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Bownik A, Pawlik-Skowrońska B. Responses of RTgill-W1 cells to cyanobacterial metabolites microcystin-LR, anabaenopeptin-A, cylindrospermopsin, their binary and ternary mixtures. Toxicon 2024; 249:108059. [PMID: 39117156 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of cyanobacterial metabolites: microcystin-LR (MC-LR) anabaenopeptin-A (ANA-A), cylindrospermopsin (CYL), their binary and ternary mixtures on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill (RTgill-W1) cell line. We determined the following cell parameters: Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) double staining, intracellular ATP level with luminometric assay, glutathione level with ThiolTracker Violet®- glutathione detection reagent and cytoskeletal F-actin fluorescence. The results showed that although reduction of Hoechst fluorescence was observed in both binary and ternary combinations of cyanobacterial metabolites, the mixture of MC-LR+ANA-A+CYL was the most potent inhibitor (EC50=148 nM). PI fluorescence and ATP levels were more increased in the cells exposed to the mixtures than those exposed to the individual metabolites with synergistic toxic changes suggesting apoptosis as the mechanism of cell death. Reduced glutathione level was also decreased in cells exposed both to single metabolites and their mixtures with the highest decrease and synergistic effects at 334 nM MC-LR+334 nM ANA-A+ 334 nM CYL suggesting induction oxidative stress by the tested compounds. Reduction of F-actin fluorescence was found in the cells from all of the groups exposed to individual metabolites and their mixtures, however the highest level of inhibition showed the binary MC-LR+CYL and the ternary MC-LR+ANA-A+CYL with synergistic interactions. The study suggests that in natural conditions fish gill cells may be very sensitive to individual cyanobacterial metabolites and more prone to their binary and ternary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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Lu YC, Chiang CY, Chen SP, Hsu YW, Chen WY, Chen CJ, Kuan YH, Wu SW. Chlorpyrifos-induced suppression of the antioxidative defense system leads to cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104468. [PMID: 38759849 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, widely used for pest control, is known to have various harmful effects, although its toxic effects in macrophages and the mechanisms underlying its toxicity remain unclear. The present study investigated the toxic effects of chlorypyrifos in a macrophage cell line. Here, we found that chlorpyrifos induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, chlorpyrifos induced intracellular ROS production, subsequently leading to lipid peroxidation. Chlorpyrifos reduced the activation of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Chlorpyrifos upregulated HO-1 expression and activated the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, as indicated by enhanced Nrf2 phosphorylation and Keap1 degradation. Chlorpyrifos exerted effects on the following in a dose-dependent manner: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, intracellular ROS production, antioxidative enzyme activity reduction, HO-1 expression, Nrf2 phosphorylation, and Keap1 degradation. Notably, N-acetyl-L-cysteine successfully inhibited chlorpyrifos-induced intracellular ROS generation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Thus, chlorpyrifos may induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity by promoting intracellular ROS production and suppressing the antioxidative defense system activation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Che Lu
- Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Yu Chiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Sheng-Wen Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Sawicki K, Matysiak-Kucharek M, Kruszewski M, Wojtyła-Buciora P, Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Influence of chlorpyrifos exposure on UVB irradiation induced toxicity in human skin cells. J Occup Med Toxicol 2023; 18:23. [PMID: 37803377 PMCID: PMC10559529 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-023-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chlorpyrifos (CPS) has been banned in many developed countries, it still remains one of the best-selling pesticides in the world. Widespread environmental and occupational exposure to CPS pose a serious risk to human health. Another environmental factor that can adversely affect human health is ultraviolet radiation B (UVB, 280-315 nm wave length). Here we attempt determine if exposure to CPS can modify toxic effects of UVB. Such situation might be a common phenomenon in agriculture workers, where exposure to both factors takes place. METHODS Two skin cell lines; namely human immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT and BJ human fibroblasts were used in this study. Cytotoxicity was investigated using a cell membrane damage detection assay (LDH Cytotoxicity Assay), a DNA damage detection assay (Comet Assay), an apoptosis induction detection assay (Apo-ONE Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay) and a cell reactive oxygen species detection assay (ROS-Glo H2O2 assay). Cytokine IL-6 production was also measured in cells using an ELISA IL-6 Assay. RESULTS Pre-incubation of skin cells with CPS significantly increased UVB-induced toxicity at the highest UVB doses (15 and 20 mJ/cm2). Also pre-exposure of BJ cells to CPS significantly increased the level of DNA damage, except for 20 mJ/cm2 UVB. In contrast, pre-exposure of HaCaT cells, to CPS prior to UVB radiation did not cause any significant changes. A decrease in caspase 3/7 activity was observed in HaCaT cells pre-exposed to 250 µM CPS and 5 mJ/cm2 UVB. Meanwhile, no statistically significant changes were observed in fibroblasts. In HaCaT cells, pre-exposure to CPS resulted in a statistically significant increase in ROS production. Also, in BJ cells, similar results were obtained except for 20 mJ/cm2. Interestingly, CPS seems to inhibited IL-6 production in HaCaT and BJ cells exposed to UVB (in the case of HaCaT cells for all UVB doses, while for BJ cells only at 15 and 20 mJ/cm2). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present study indicates that CPS may contribute to the increased UVB-induced toxicity in skin cells, which was likely due to the induction of ROS formation along with the generation of DNA damage. However, further studies are required to gain better understanding of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sawicki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin, 20-090, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Matysiak-Kucharek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin, 20-090, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin, 20-090, Poland
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, Lublin, 20-090, Poland.
