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Kim J, Lee SJ. Digital in-line holographic microscopy for label-free identification and tracking of biological cells. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:38. [PMID: 38867274 PMCID: PMC11170804 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) is a non-invasive, real-time, label-free technique that captures three-dimensional (3D) positional, orientational, and morphological information from digital holographic images of living biological cells. Unlike conventional microscopies, the DIHM technique enables precise measurements of dynamic behaviors exhibited by living cells within a 3D volume. This review outlines the fundamental principles and comprehensive digital image processing procedures employed in DIHM-based cell tracking methods. In addition, recent applications of DIHM technique for label-free identification and digital tracking of various motile biological cells, including human blood cells, spermatozoa, diseased cells, and unicellular microorganisms, are thoroughly examined. Leveraging artificial intelligence has significantly enhanced both the speed and accuracy of digital image processing for cell tracking and identification. The quantitative data on cell morphology and dynamics captured by DIHM can effectively elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing various microbial behaviors and contribute to the accumulation of diagnostic databases and the development of clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Knüppel F, Sun A, Wurm FH, Hussong J, Torner B. Effect of Particle Migration on the Stress Field in Microfluidic Flows of Blood Analog Fluids at High Reynolds Numbers. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1494. [PMID: 37630030 PMCID: PMC10456677 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we investigate how the reductions in shear stresses and pressure losses in microfluidic gaps are directly linked to the local characteristics of cell-free layers (CFLs) at channel Reynolds numbers relevant to ventricular assist device (VAD) applications. For this, detailed studies of local particle distributions of a particulate blood analog fluid are combined with wall shear stress and pressure loss measurements in two complementary set-ups with identical flow geometry, bulk Reynolds numbers and particle Reynolds numbers. For all investigated particle volume fractions of up to 5%, reductions in the stress and pressure loss were measured in comparison to a flow of an equivalent homogeneous fluid (without particles). We could explain this due to the formation of a CFL ranging from 10 to 20 μm. Variations in the channel Reynolds number between Re = 50 and 150 did not lead to measurable changes in CFL heights or stress reductions for all investigated particle volume fractions. These measurements were used to describe the complete chain of how CFL formation leads to a stress reduction, which reduces the apparent viscosity of the suspension and results in the Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect. This chain of causes was investigated for the first time for flows with high Reynolds numbers (Re∼100), representing a flow regime which can be found in the narrow gaps of a VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Knüppel
- Institute of Turbomachinery, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering and Ship Design, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (F.K.); (F.-H.W.)
| | - Ang Sun
- Institute for Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Frank-Hendrik Wurm
- Institute of Turbomachinery, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering and Ship Design, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (F.K.); (F.-H.W.)
| | - Jeanette Hussong
- Institute for Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Benjamin Torner
- Institute of Turbomachinery, Faculty for Mechanical Engineering and Ship Design, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany; (F.K.); (F.-H.W.)
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3
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Deng Z, Kondalkar VV, Cierpka C, Schmidt H, König J. From rectangular to diamond shape: on the three-dimensional and size-dependent transformation of patterns formed by single particles trapped in microfluidic acoustic tweezers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2154-2160. [PMID: 37013801 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the pattern formed by individual particles trapped inside a microfluidic chamber by a two-dimensional standing acoustic wave field has been considered only the result of the acoustic radiation force. Previous studies showed that particles can be trapped at the local minima and maxima of the first-order pressure and velocity fields. Thus, either a rectangular or a diamond pattern can be formed solely depending on the particle size, when the acoustic field is unchanged, and the material properties of the particles and the fluid are fixed. In this paper, we report about the co-existence of different patterns with particles of the same size. The actual shape of the patterns depends mainly on the ratio between particle diameter and wavelength. In addition, particles were found to be trapped at locations that coincide with the position of antinodes, even though the particles have a positive acoustic contrast factor. These phenomena imply that the trapping of individual particles cannot be described by the acoustic radiation force solely. Hence, further research is required, taking the viscous drag force caused by the fluid flow induced by the acoustic streaming effect into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Deng
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Vijay V Kondalkar
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christian Cierpka
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Hagen Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany.
