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Gleave JA, Arathoon LR, Trinh D, Lizal KE, Giguère N, Barber JH, Najarali Z, Khan MH, Thiele SL, Semmen MS, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Eubanks JH, Trudeau LE, Nash JE. Sirtuin 3 rescues neurons through the stabilisation of mitochondrial biogenetics in the virally-expressing mutant α-synuclein rat model of parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:133-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Chwastek J, Jantas D, Lasoń W. The ATM kinase inhibitor KU-55933 provides neuroprotection against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage via a γH2AX/p-p53/caspase-3-independent mechanism: Inhibition of calpain and cathepsin D. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 87:38-53. [PMID: 28341201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of the kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a well-known protein engaged in DNA damage repair, in the regulation of neuronal responses to oxidative stress remains unexplored. Thus, the neuroprotective efficacy of KU-55933, a potent inhibitor of ATM, against cell damage evoked by oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) has been studied in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and compared with the efficacy of this agent in models of doxorubicin (Dox)- and staurosporine (St)-evoked cell death. KU-55933 inhibited the cell death induced by H2O2 or Dox but not by St in undifferentiated (UN-) and retinoic acid-differentiated (RA)-SH-SY5Y cells, with a more pronounced effect in the latter cell phenotype. Furthermore, this ATM inhibitor attenuated the Dox- but not H2O2-induced caspase-3 activity in both UN- and RA-SH-SY5Y cells. Although KU-55933 inhibited the H2O2- and Dox-induced activation of ATM, it attenuated the toxin-induced phosphorylation of the proteins H2AX and p53 only in the latter model of cell damage. Moreover, the ATM inhibitor prevented the H2O2-evoked increases in calpain and cathepsin D activity and attenuated cell damage to a similar degree as inhibitors of calpain (MDL28170) and cathepsin D (pepstatin A). Finally, we confirmed the neuroprotective potential of KU-55933 against the H2O2- and Dox-evoked cell damage in primary mouse cerebellar granule cells and in the mouse hippocampal HT-22 cell line. Altogether, our results extend the neuroprotective portfolio of KU-55933 to a model of oxidative stress, with this effect not involving inhibition of the γH2AX/p-p53/caspase-3 pathway and instead associated with the attenuation of calpain and cathepsin D activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Chwastek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Jantas
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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Chondrogianni N, Voutetakis K, Kapetanou M, Delitsikou V, Papaevgeniou N, Sakellari M, Lefaki M, Filippopoulou K, Gonos ES. Proteasome activation: An innovative promising approach for delaying aging and retarding age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:37-55. [PMID: 25540941 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process accompanied by a progressive accumulation of damage in all constituent macromolecules (nucleic acids, lipids and proteins). Accumulation of damage in proteins leads to failure of proteostasis (or vice versa) due to increased levels of unfolded, misfolded or aggregated proteins and, in turn, to aging and/or age-related diseases. The major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, have been shown to dysfunction during aging and age-related diseases. Regarding the proteasome, it is well established that it can be activated either through genetic manipulation or through treatment with natural or chemical compounds that eventually result to extension of lifespan or deceleration of the progression of age-related diseases. This review article focuses on proteasome activation studies in several species and cellular models and their effects on aging and longevity. Moreover, it summarizes findings regarding proteasome activation in the major age-related diseases as well as in progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Chondrogianni
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Voutetakis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Delitsikou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianthi Sakellari
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece; Örebro University, Medical School, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Lefaki
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Filippopoulou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece; Örebro University, Medical School, Örebro, Sweden.