- World Institute for Family Health, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland.
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Li W, Ehrich M. Effect of chlorpyrifos on VEGF gene expression. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110573. [PMID: 37263558 PMCID: PMC10527174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF; 0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)-phosphorothioate), a cholinesterase inhibitor, compromised the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when used at low concentrations during our previous experiments in vitro. To determine if BBB leakage would also occur in vivo, we used FITC-dextrans to evaluate BBB permeability in CPF-dosed mice. Results indicated BBB leakages that were evident at 2 h after treatment with 70 mg/kg CPF ip. Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent vasopermeability factor, is a signaling protein that promotes the growth of new blood vessels, we investigated the possible involvement of VEGF in BBB disruption by CPF. We found that VEGF serum concentration was significantly increased at 24 h after CPF exposure. To further explore VEGF involving BBB disruption by CPF treatment, the receptor antagonist for VEGF (sFlt-1) was used for pretreatment before CPF exposure. After sFlt-1 pretreatment, gene expressions of the tight junction (TJ) proteins claudin5 and occludin were significantly downregulated at 1, 2, and 3 h, but returned to control levels at 24 h after CPF treatment. These results suggest that VEGF is involved in BBB disruption by CPF through BBB-TJs regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marion Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Ruiz-Arias MA, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Barrón-Vivanco BS, González-Arias CA, Romero-Bañuelos CA, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Herrera-Moreno JF, Ponce-Vélez G, Gaspar-Ramírez O, Bastidas-Bastidas PDJ, González FB, Rojas-García AE. The situation of chlorpyrifos in Mexico: a case study in environmental samples and aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6323-6351. [PMID: 37301778 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used organophosphate pesticides. Because CPF was described as a toxic compound without safe levels of exposure for children, certain countries in Latin America and the European Union have banned or restricted its use; however, in Mexico it is used very frequently. The aim of this study was to describe the current situation of CPF in Mexico, as well as its use, commercialization, and presence in soil, water, and aquatic organisms in an agricultural region of Mexico. Structured questionnaires were applied to pesticide retailers to determine the sales pattern of CPF (ethyl and methyl); in addition, monthly censuses were conducted with empty pesticide containers to assess the CPF pattern of use. Furthermore, samples of soil (48 samples), water (51 samples), and fish (31 samples) were collected, which were analyzed chromatographically. Descriptive statistics were performed. The results indicate that CPF was one of the most sold (3.82%) and employed OP (14.74%) during 2021. Only one soil sample was found above the CPF limit of quantification (LOQ); in contrast, all water samples had CPF levels above the LOQ (x̄ = 4614.2 ng/L of CPF). In the case of fish samples, 6.45% demonstrated the presence of methyl-CPF. In conclusion, the information obtained in this study indicates the need for constant monitoring in the area, since the presence of CPF in soil, water, and fish constitutes a threat to the health of wildlife and humans. Therefore, CPF should be banned in Mexico to avoid a serious neurocognitive health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias. Área de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Unidad Académica de Agricultura. Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, C.P. 63780, Xalisco, Nayarit, México
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Carlos Alberto Romero-Bañuelos
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt
- Unidad Especializada de Ciencias Ambientales, CENITT, Av. Emilio M. González S/N, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Tepic, Nayarit, C.P. 63173, México
| | - José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Guadalupe Ponce-Vélez
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, Cd. de México, México
| | - Octavio Gaspar-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Unidad Noreste (CIATEJ), Apodaca, N.L, C.P. 66629, Mexico
| | - Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (Residuos de Plaguicidas), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación Y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Unidad Culiacán, C.P. 80110, Mexico
| | - Fernando Bejarano González
- Red de Acción Sobre Plaguicidas y Alternativas en México, A. C. (RAPAM), Amado Nervo 23, Int. 3, Col. San Juanito, C.P. 56121, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura S/N. Col. Centro, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, México.