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4
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Lammertse E, Koditala N, Sauzade M, Li H, Li Q, Anis L, Kong J, Brouzes E. Widely accessible method for 3D microflow mapping at high spatial and temporal resolutions. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:72. [PMID: 35782292 PMCID: PMC9246883 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microfluidic technologies rely on engineered 3D flow patterns to manipulate samples at the microscale. However, current methods for mapping flows only provide limited 3D and temporal resolutions or require highly specialized optical set-ups. Here, we present a simple defocusing approach based on brightfield microscopy and open-source software to map micro-flows in 3D at high spatial and temporal resolution. Our workflow is both integrated in ImageJ and modular. We track seed particles in 2D before classifying their Z-position using a reference library. We compare the performance of a traditional cross-correlation method and a deep learning model in performing the classification step. We validate our method on three highly relevant microfluidic examples: a channel step expansion and displacement structures as single-phase flow examples, and droplet microfluidics as a two-phase flow example. First, we elucidate how displacement structures efficiently shift large particles across streamlines. Second, we reveal novel recirculation structures and folding patterns in the internal flow of microfluidic droplets. Our simple and widely accessible brightfield technique generates high-resolution flow maps and it will address the increasing demand for controlling fluids at the microscale by supporting the efficient design of novel microfluidic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Lammertse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Nikhil Koditala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Martin Sauzade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Hongxiao Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Luc Anis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Jun Kong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Eric Brouzes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
- Institute for Engineering Driven Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
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5
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Kazoe Y, Shibata K, Kitamori T. Super-Resolution Defocusing Nanoparticle Image Velocimetry Utilizing Spherical Aberration for Nanochannel Flows. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13260-13267. [PMID: 34559530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding fluid flows and mass transport in nanospaces is becoming important with recent advances in nanofluidic analytical devices utilizing nanopores and nanochannels. In the present study, we developed a super-resolution and fast particle tracking method utilizing defocusing images with spherical aberration and demonstrated the measurement of nanochannel flow. Since the spherical aberration generates the defocusing nanoparticle image with diffraction rings, the position of fluorescent nanoparticles was determined from the radius of the diffraction ring. Effects of components of an optical system on the diffraction ring of the defocusing image were investigated and optimized to achieve the spatial resolution exceeding the optical diffraction limit. We found that there is an optimal magnitude of spherical aberration to enhance the spatial resolution. Furthermore, we confirmed that nanoparticles with diameters in the order of 101 nm, which is much smaller than the light wavelength, do not affect the defocusing images and the spatial resolution because such nanoparticles can be regarded as point light sources. At optimized conditions, we achieved a spatial resolution of 19 nm and a temporal resolution of 160 μs, which are sufficient for the nanochannel flow measurements. We succeeded in the measurement of pressure-driven flow in a nanochannel with a depth of 370 nm using 67 nm fluorescent nanoparticles. The measured nanoparticle velocities exhibited a parabolic flow profile with a slip velocity even at the hydrophilic glass surface but with an average velocity similar to the Hagen-Poiseuille law. The method will accelerate researches in the nanofluidics and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
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6
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Poologasundarampillai G, Haweet A, Jayash SN, Morgan G, Moore JE, Candeo A. Real-time imaging and analysis of cell-hydrogel interplay within an extrusion-bioprinting capillary. BIOPRINTING 2021; 23:e00144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
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7
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von Vietinghoff N, Lungrin W, Schulzke R, Tilly J, Agar DW. Photoelectric Sensor for Fast and Low-Priced Determination of Bi- and Triphasic Segmented Slug Flow Parameters. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20236948. [PMID: 33291856 PMCID: PMC7730377 DOI: 10.3390/s20236948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Applying multiphase systems in microreactors leads to an intensification of heat and mass transport. Critical aspects of the well-studied segmented slug-flow, such as bubble generation and pump control, can be automated, provided a robust sensor for the reliable determination of velocity, phase lengths, and phase ratio(s) is available. In this work, a fast and low-priced sensor is presented, based on two optical transmission sensors detecting flow characteristics noninvasively together with a microcontroller. The resulting signal is mainly due to refraction of the bubble-specific geometries as shown by a simulation of light paths. The high performance of the processing procedure, utilizing the derivative of the signal, is demonstrated for a bi- and triphasic slug flow. The error of <5% is entirely reasonable for the purpose envisaged. The sensor presented is very fast, robust, and inexpensive, thus enhancing the attractiveness of parallelized capillary reactors for industrial applications.
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8
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de Winter DAM, Weishaupt K, Scheller S, Frey S, Raoof A, Hassanizadeh SM, Helmig R. The Complexity of Porous Media Flow Characterized in a Microfluidic Model Based on Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Micro-PIV. Transp Porous Media 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-020-01515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, the complexity of a steady-state flow through porous media is revealed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Micro-particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) is applied to construct movies of colloidal particles. The calculated velocity vector fields from images are further utilized to obtain laminar flow streamlines. Fluid flow through a single straight channel is used to confirm that quantitative CLSM measurements can be conducted. Next, the coupling between the flow in a channel and the movement within an intersecting dead-end region is studied. Quantitative CLSM measurements confirm the numerically determined coupling parameter from earlier work of the authors. The fluid flow complexity is demonstrated using a porous medium consisting of a regular grid of pores in contact with a flowing fluid channel. The porous media structure was further used as the simulation domain for numerical modeling. Both the simulation, based on solving Stokes equations, and the experimental data show presence of non-trivial streamline trajectories across the pore structures. In view of the results, we argue that the hydrodynamic mixing is a combination of non-trivial streamline routing and Brownian motion by pore-scale diffusion. The results provide insight into challenges in upscaling hydrodynamic dispersion from pore scale to representative elementary volume (REV) scale. Furthermore, the successful quantitative validation of CLSM-based data from a microfluidic model fed by an electrical syringe pump provided a valuable benchmark for qualitative validation of computer simulation results.
