblages, were detected. Five zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes were found: BEB6 (n = 21 samples), COS-I (n = 14), CHS3 (n = 11) and CGS1 (n = 2) from group 2, and PIGEBITS5 (n = 1) from group 1. Geographic differences in the distribution of E. bieneusi, and seasonal differences for all the three protozoan pathogens were noted. Conclusions Our results elucidate the prevalence and genetic diversity of these three pathogens in Tibetan sheep across different regions and seasons, including zoonotic pathogens such as C. ubiquitum, C. ryanae, G. duodenalis assemblage A and five genotypes of E. bieneusi. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05442-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Min Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Zhong Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Ke Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Papanikolopoulou V, Lafi SQ, Papadopoulos E, Diakou A, Xiao L, Giadinis ND. Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in small ruminants in northern Greece. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109769. [PMID: 35907380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in small ruminants is based on limited data. Therefore, the current research aimed to describe the prevalence and risk factors associated with the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in sheep and goat herds in northern Greece. Hence, 530 fresh fecal samples from 59 sheep and goat farms were collected and examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts using microscopy of fecal smears stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection for both host species was 34% (180/530; 95% confidence interval (CI): 29.9-38). Specifically, the prevalence for sheep and goats was 33.5% (112/334; 95% CI: 28.4-35.6) and 34.7% (68/196; 95% CI: 28-41.4), respectively. Additionally, standardized questionnaires were filled-in to collect data regarding animals' health status, feeding, and other management practices in each farm. In total 22 risk factors hypothesized to be associated with Cryptosporidium infection were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that farms with stagnant water were 11.78 (95% CI: 66-61.5) times more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium than farms without stagnant water (p < 0.05). Furthermore, farms with more than 25% of their animals suffering from diarrhea were 17.39 (95% CI: 3.43-88.3) times more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium than farms with ≤ 25% of the animals having diarrhea (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the animal health status and the prevailing environmental conditions play an important role in transmitting Cryptosporidium spp. infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Papanikolopoulou
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Shwakat Q Lafi
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Room 303, Administrative Building of Veterinary Medicine, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nektarios D Giadinis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Zhang B, Li J, Yu S, Zhang N, Liu S, Zhang Y, Li J, Ma N, Cai Y, Zhao Q. Development of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Infection and Threatening Caused by Cryptosporidium parvum Subtype IIdA19G1 in Diarrhea Calves from Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:179-190. [PMID: 33259769 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Calves are highly susceptible to Cryptosporidium spp. infection that resulted in diarrhea, growth retardation, and weight loss, and was one of the most common enteropathogens. It is especially difficult for molecular detection of calves with inapparent or subclinical infections of cryptosporidiosis. In view of this, this study established a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) detection method to clarify its epidemic characteristics, based on Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene with the 150 bp product length to investigate the infection of Cryptosporidium spp. in northeastern China The standard curve equation is Ct = -2.91 × lg (Cryptosporidium spp. copies) +10.18, with better sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility. A total of 148 out of 425 fecal samples (34.82%) were detected Cryptosporidium positive with RT-qPCR, including (36.11%) in Heilongjiang province (29.60%), (29.6%) in Jilin province, and (37.50%) in Liaoning province. The infection prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Cryptosporidium andersoni, and Cryptosporidium bovis from calves in order from high to low was 14.35% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.2-18.1), 6.12 (95% CI, 4.0-8.8), 2.35 (95% CI, 1.1-4.3), and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.1-1.7), respectively, suggesting C. parvum was the predominant species in calves in northeastern China. Using 60-kDa glycoprotein gp60 gene, all of the 61 C. parvum-positive specimens were further precisely confirmed to IIdA19G1 subtype. This suggested that IIdA19G1 subtype of C. parvum could threaten to cause diarrhea calves from notheastern China (p < 0.01). The prevalence of 34.82% (148/425) using RT-qPCR had a significant difference compared with the prevalence of nested-PCR (23.29%) and microscopic examination (3.76%). The findings improved the epidemiological knowledge of calves infected with cryptosporidiosis in China, highlighting the importance of ongoing Cryptosporidium surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Baihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingping Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shangdong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary University, Weifang, China
| | - Songling Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dahmani H, Ouchene N, Dahmani A, Ouchene-Khelifi NA, Oumouna M. First report on Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus in neonatal lambs from north-center region, Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101567. [PMID: 33157428 PMCID: PMC7580686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of neonatal diarrhea is multifactorial and remains one of the biggest problems in ruminant livestock farming. This study represent the first report in Algeria on Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus in the etiology of neonatal diarrhea in lambs. Faecal samples from 559 neonatal lambs aged less than 30 days from 30 sheepfolds were screened with pathogen-specific antigen ELISA for C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus, and coronavirus. The prevalence of C. parvum was the highest compared to other enteric pathogens. In various combinations, mixed infections were detected only with C. parvum.