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Jacques MT, Soares MV, Farina M, Bornhorst J, Schwerdtle T, Ávila DS. Impaired Physiological Responses and Neurotoxicity Induced by a Chlorpyrifos-Based Formulation in Caenorhabditis elegans are not Solely Dependent on the Active Ingredient. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023:104196. [PMID: 37354962 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The current massive and indiscriminate agrochemicals usage, which is inexorably linked to the toxic consequences to the environment and people, represents a great concern. Our work aimed to compare the toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in its pure form (CPF) with that of a commercial formulation containing allegedly inert ingredients (CBCF) using Caenorhabditis elegans as in vivo model. After a 48h exposure period, CBCF was 14 times more lethal than CPF; Hatching, brood size, body length and motor-related behavioral parameters were decreased, but these effects were significantly higher in CBCF-exposed worms. Additionally, CBCF induced significant morphological changes in cholinergic neurons, which are associated with the motor-related behavioral parameters. Finally, by analyzing the CBCF, were detected the presence of potentially-toxic metals that were not specified in the label. The presented results highlight the toxicological relevance of components present in the commercial formulations of pesticides, which have been claimed as inert compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tavares Jacques
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Neuroprotection Experimental, Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal; Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Herianto S, Arcega RD, Hou CY, Chao HR, Lee CC, Lin CM, Mahmudiono T, Chen HL. Chemical decontamination of foods using non-thermal plasma-activated water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162235. [PMID: 36791866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of chemical contaminants in foods and agricultural products is one of the major safety issues worldwide, posing a serious concern to human health. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) containing richly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) has been trialed as a potential decontamination method. Yet, this technology comes with multiple downsides, including adverse effects on the quality of treated foods and limited exposure to entire surfaces on samples with hard-to-reach spots, further hindering real-life applications. Therefore, plasma-activated water (PAW) has been recently developed to facilitate the interactions between RONS and contaminant molecules in the liquid phase, allowing a whole surface treatment with efficient chemical degradation. Here, we review the recent advances in PAW utilized as a chemical decontamination agent in foods. The reaction mechanisms and the main RONS contributors involved in the PAW-assisted removal of chemical contaminants are briefly outlined. Also, the comprehensive effects of these treatments on food qualities (chemical and physical characteristics) and toxicological evaluation of PAW (in vitro and in vivo) are thoroughly discussed. Ultimately, we identified some current challenges and provided relevant suggestions, which can further promote PAW research for real-life applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herianto
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry (Chemical Biology Division), College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Rachelle D Arcega
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Lin
- Department of Seafood Science, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
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8
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Lin JW, Fu SC, Liu JM, Liu SH, Lee KI, Fang KM, Hsu RJ, Huang CF, Liu KM, Chang KC, Su CC, Chen YW. Chlorpyrifos induces neuronal cell death via both oxidative stress and Akt activation downstream-regulated CHOP-triggered apoptotic pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nandi NK, Vyas A, Akhtar MJ, Kumar B. The growing concern of chlorpyrifos exposures on human and environmental health. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 185:105138. [PMID: 35772841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) and its highly electrophilic intermediates are principal toxic metabolites. The active form of CP i.e. chlorpyrifos oxon (CP-oxon) is responsible for both the insecticidal activity and is also of greater risk when present in the atmosphere. Thus, the combined effects of both CP, CP-oxan, and other metabolites enhance our understanding of the safety and risk of the insecticide CP. They cause major toxicities such as AChE inhibition, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption. Further, it can have adverse hematological, musculoskeletal, renal, ocular, and dermal effects. Excessive use of this compound results in poisoning and potentially kills a non-target species upon exposure including humans. Several examples of reactive metabolites toxicities on plants, aquatic life, and soil are presented herein. The review covers the general overview on reactive metabolites of CP, chemistry and their mechanism through toxic effects on humans as well as on the environment. Considerable progress has been made in the replacement or alternative to CP. The different strategies including antidote mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of CP poisoning are discussed in this review. The approach analyses also the active metabolites for the pesticide activity and thus it becomes more important to know the pesticide and toxicity dose of CP as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Kumar Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Akshun Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
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A bioinformatics framework for targeted gene expression assay design: Application to in vitro developmental neurotoxicity screening in a rat model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105211. [PMID: 35724854 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain development involves a series of intricately choreographed neuronal differentiation and maturation steps that are acutely vulnerable to interferences from chemical exposures. Many genes involved in neurodevelopmental processes show evolutionarily conserved expression patterns in mammals and may constitute useful indicators/biomarkers for the evaluation of potential developmental neurotoxicity. Based on these premises, this study developed a bioinformatics framework to guide the design of a gene expression-based in vitro developmental neurotoxicity assay targeting evolutionary conserved genes associated with neuronal differentiation and maturation in rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). Rat, mouse and human genes involved in neurodevelopment and presenting one-to-one orthology were selected and orthologous exons within these genes were identified. PCR primer sets were designed within these orthologous exons and their specificity was evaluated in silico. The performance and specificity of rat, mouse and human PCR primer sets were then confirmed experimentally. Finally, RT-qPCR analyses in CGCs exposed in vitro to well-known neurotoxicants (Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos oxon) uncovered perturbations of expression levels for most of the selected genes. This bioinformatics framework for gene and target sequence selection may facilitate the identification of transcriptional biomarkers for developmental neurotoxicity assays and the comparison of gene expression data across experimental models from different mammalian species.