Graphic Abstract
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9
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Daguerre H, Solsona M, Cottet J, Gauthier M, Renaud P, Bolopion A. Positional dependence of particles and cells in microfluidic electrical impedance flow cytometry: origin, challenges and opportunities. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3665-3689. [PMID: 32914827 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00616e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic electrical impedance flow cytometry is now a well-known and established method for single-cell analysis. Given the richness of the information provided by impedance measurements, this non-invasive and label-free approach can be used in a wide field of applications ranging from simple cell counting to disease diagnostics. One of its major limitations is the variation of the impedance signal with the position of the cell in the sensing area. Indeed, identical particles traveling along different trajectories do not result in the same data. The positional dependence can be considered as a challenge for the accuracy of microfluidic impedance cytometers. On the other hand, it has recently been regarded by several groups as an opportunity to estimate the position of particles in the microchannel and thus take a further step in the logic of integrating sensors in so-called "Lab-on-a-chip" devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physical grounds of the positional dependence of impedance measurements. Then, both the developed strategies to reduce position influence in impedance-based assays and the recent reported technologies exploiting that dependence for the integration of position detection in microfluidic devices are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Daguerre
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AS2M Department, 24 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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10
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Feld K, Kolborg AN, Nyborg CM, Salewski M, Steffensen JF, Berg-Sørensen K. Dermal Denticles of Three Slowly Swimming Shark Species: Microscopy and Flow Visualization. Biomimetics (Basel) 2019; 4:biomimetics4020038. [PMID: 31137624 PMCID: PMC6631580 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics4020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shark skin has for many years inspired engineers to produce biomimetic structures reducing surface drag or acting as an anti-fouling layer. Both effects are presumed to be consequences of the structure of shark skin that is composed of arrays of so-called dermal denticles. However, the understanding of the full functional role of the dermal denticles is still a topic of research. We report optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of dermal denticles from three slowly swimming shark species for which the functional role of the dermal denticles is suggested as one of defense (possibly understood as anti-fouling) and/or abrasion strength. The three species are Greenland shark (Somnosius microcephalus), small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Samples were taken at over 30 different positions on the bodies of the sharks. In addition, we demonstrate that the flow pattern near natural shark skin can be measured by micro-PIV (particle image velocimetry). The microfluidic experiments are complemented by numerical flow simulations. Both visualize unsteady flow, small eddies, and recirculation bubbles behind the natural dermal denticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Feld
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne Noer Kolborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Marie Nyborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mirko Salewski
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - John Fleng Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Kirstine Berg-Sørensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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11
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Reale R, De Ninno A, Businaro L, Bisegna P, Caselli F. High-throughput electrical position detection of single flowing particles/cells with non-spherical shape. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1818-1827. [PMID: 30997463 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an innovative impedance cytometer for the measurement of the cross-sectional position of single particles or cells flowing in a microchannel. As predicted by numerical simulations and experimentally validated, the proposed approach is applicable to particles/cells with either spherical or non-spherical shape. In particular, the optics-free high-throughput position detection of individual flowing red blood cells (RBCs) is demonstrated and applied to monitor RBCs hydrodynamic focusing under different sheath flow conditions. Moreover, the device provides multiparametric information useful for lab-on-a-chip applications, including particle inter-arrival times and velocity profile, as well as RBCs mean corpuscular volume, distribution width and electrical opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Reale
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Calibration Routine for Quantitative Three-Dimensional Flow Field Measurements in Drying Polymer Solutions Subject to Marangoni Convection. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface-tension induced flows may have a significant impact on the surface topography of thin films or small printed structures derived from polymer solution processing. Despite a century of research on Marangoni convection, the community lacks quantitative experimental flow field data, especially from within drying solutions. We utilize multifocal micro particle tracking velocimetry (µPTV) to obtain these data and show a calibration routine based on point spread function (PSF) simulations as well as experimental data. The results account for a varying sample refractive index, beneficial cover-glass correction collar settings as well as a multifocal lens system. Finally, the calibration procedure is utilized exemplarily to reconstruct a three-dimensional, transient flow field within a poly(vinyl acetate)-methanol solution dried with inhomogeneous boundary conditions.