The etiology of neonatal diarrhea is multifactorial and remains one of the greatest health problems in sheep livestock farming. Faecal samples from 559 neonatal lambs aged less than 30 days from 30 sheepfolds located in the north-center region of Algeria were screened with pathogen-specific antigen ELISA for Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus, and coronavirus. Of the 559 lambs, 312 (58.81 %), 155 (27.72 %), 72 (12.88 %) and 20 (3.57 %) were positives for C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus antigens, respectively. The prevalence of C. parvum was the highest (p < 0.0001). C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus were observed in 23 (76.66 %), 17 (56.66 %), 9 (30 %) and 3 (10 %) sheepfolds, respectively. Compared to age, the prevalence of C. parvum was highest during the second and third week of age (p < 0.001). In contrast, other pathogens were found to be more frequent in lambs aged ≤7 days (p < 0.001). The number of lambs with diarrhea was 280 (50.09 %) of which 280 (100 %), 127 (45.35 %), 52 (18.57 %) and 10 (3.57 %) were found to be infected with C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus, respectively (p < 0.0001). In various combinations, mixed infections were detected only with C. parvum. This is the first report of C. parvum, E. coli K99, rotavirus, and coronavirus in ≤30-days old neonatal lambs in Algeria. Special attention should be given to the first colostrum feeding, hygiene of the farm, prevention and control measures for a better prevention of neonatal diarrhea in lambs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria.
| | - Ali Dahmani
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria
| | - Nadjet Amina Ouchene-Khelifi
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab- Blida 1, Street Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Oumouna
- Yahia Fares University of Medea, Faculty of Sciences, Medea, 26000, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mammeri M, Obregón DA, Chevillot A, Polack B, Julien C, Pollet T, Cabezas-Cruz A, Adjou KT. Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Depletes Butyrate Producer Bacteria in Goat Kid Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:548737. [PMID: 33178145 PMCID: PMC7596689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.548737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an important apicomplexan parasite infecting ruminants and humans. We characterized the impact of C. parvum infection on the goat kid microbiome. C. parvum was orally administered to parasite-naïve goats, and infection was monitored for 26 days in fecal samples using immunofluorescence assay and qPCR tests. Age-matched goats served as uninfected controls. A reduction in body weight gain, diarrhea, and dehydration were observed in infected goats compared to the uninfected controls. Infection decreased the bacterial diversity 5 days post-infection (dpi), but this parameter recovered at 15 dpi. The infection altered the relative abundance of several taxa. A total of 38 taxa displayed significant differences in abundance between control and infected goats at both 5 and 15 dpi. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the infection resulted in a differential pattern of taxa interactions and that C. parvum infection increased the relative abundance of specific taxa. The 16S data set was used for metagenome predictions using the software package PICRUSt2. As many as 34 and 40 MetaCyc pathways (from 387 total) were significantly affected by the infection at 5 and 15 dpi, respectively. Notably, C. parvum decreased the abundance of butyrate-producing pathways in bacteria. Low levels of butyrate may increase mucosal inflammation and tissue repair. Our results suggest that the gut inflammation induced by C. parvum infection is associated with the reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria. This insight could be the basis for the development of novel control strategies to improve animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mammeri
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Phileo by Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Barœul, France
| | - Dasiel Alvarez Obregón
- Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aurélie Chevillot
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bruno Polack
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Thomas Pollet
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR ASTRE, INRAE, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karim Tarik Adjou
- UMR BIPAR, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, INRAE, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
First report of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in sheep population of Ladakh, India. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:513-516. [PMID: 31406418 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ladakh is the high altitude (11,184 ft above sea level) cold desert region in the state of Jammu & Kashmir (India), where winter temperature goes below - 35 °C. A total of 37 faecal samples were collected from local Changthangi and Russian merino sheep of the Leh region of Ladakh, having the history of diarrhoea and emaciation, followed by death. Of the 37 samples collected, 20 (54.05%) showed presence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection on faecal smear examination after Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The number of samples positive for Cryptosporidium sp. infection on faecal smear examination was 7 and 13 for Russian Merino and local Changthangi sheep, respectively. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection was similar in both sexes, 11/20 (55%) in females and 9/20 (45%) for males. The Age-wise occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in different age groups was found to be: 50% in less than 2 year age group and 50% in more than 2 year age group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in adult sheep from India. The survival of the parasite at such freezing temperature gives the insight about its cold-resistant nature.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mi R, Wang X, Huang Y, Mu G, Zhang Y, Jia H, Zhang X, Yang H, Wang X, Han X, Chen Z. Sheep as a Potential Source of Zoonotic Cryptosporidiosis in China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00868-18. [PMID: 30006394 PMCID: PMC6121973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00868-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in sheep from 10 provinces in China. Fecal samples from 1,035 sheep originating from 16 farms were collected, and 295 (28.5%) were found to be Cryptosporidium positive by nested PCR. Cryptosporidium was detected at all farms, with infection rates between 5.7% and 50.0%. Three Cryptosporidium species were identified, including Cryptosporidium xiaoi (73.2%, 216/295), Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (21.7%, 64/295), and Cryptosporidium parvum (5.1%, 15/295). The distribution of Cryptosporidium species differed by province and by farm. All three species were detected in lambs and adult sheep but the highest infection rate was found in postweaned lambs. All three species were detected in all four seasons, with the highest prevalence found in autumn. Four C. parvum subtypes (IIaA15G2R1, IIaA17G2R1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1) and one C. ubiquitum subtype (XIIa) were identified. For most provinces in this study, we are not aware of a previously published description or molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium infections in sheep. This information will improve our knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in China.IMPORTANCECryptosporidium is an important zoonotic parasite that causes diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Previous studies suggested geographic differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in sheep. However, molecular characterization studies of Cryptosporidium species in sheep have been carried out in only a few provinces in China, and the limited data available do not reflect the real situation. In this study, five districts, covering most areas where sheep are bred in China, were selected for examination of Cryptosporidium species, and Cryptosporidium infections were detected at all farms assessed, suggesting that Cryptosporidium is widespread in sheep in China. We also found geographic differences in the distribution of Cryptosporidium species but did not detect any differences between sheep age groups or seasons. Subtyping analyses showed that all of the subtypes identified in this study have been reported in humans, suggesting that sheep may be a potential source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Mu
- Jilin Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Yehua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|