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Gleave JA, Perri PD, Nash JE. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a possible target for neuroprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cunha MP, Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Romero A, Egea J, Ludka FK, Tasca CI, Farina M, Rodrigues ALS, López MG. Both creatine and its product phosphocreatine reduce oxidative stress and afford neuroprotection in an in vitro Parkinson's model. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:1759091414554945. [PMID: 25424428 PMCID: PMC4357608 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414554945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is the substrate for creatine kinase in the synthesis of phosphocreatine (PCr). This energetic system is endowed of antioxidant and neuroprotective properties and plays a pivotal role in brain energy homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of creatine and PCr against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in rat striatal slices, used as an in vitro Parkinson's model. The possible involvement of the signaling pathway mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) was also evaluated. Exposure of striatal slices to 6-OHDA caused a significant disruption of the cellular homeostasis measured as 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide reduction, lactate dehydrogenase release, and tyrosine hydroxylase levels. 6-OHDA exposure increased the levels of reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in rat striatal slices. Furthermore, 6-OHDA decreased the phosphorylation of Akt (Serine(473)) and GSK3β (Serine(9)). Coincubation with 6-OHDA and creatine or PCr reduced the effects of 6-OHDA toxicity. The protective effect afforded by creatine or PCr against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity was reversed by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In conclusion, creatine and PCr minimize oxidative stress in striatum to afford neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Peña Cunha
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria D Martín-de-Saavedra
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiana K Ludka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Department of Pharmacy, Universidade do Contestado, Canoinhas, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Manuela G López
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Leskiewicz M, Jantas D, Regulska M, Kaczanowska J, Basta-Kaim A, Budziszewska B, Kubera M, Lason W. Antidepressants attenuate the dexamethasone-induced decrease in viability and proliferation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: A involvement of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Neurochem Int 2013; 63:354-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Protective effect of creatine against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: Involvement of intracellular signaling pathways. Neuroscience 2013; 238:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jantas D, Roman A, Kuśmierczyk J, Lorenc-Koci E, Konieczny J, Lenda T, Lasoń W. The extent of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in two chemical in vitro models related to Parkinson's disease is critically dependent on cell culture conditions. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:41-54. [PMID: 23307753 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease. The main aim of this study was to assess how particular culture conditions of human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells could affect the extent of neurodegeneration induced by proteasome inhibitor-lactacystin (LC) and mitochondrial toxin-rotenone (Rot). This study revealed that induction of neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells with retinoic acid (RA-SH-SY5Y) caused a higher resistance of these cells to LC-evoked cell death when compared to undifferentiated cells (UN-SH-SY5Y). In contrast, RA-SH-SY5Y cells were more vulnerable than the UN-SH-SY5Y to Rot-induced cell damage. Furthermore, we found that a prolonged incubation of the cells under low serum condition (PLSC) significantly increased the LC toxicity in both differentiated and undifferentiated cells. Next, the effects of combined treatment with LC and Rot on cell viability were studied in RA-SH-SY5Y cells under PLSC and normal low serum condition (NLSC). At a low concentration, Rot (0.001-1 μM) attenuated the LC-evoked cell death in RA-SH-SY5Y cells exposed to NLSC. In contrast, under PLSC low concentrations of Rot lacked neuroprotective action while its higher levels (10 μM) enhanced the LC toxicity. Further, we showed that low concentrations of celastrol (Cel; 0.001 μM), a putative neuroprotective agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were able to partially attenuate the Rot-evoked toxicity under both PLSC and NLSC. On the other hand, Cel (0.001 and 0.01 μM) attenuated the LC-induced cell damage only under PLSC. Interestingly, higher concentrations of Cel (>1 μM) reduced cell viability in both UN- and RA-SH-SY5Y but only in UN-SH-SY5Y cells the effect was enhanced under PLSC. The obtained data indicate that toxicity of LC and Rot in SH-SY5Y cell line depends on the stage of cell differentiation and is enhanced in cells cultured for a longer time in low serum medium. Moreover, the neuroprotective properties of Rot and Cel against the LC-induced cell damage can be observed only under particular low serum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Evidence for synergism between cell death mechanisms in a cellular model of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res 2012; 22:355-64. [PMID: 22528248 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Delineation of how cell death mechanisms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) interact and whether they converge would help identify targets for neuroprotective therapies. The purpose of this study was to use a cellular model to address these issues. Catecholaminergic SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to a range of compounds (dopamine, rotenone, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphtho-107 quinone [naphthazarin], and Z-Ile-Glu(OBut)-Ala-Leu-al [PSI]) that are neurotoxic when applied to these cells for extended periods of times at specific concentrations. At the concentrations used, these compounds cause cellular stress via mechanisms that mimic those associated with causing neurodegeneration in PD, namely oxidative stress (dopamine), mitochondrial dysfunction (rotenone), lysosomal dysfunction (naphthazarin), and proteasomal dysfunction (PSI). The compounds were applied to the SH-SY5Y cells either alone or in pairs. When applied separately, the compounds produced a significant decrease in cell viability confirming that oxidative stress, mitochondrial, proteosomal, or lysosomal dysfunction can individually result in catecholaminergic cell death. When the compounds were applied in pairs, some of the combinations produced synergistic effects. Analysis of these interactions indicates that proteasomal, lysosomal, and mitochondrial dysfunction is exacerbated by dopamine-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, inhibition of the proteasome or lysosome or increasing oxidative stress has a synergistic effect on cell viability when combined with mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that all cell death mechanisms impair mitochondrial function. Finally, we show that there are reciprocal relationships between oxidative stress, proteasomal dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas lysosome dysfunction appears to mediate cell death via an independent pathway. Given the highly interactive nature of the various cell death mechanisms linked with PD, we predict that effective neuroprotective strategies should target multiple sites in these pathways, for example oxidative stress and mitochondria.