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Collini M, Radaelli F, Sironi L, Ceffa NG, D’Alfonso L, Bouzin M, Chirico G. Adaptive optics microspectrometer for cross-correlation measurement of microfluidic flows. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-15. [PMID: 30816029 PMCID: PMC6987636 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.2.025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mapping flows in vivo is essential for the investigation of cardiovascular pathologies in animal models. The limitation of optical-based methods, such as space-time cross correlation, is the scattering of light by the connective and fat components and the direct wave front distortion by large inhomogeneities in the tissue. Nonlinear excitation of the sample fluorescence helps us by reducing light scattering in excitation. However, there is still a limitation on the signal-background due to the wave front distortion. We develop a diffractive optical microscope based on a single spatial light modulator (SLM) with no movable parts. We combine the correction of wave front distortions to the cross-correlation analysis of the flow dynamics. We use the SLM to shine arbitrary patterns of spots on the sample, to correct their optical aberrations, to shift the aberration corrected spot array on the sample for the collection of fluorescence images, and to measure flow velocities from the cross-correlation functions computed between couples of spots. The setup and the algorithms are tested on various microfluidic devices. By applying the adaptive optics correction algorithm, it is possible to increase up to 5 times the signal-to-background ratio and to reduce approximately of the same ratio the uncertainty of the flow speed measurement. By working on grids of spots, we can correct different aberrations in different portions of the field of view, a feature that allows for anisoplanatic aberrations correction. Finally, being more efficient in the excitation, we increase the accuracy of the speed measurement by employing a larger number of spots in the grid despite the fact that the two-photon excitation efficiency scales as the fourth power of this number: we achieve a twofold decrease of the uncertainty and a threefold increase of the accuracy in the evaluation of the flow speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Collini
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Nanomedicine Center, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Laura Sironi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolo G. Ceffa
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura D’Alfonso
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Nanomedicine Center, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Address all correspondence to Giuseppe Chirico, E-mail:
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14
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Zhou Y, Zammit P, Carles G, Harvey AR. Computational localization microscopy with extended axial range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:7563-7577. [PMID: 29609310 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.007563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new single-aperture 3D particle-localization and tracking technique is presented that demonstrates an increase in depth range by more than an order of magnitude without compromising optical resolution and throughput. We exploit the extended depth range and depth-dependent translation of an Airy-beam PSF for 3D localization over an extended volume in a single snapshot. The technique is applicable to all bright-field and fluorescence modalities for particle localization and tracking, ranging from super-resolution microscopy through to the tracking of fluorescent beads and endogenous particles within cells. We demonstrate and validate its application to real-time 3D velocity imaging of fluid flow in capillaries using fluorescent tracer beads. An axial localization precision of 50 nm was obtained over a depth range of 120μm using a 0.4NA, 20× microscope objective. We believe this to be the highest ratio of axial range-to-precision reported to date.
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15
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Ceffa NG, Bouzin M, D'Alfonso L, Sironi L, Marquezin CA, Auricchio F, Marconi S, Chirico G, Collini M. Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Analysis for 3D Flow Field Mapping in Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2277-2284. [PMID: 29266924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices reproducing 3D networks are particularly valuable for nanomedicine applications such as tissue engineering and active cell sorting. There is however a gap in the possibility to measure how the flow evolves in such 3D structures. We show here that it is possible to map 3D flows in complex microchannel networks by combining wide field illumination to image correlation approaches. For this purpose, we have derived the spatiotemporal image correlation analysis of time stacks of single-plane illumination microscopy images. From the detailed analytical and numerical analysis of the resulting model, we developed a fitting method that allows us to measure, besides the in-plane velocity, the out-of-plane velocity component down to vz ≅ 65 μm/s. We have applied this method successfully to the 3D reconstruction of flows in microchannel networks with planar and 3D ramifications. These different network architectures have been realized by exploiting the great prototyping ability of a 3D printer, whose precision can reach few tens of micrometers, coupled to poly dimethyl-siloxane soft-printing lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo' G Ceffa
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura D'Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cassia A Marquezin
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Goiás 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Pavia , 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Marconi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Pavia , 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.,CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.,CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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16
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von Diezmann A, Shechtman Y, Moerner WE. Three-Dimensional Localization of Single Molecules for Super-Resolution Imaging and Single-Particle Tracking. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7244-7275. [PMID: 28151646 PMCID: PMC5471132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and single-particle tracking are two imaging modalities that illuminate the properties of cells and materials on spatial scales down to tens of nanometers or with dynamical information about nanoscale particle motion in the millisecond range, respectively. These methods generally use wide-field microscopes and two-dimensional camera detectors to localize molecules to much higher precision than the diffraction limit. Given the limited total photons available from each single-molecule label, both modalities require careful mathematical analysis and image processing. Much more information can be obtained about the system under study by extending to three-dimensional (3D) single-molecule localization: without this capability, visualization of structures or motions extending in the axial direction can easily be missed or confused, compromising scientific understanding. A variety of methods for obtaining both 3D super-resolution images and 3D tracking information have been devised, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. These include imaging of multiple focal planes, point-spread-function engineering, and interferometric detection. These methods may be compared based on their ability to provide accurate and precise position information on single-molecule emitters with limited photons. To successfully apply and further develop these methods, it is essential to consider many practical concerns, including the effects of optical aberrations, field dependence in the imaging system, fluorophore labeling density, and registration between different color channels. Selected examples of 3D super-resolution imaging and tracking are described for illustration from a variety of biological contexts and with a variety of methods, demonstrating the power of 3D localization for understanding complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoav Shechtman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - W. E. Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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17