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Biocide vs. Eco-Friendly Antifoulants: Role of the Antioxidative Defence and Settlement in Mytilus galloprovincialis. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antifoulant paints were developed to prevent and reduce biofouling on surfaces immersed in seawater. The widespread use of these substances over the years has led to a significant increase of their presence in the marine environment. These compounds were identified as environmental and human threats. As a result of an international ban, research in the last decade has focused on developing a new generation of benign antifoulant paints. This review outlines the detrimental effects associated with biocide versus eco-friendly antifoulants, highlighting what are effective antifoulants and why there is a need to monitor them. We examine the effects of biocide and eco-friendly antifoulants on the antioxidative defence mechanism and settlement in a higher sessile organism, specifically the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. These antifoulants can indirectly assess the potential of these two parameters in order to outline implementation of sustainable antifoulants.
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Zhang W, Fan R, Luo S, Jin Y, Li Y, Xiong M, Yuan X, Jia L, Chen Y. Antagonistic effects and mechanisms of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos on the neurobehavior of larval zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133522. [PMID: 34995633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Residues from multiple pesticides are frequently detected on vegetables, which may produce combined toxicity not predicted by individual toxicity data. As these combined effects present additional dangers to food safety, we have compared individual to combined effects for a variety of pesticides. Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos are the two most commonly detected pesticides in vegetables, and previous studies reported that combined exposure results in synergistic developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos. In this study, individual and combined effects on zebrafish motor activity were examined following individual and combined exposure to assess nervous system toxicity. Further, transcriptomics methods were used to identify potential molecular mechanisms for individual and combined toxicity. Carbendazim alone induced a disorganized swim pattern characterized by increased angular velocity, turn angle, meander, and acceleration during light-dark transition, while chlorpyrifos alone reduced average swim speed and light-dark acceleration. Combined treatment significantly reduced average swim velocity and total distance traveled. Combination indices indicated strong antagonism between compounds for average speed and light-dark acceleration. Transcriptomics (RNA-seq) showed that carbendazim significantly altered the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism, including ctslb, cyp7a1, hsp70l, and ugt1a1. Alternatively, chlorpyrifos significantly altered genes involved in various nervous system-related pathways, including glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and calcium signaling. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis suggested that chlorpyrifos significantly downregulated genes related to light transduction, resulting in decreased sensitivity to light-dark transitions, while antagonism mainly reflected divergent effects on phototransduction and retinol metabolism. Carbendazim had no significant effects on vision-related genes such as gnat1 and gngt1, while chlorpyrifos downregulated expression, an effect reversed by the combination. Comprehensive toxicity analyses must include joint effects of co-applied pesticides for enhanced food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongpeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengqin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China; School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China
| | - Li Jia
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
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Miao Z, Miao Z, Teng X, Xu S. Chlorpyrifos triggers epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell pyroptosis via miR-124-3p/CAPN1 axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127318. [PMID: 34879549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used organophosphorus pesticide has caused water pollution, threatening aquatic organisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) highly conserved noncoding RNAs, that regulate various cell death processes, including pyroptosis. To investigate the effect of CPF exposure on epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell pyroptosis and the role of the miR-124-3p/CAPN1 axis, we established miR-124 overexpression and inhibition EPC cell models of CPF exposure. The target of the miR-124-3p/CAPN1 axis was primarily confirmed by the double luciferase reporter assay. Pyroptosis was demonstrated to occur in CPF-exposed EPC cells and was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential depletion, ROS level elevation and pyroptotic indicator expression upregulation. PD150606 was supplied as a CAPN1 inhibitor, alleviating CPF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and alleviating the increased expression of NLRP3, CASP1, IL1β and GSDMD. In conclusion, CPF induces pyroptosis by regulating the miR-124-3p/CAPN1 axis. This study enriches the cytotoxicity study of CPF, and provides new theoretical fundamentals for exploration of miRNA and its target protein response to water contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiruo Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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He X, Tu