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Choi SY, Son TG, Park HR, Jang YJ, Oh SB, Jin B, Lee J. Naphthazarin has a protective effect on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease model. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1842-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Sun Y, Yu P, Zhang G, Wang L, Zhong H, Zhai Z, Wang L, Wang Y. Therapeutic effects of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone in rat ischemic stroke models. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1662-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Atamna H, Mackey J, Dhahbi JM. Mitochondrial pharmacology: electron transport chain bypass as strategies to treat mitochondrial dysfunction. Biofactors 2012; 38:158-66. [PMID: 22419586 PMCID: PMC4299858 DOI: 10.1002/biof.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction (primary or secondary) is detrimental to intermediary metabolism. Therapeutic strategies to treat/prevent mitochondrial dysfunction could be valuable for managing metabolic and age-related disorders. Here, we review strategies proposed to treat mitochondrial impairment. We then concentrate on redox-active agents, with mild-redox potential, who shuttle electrons among specific cytosolic or mitochondrial redox-centers. We propose that specific redox agents with mild redox potential (-0.1 V; 0.1 V) improve mitochondrial function because they can readily donate or accept electrons in biological systems, thus they enhance metabolic activity and prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These agents are likely to lack toxic effects because they lack the risk of inhibiting electron transfer in redox centers. This is different from redox agents with strong negative (-0.4 V; -0.2 V) or positive (0.2 V; 0.4 V) redox potentials who alter the redox status of redox-centers (i.e., become permanently reduced or oxidized). This view has been demonstrated by testing the effect of several redox active agents on cellular senescence. Methylene blue (MB, redox potential ≅10 mV) appears to readily cycle between the oxidized and reduced forms using specific mitochondrial and cytosolic redox centers. MB is most effective in delaying cell senescence and enhancing mitochondrial function in vivo and in vitro. Mild-redox agents can alter the biochemical activity of specific mitochondrial components, which then in response alters the expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. We present the concept of mitochondrial electron-carrier bypass as a potential result of mild-redox agents, a method to prevent ROS production, improve mitochondrial function, and delay cellular aging. Thus, mild-redox agents may prevent/delay mitochondria-driven disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Atamna
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neuroscience, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA 18509, USA.
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Hunsaker MR. Comprehensive neurocognitive endophenotyping strategies for mouse models of genetic disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:220-41. [PMID: 22266125 PMCID: PMC3289520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for refinement of the current behavioral phenotyping methods for mouse models of genetic disorders. The current approach is to perform a behavioral screen using standardized tasks to define a broad phenotype of the model. This phenotype is then compared to what is known concerning the disorder being modeled. The weakness inherent in this approach is twofold: First, the tasks that make up these standard behavioral screens do not model specific behaviors associated with a given genetic mutation but rather phenotypes affected in various genetic disorders; secondly, these behavioral tasks are insufficiently sensitive to identify subtle phenotypes. An alternate phenotyping strategy is to determine the core behavioral phenotypes of the genetic disorder being studied and develop behavioral tasks to evaluate specific hypotheses concerning the behavioral consequences of the genetic mutation. This approach emphasizes direct comparisons between the mouse and human that facilitate the development of neurobehavioral biomarkers or quantitative outcome measures for studies of genetic disorders across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hunsaker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Armentero MT, Pinna A, Ferré S, Lanciego JL, Müller CE, Franco R. Past, present and future of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:280-99. [PMID: 21810444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several selective antagonists for adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) are currently under evaluation in clinical trials (phases I to III) to treat Parkinson's disease, and they will probably soon reach the market. The usefulness of these antagonists has been deduced from studies demonstrating functional interactions between dopamine D₂ and adenosine A(2A) receptors in the basal ganglia. At present it is believed that A(2A)R antagonists can be used in combination with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA to minimize the motor symptoms of Parkinson's patients. However, a considerable body of data indicates that in addition to ameliorating motor symptoms, adenosine A(2A)R antagonists may also prevent neurodegeneration. Despite these promising indications, one further issue must be considered in order to develop fully optimized antiparkinsonian drug therapy, namely the existence of (hetero)dimers/oligomers of G protein-coupled receptors, a topic that is currently the focus of intense debate within the scientific community. Dopamine D₂ receptors (D₂Rs) expressed in the striatum are known to form heteromers with A(2A) adenosine receptors. Thus, the development of heteromer-specific A(2A) receptor antagonists represents a promising strategy for the identification of more selective and safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Therese Armentero
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Interdepartmental Research Centre for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS National Institute of Neurology "C. Mondino", Pavia, Italy
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Santos JM, Mohammad G, Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Diabetic retinopathy, superoxide damage and antioxidants. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 12:352-61. [PMID: 20939803 PMCID: PMC3214730 DOI: 10.2174/138920111794480507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinopathy, the leading cause of acquired blindness in young adults, is one of the most feared complications of diabetes, and hyperglycemia is considered as the major trigger for its development. The microvasculature of the retina is constantly bombarded by high glucose, and this insult results in many metabolic, structural and functional changes. Retinal mitochondria become dysfunctional, its DNA is damaged and proteins encoded by its DNA are decreased. The electron transport chain system becomes compromised, further producing superoxide and providing no relief to the retina from a continuous cycle of damage. Although the retina attempts to initiate repair mechanisms by inducing gene expressions of the repair enzymes, their mitochondrial accumulation remains deficient. Understanding the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial damage should help identify therapies to treat/retard this sight threatening complication of diabetes. Our hope is that if the retinal mitochondria are maintained healthy with adjunct therapies, the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Santos
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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