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Kiebert F, Wege S, Massing J, König J, Cierpka C, Weser R, Schmidt H. 3D measurement and simulation of surface acoustic wave driven fluid motion: a comparison. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2104-2114. [PMID: 28540945 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characterisation of the fluid motion induced by the acoustic streaming effect is of paramount interest for novel microfluidic devices based on surface acoustic waves (SAWs), e.g. for a detailed description of the achievable mixing efficiency and thus the design of such devices. Here, we present for the first time a quantitative 3D comparison between experimental measurements and numerical simulations of the acoustic streaming induced fluid flow inside a microchannel originating from a SAW. On the one hand, we performed fully three-dimensional velocity measurements using the astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry. On the other hand, we derived a novel streaming force approach solving the damped wave equation, which allows fast and easy 3D simulations of the acoustic streaming induced fluid flow. Furthermore, measurements of the SAW amplitude profile inside the fluid filled microchannel were performed. Based on these results, we obtained a very good agreement between the velocity measurements and the simulations of the fluid flow demonstrating the importance of comprising the actual shape of the SAW amplitude profile for quantitatively reliable simulations. It is shown that the novel streaming force approach is a valid approximation for the simulation of the acoustic streaming induced fluid flow, allowing a rapid and simple estimation of the flow field of SAW based microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kiebert
- SAWLab Saxony, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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18
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Amon A, Born P, Daniels KE, Dijksman JA, Huang K, Parker D, Schröter M, Stannarius R, Wierschem A. Preface: Focus on imaging methods in granular physics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:051701. [PMID: 28571403 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Amon
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR UR1-CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Philip Born
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51170 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karen E Daniels
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Huang
- Experimentalphysik V, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Schröter
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Stannarius
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wierschem
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Teich M, Mattern M, Sturm J, Büttner L, Czarske JW. Spiral phase mask shadow-imaging for 3D-measurement of flow fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:27371-27381. [PMID: 27906309 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.027371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is a valuable tool for microfluidic analysis. Especially mixing processes and the environmental interaction of fluids on a microscopic scale are of particular importance for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. However, currently applied techniques suffer from the lag of instantaneous depth information. Here we present a scan-free, shadow-imaging PTV-technique for 3D trajectory and velocity measurement of flow fields in micro-channels with 2 µm spatial resolution. By using an incoherent light source, one camera and a spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM) that generates double-images of the seeding particle shadows, it is a simply applicable and highly scalable technique.
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20
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Paiola J, Auradou H, Bodiguel H. Large scale flow visualization and anemometry applied to lab-on-a-chip models of porous media. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2851-2859. [PMID: 27349888 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The following is a report on an experimental technique that allows one to quantify and map the velocity field with very high resolution and simple equipment in large 2D devices. Illumination through a grid is proposed to reinforce the contrast in the images and allow one to detect seeded particles that are pixel-sized or even smaller. The velocimetry technique that we have reported is based on the auto-correlation functions of the pixel intensity, which we have shown are directly related to the magnitude of the local average velocity. The characteristic time involved in the decorrelation of the signal is proportional to the tracer size and inversely proportional to the average velocity. We have reported on a detailed discussion about the optimization of relevant involved parameters, the spatial resolution and the accuracy of the method. The technique is then applied to a model porous medium made of a random channel network. We show that it is highly efficient to determine the magnitude of the flow in each of the channels of the network, opening the door to the fundamental study of the flows of complex fluids. The latter is illustrated with a yield stress fluid, in which the flow becomes highly heterogeneous at small flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Paiola
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Solvay, LOF UMR5258, Pessac, France
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21
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Boutin G, Wei M, Fan Y, Luo L. Experimental measurement of flow distribution in a parallel mini-channel fluidic network using PIV technique. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Boutin
- Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de Nantes; UMR CNRS 6607; Polytech' Nantes-Université de Nantes; La Chantrerie, Rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609 44306 Nantes Cedex 03 France
| | - Min Wei
- Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de Nantes; UMR CNRS 6607; Polytech' Nantes-Université de Nantes; La Chantrerie, Rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609 44306 Nantes Cedex 03 France
| | - Yilin Fan
- Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de Nantes; UMR CNRS 6607; Polytech' Nantes-Université de Nantes; La Chantrerie, Rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609 44306 Nantes Cedex 03 France