Y, Song Y, Yang G, You M. The relationship between pesticide exposure during critical neurodevelopment and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111902. [PMID: 34416252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides have been one of the most extensively used compounds throughout the world. The main sources of contamination for humans are dietary intake and occupational exposure. The impairments caused by agricultural pesticide exposure have been a significant global public health problem. Recent studies have shown that low-level agricultural pesticide exposure during the critical period of neurodevelopment (pregnancy and lactation) is closely related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, gut microbiota, neural dendrite morphology, synaptic function, and glial cells are targets for the effects of pesticides during nervous system development. In the present review, we summarize the associations between several highly used and frequently studied pesticides (e.g., glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids, and avermectins) and ASD. We also discusse future epidemiological and toxicological research directions on the relationship between pesticides and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu He
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Ying Tu
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Yawen Song
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China
| | - Guanghong Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, PR China.
| | - Mingdan You
- School of Public Heath, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, PR China.
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Ismail AA, Hendy O, Abdel Rasoul G, Olson JR, Bonner MR, Rohlman DS. Acute and Cumulative Effects of Repeated Exposure to Chlorpyrifos on the Liver and Kidney Function among Egyptian Adolescents. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9060137. [PMID: 34200920 PMCID: PMC8230541 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of research that tracks changes in liver and kidney function among pesticide applicators. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of repeated seasonal exposure to the organophosphorus pesticide, chlorpyrifos, on serum measures of liver and kidney function. METHODS Pesticide exposure was assessed by measuring the urinary concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2 pyridinol (TCPy), a specific biomarker for chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos exposure and 8 serum markers of liver and kidney function were measured at 15 timepoints over 3 years prior to, during, and following the end of seasonal pesticide application among adolescent applicators and non-applicators from 4 field stations in Menoufia, Egypt. RESULTS Urinary TCPy levels showed increases during the application cycles and recovery at the end of each application season. Altered serum markers of liver and kidney function were associated with chlorpyrifos exposure, with some markers recovering 3 months after the end of exposure each year, while other measures demonstrated progressive increase up to 300% the baseline levels at the end of 3 years. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that frequent assessment of liver and kidney function is a sound practice to evaluate cellular injury following chronic repeated occupational and environmental exposure to chlorpyrifos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ismail
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Community Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom 32511, Egypt;
- Kansas Department of Health and Environment, State of Kansas, Topeka, KS 66612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-594-0713
| | - Olfat Hendy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Gaafar Abdel Rasoul
- Community Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom 32511, Egypt;
| | - James R. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (J.R.O.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Matthew R. Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; (J.R.O.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
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Zhao G, Zhou B, Wang X, Shen J, Zhao B. Detection of organophosphorus pesticides by nanogold/mercaptomethamidophos multi-residue electrochemical biosensor. Food Chem 2021; 354:129511. [PMID: 33735695 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on the successful synthesis of mercaptomethamidophos as a substrate, a novel nanogold/mercaptomethamidophos multi-residue electrochemical biosensor was designed and fabricated by combining nanoscale effect, strong Au-S bonds as well as interaction between acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and mercaptomethamidophos, which can simultaneously detect 11 kinds of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and total amount of OPPs using indirect competitive method. Electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode was characterized by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The AChE concentration and incubation time were optimized at 37.4 °C to achieve the best detection effect. This biosensor exhibits excellent electrochemical properties with a wider linear range of 0.1 ~ 1500 ng·mL-1, lower detection limit of 0.019 ~ 0.077 ng·mL-1, better stability and repeatability, which realizes the rapid detection of total amount of OPPs, and can simultaneously detect a large class of OPPs rather than one kind of OPP. Two OPPs (trichlorfon, dichlorvos) were detected in actual samples of apple and cabbage and achieved satisfactory test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China.
| | - Binhua Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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