| | - Lingai Luo
- Laboratoire de Thermocinétique de Nantes; UMR CNRS 6607; Polytech' Nantes-Université de Nantes; La Chantrerie, Rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609 44306 Nantes Cedex 03 France
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22
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Margaris KN, Nepiyushchikh Z, Zawieja DC, Moore J, Black RA. Microparticle image velocimetry approach to flow measurements in isolated contracting lymphatic vessels. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:25002. [PMID: 26830061 PMCID: PMC8357335 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.2.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of an optical flow visualization method for resolving the flow velocity vector field in lymphatic vessels in vitro. The aim is to develop an experimental protocol for accurately estimating flow parameters, such as flow rate and shear stresses, with high spatial and temporal resolution. Previous studies in situ have relied on lymphocytes as tracers, but their low density resulted in a reduced spatial resolution whereas the assumption that the flow was fully developed in order to determine the flow parameters of interest may not be valid, especially in the vicinity of the valves, where the flow is undoubtedly more complex. To overcome these issues, we have applied the time-resolved microparticle image velocimetry (μ -PIV) technique, a well-established method that can provide increased spatial and temporal resolution that this transient flow demands. To that end, we have developed a custom light source, utilizing high-power light-emitting diodes, and associated control and image processing software. This paper reports the performance of the system and the results of a series of preliminary experiments performed on vessels isolated from rat mesenteries, demonstrating, for the first time, the successful application of the μ -PIV technique in these vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N. Margaris
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to: Konstantinos N. Margaris, E-mail:
| | - Zhanna Nepiyushchikh
- Georgia Institute of Technology, The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, United States
| | - David C. Zawieja
- Texas A&M University, Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 77843-111, United States
| | - James Moore
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Black
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, United Kingdom
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23
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Lin CH, Su SY. Depth position detection for fast moving objects in sealed microchannel utilizing chromatic aberration. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011904. [PMID: 26858810 PMCID: PMC4723411 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This research reports a novel method for depth position measurement of fast moving objects inside a microfluidic channel based on the chromatic aberration effect. Two band pass filters and two avalanche photodiodes (APD) are used for rapid detecting the scattered light from the passing objected. Chromatic aberration results in the lights of different wavelengths focus at different depth positions in a microchannel. The intensity ratio of two selected bands of 430 nm-470 nm (blue band) and 630 nm-670 nm (red band) scattered from the passing object becomes a significant index for the depth information of the passing object. Results show that microspheres with the size of 20 μm and 2 μm can be resolved while using PMMA (Abbe number, V = 52) and BK7 (V = 64) as the chromatic aberration lens, respectively. The throughput of the developed system is greatly enhanced by the high sensitive APDs as the optical detectors. Human erythrocytes are also successfully detected without fluorescence labeling at a high flow velocity of 2.8 mm/s. With this approach, quantitative measurement for the depth position of rapid moving objects inside a sealed microfluidic channel can be achieved in a simple and low cost way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsin Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Su
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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24
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Abstract
A General Defocusing Particle Tracking (GDPT) method is proposed for tracking the three-dimensional motion of particles in Lab-on-a-chip systems based on a set of calibration images and the normalized cross-correlation function. In comparison with other single-camera defocusing particle-tracking techniques, GDPT possesses a series of key advantages: it is applicable to particle images of arbitrary shapes, it is intuitive and easy to use, it can be used without advanced knowledge of optics and velocimetry theory, it is robust against outliers and overlapping particle images, and it requires only equipment which is standard in microfluidic laboratories. We demonstrate the method by tracking the three-dimensional motion of 2 μm spherical particles in a microfluidic channel using three different optical arrangements. The position of the particles was measured with an estimated uncertainty of 0.1 μm in the in-plane direction and 2 μm in the depth direction for a measurement volume of 1510 × 1270 × 160 μm(3). A ready-to-use GUI implementation of the method can be acquired on .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Barnkob
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Bundeswehr University Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany.
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25
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Schoenitz M, Grundemann L, Augustin W, Scholl S. Fouling in microstructured devices: a review. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8213-28. [PMID: 25750979 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microstructured devices are widely used for manufacturing products that benefit from process intensification, with pharmaceutical products or specialties of the chemical industry being prime examples. These devices are ideally used for processing pure fluids. Where particulate or non-pure flows are involved, processes are treated with utmost caution since related fouling and blocking issues present the greatest barrier to operating microstructured devices effectively. Micro process engineering is a relatively new research field and there is limited understanding of fouling in these dimensions and its underlying processes and phenomena. A comprehensive review on fouling in microstructured devices would be helpful in this regard, but is currently lacking. This paper attempts to review recent developments of fouling in micro dimensions for all fouling categories (crystallization, particulate, chemical reaction, corrosion and biological growth fouling) and the sequential events involved (initiation, transport, attachment, removal and aging). Compared to fouling in macro dimensions, an additional sixth category is suggested: clogging by gas bubbles. Most of the reviewed papers present very specific fouling investigations making it difficult to derive general rules and parameter dependencies, and comparative or critical considerations of the studies were difficult. We therefore used a statistical approach to evaluate the research in the field of fouling in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schoenitz
- Institute for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, Braunschweig, Germany.
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26
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Shechtman Y, Weiss L, Backer AS, Sahl SJ, Moerner WE. Precise Three-Dimensional Scan-Free Multiple-Particle Tracking over Large Axial Ranges with Tetrapod Point Spread Functions. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4194-9. [PMID: 25939423 PMCID: PMC4462996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We employ a novel framework for information-optimal microscopy to design a family of point spread functions (PSFs), the Tetrapod PSFs, which enable high-precision localization of nanoscale emitters in three dimensions over customizable axial (z) ranges of up to 20 μm with a high numerical aperture objective lens. To illustrate, we perform flow profiling in a microfluidic channel and show scan-free tracking of single quantum-dot-labeled phospholipid molecules on the surface of living, thick mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shechtman
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, 375 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lucien
E. Weiss
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, 375 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adam S. Backer
- Institute
for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steffen J. Sahl
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, 375 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - W. E. Moerner
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, 375 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- E-mail:
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27
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Pirbodaghi T, Vigolo D, Akbari S, deMello A. Investigating the fluid dynamics of rapid processes within microfluidic devices using bright-field microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2140-2144. [PMID: 25812165 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of microfluidic devices in the biological and chemical sciences requires the implementation of complex designs and geometries, which in turn leads to atypical fluid dynamic phenomena. Accordingly, a complete understanding of fluid dynamics in such systems is key in the facile engineering of novel and efficient analytical tools. Herein, we present an accurate approach for studying the fluid dynamics of rapid processes within microfluidic devices using bright-field microscopy with white light illumination and a standard high-speed camera. Specifically, we combine Ghost Particle Velocimetry and the detection of moving objects in automated video surveillance to track submicron size tracing particles via cross correlation between the speckle patterns of successive images. The efficacy of the presented technique is demonstrated by measuring the flow field over a square pillar (80 μm × 80 μm) in a 200 μm wide microchannel at high volumetric flow rates. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with those obtained via computational fluid dynamics simulations. The method is subsequently used to study the dynamics of droplet generation at a flow focusing microfluidic geometry. A unique feature of the presented technique is the ability to perform velocimetry analysis of high-speed phenomena, which is not possible using micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (μPIV) approaches based on confocal or fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Pirbodaghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Huang BK, Choma MA. Microscale imaging of cilia-driven fluid flow. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1095-113. [PMID: 25417211 PMCID: PMC4605231 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cilia-driven fluid flow is important for multiple processes in the body, including respiratory mucus clearance, gamete transport in the oviduct, right-left patterning in the embryonic node, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Multiple imaging techniques have been applied toward quantifying ciliary flow. Here, we review common velocimetry methods of quantifying fluid flow. We then discuss four important optical modalities, including light microscopy, epifluorescence, confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography, that have been used to investigate cilia-driven flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, USA,
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29
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Fuchs T, Hain R, Kähler CJ. Macroscopic three-dimensional particle location using stereoscopic imaging and astigmatic aberrations. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6863-6866. [PMID: 25503016 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents a stereoscopic imaging concept for measuring the locations of particles in three-dimensional space. The method is derived from astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (APTV), a powerful technique that is capable of determining 3D particle locations with a single camera. APTV locates particle xy coordinates with high accuracy, while the particle z coordinate has a larger location uncertainty. This is not a problem for 3D2C (i.e., three dimensions, two velocity components) measurements, but for highly three-dimensional flows, it is desirable to measure three velocity components with similar accuracy. The stereoscopic APTV approach discussed in this report has this capability. The technique employs APTV for giving an initial estimate of the particle locations. With this information, corresponding particle images on both sensors of the stereoscopic imaging system are matched. Particle locations are then determined by mapping the two particle image sensor locations to physical space. The measurement error of stereo APTV, determined by acquiring images of 1-μm DEHS particles in a 40 mm×40 mm×20 mm measurement volume in air at Δxyz→0 between two frames, is less than 0.012 mm for xy and 0.025 mm for z. This error analysis proves the excellent suitability of stereo APTV for the measurement of three-dimensional flows in macroscopic domains.
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30
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Doppler-based flow rate sensing in microfluidic channels. SENSORS 2014; 14:16799-807. [PMID: 25211195 PMCID: PMC4208200 DOI: 10.3390/s140916799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We design, fabricate and experimentally demonstrate a novel generic method to detect flow rates and precise changes of flow velocity in microfluidic devices. Using our method we can measure flow rates of ∼2 mm/s with a resolution of 0.08 mm/s. The operation principle is based on the Doppler shifting of light diffracted from a self-generated periodic array of bubbles within the channel and using self-heterodyne detection to analyze the diffracted light. As such, the device is appealing for variety of “lab on chip” bio-applications where a simple and accurate speed measurement is needed, e.g., for flow-cytometry and cell sorting.
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31
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Winer MH, Ahmadi A, Cheung KC. Application of a three-dimensional (3D) particle tracking method to microfluidic particle focusing. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1443-51. [PMID: 24572707 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a defocusing-based three-dimensional (3D) particle tracking method is presented and demonstrated for microfluidic particle focusing applications. Previous work in particle focusing has verified particle position in two dimensions (2D) using micro-streak velocimetry, or confocal and stereoscopic setups for 3D tracking. The results obtained from the methodology presented are compared with the theoretical and previously observed trends, and it is shown that the defocusing technique provides a simple and precise tool for determining the 3D locations of cell-sized particles in microscale flows (Re ≤ 100). Although similar methods exist for micro-particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) applications, this is the first implementation of this technique for particle focusing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Winer
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 3064 - 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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32
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Fuchs T, Hain R, Kähler CJ. Three-dimensional location of micrometer-sized particles in macroscopic domains using astigmatic aberrations. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:1298-1301. [PMID: 24690731 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents a theoretical and experimental image formation study in the presence of astigmatic aberrations. A three-dimensional, macroscopic location scheme of micrometer-sized particles for the single camera astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (APTV) technique is introduced. Average particle z position determination errors of the technique are as low as 0.33%, with a measurement depth of 40 mm. These accuracies show APTV's ability of measuring volumetric velocity fields in macroscopic domains with limited optical access.
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33
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Lewis DJ, Dore V, Rogers NJ, Mole TK, Nash GB, Angeli P, Pikramenou Z. Silica nanoparticles for micro-particle imaging velocimetry: fluorosurfactant improves nanoparticle stability and brightness of immobilized iridium(III) complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14701-14708. [PMID: 24164285 DOI: 10.1021/la403172m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To establish highly luminescent nanoparticles for monitoring fluid flows, we examined the preparation of silica nanoparticles based on immobilization of a cyclometalated iridium(III) complex and an examination of the photophysical studies provided a good insight into the Ir(III) microenvironment in order to reveal the most suitable silica nanoparticles for micro particle imaging velocimetry (μ-PIV) studies. Iridium complexes covalently incorporated at the surface of preformed silica nanoparticles, [Ir-4]@Si500-Z, using a fluorinated polymer during their preparation, demonstrated better stability than those without the polymer, [Ir-4]@Si500, as well as an increase in steady state photoluminescence intensity (and therefore particle brightness) and lifetimes which are increased by 7-fold compared with nanoparticles with the same metal complex attached covalently throughout their core, [Ir-4]⊂Si500. Screening of the nanoparticles in fluid flows using epi-luminescence microscopy also confirm that the brightest, and therefore most suitable particles for microparticle imaging velocimetry (μ-PIV) measurements are those with the Ir(III) complex immobilized at the surface with fluorosurfactant, that is [Ir-4]@Si500-Z. μ-PIV studies demonstrate the suitability of these nanoparticles as nanotracers in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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35
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Gao F, Kreidermacher A, Fritsch I, Heyes CD. 3D imaging of flow patterns in an internally-pumped microfluidic device: redox magnetohydrodynamics and electrochemically-generated density gradients. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4414-22. [PMID: 23537496 PMCID: PMC3838996 DOI: 10.1021/ac3036926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Redox magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a promising technique for developing new electrochemical-based microfluidic flow devices with unique capabilities, such as easily switching flow direction and adjusting flow speeds and flow patterns as well as avoiding bubble formation. However, a detailed description of all the forces involved and predicting flow patterns in confined geometries is lacking. In addition to redox-MHD, density gradients caused by the redox reactions also play important roles. Flow in these devices with small fluid volumes has mainly been characterized by following microbead motion by optical microscopy either by particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) or by processing the microbead images by particle image velocimetry (PIV) software. This approach has limitations in spatial resolution and dimensionality. Here we use fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to quantitatively and accurately measure flow speeds and patterns in the ~5-50 μm/s range in redox-MHD-based microfluidic devices, from which 3D flow maps are obtained with a spatial resolution down to 2 μm. The 2 μm spatial resolution flow speeds map revealed detailed flow profiles during redox-MHD in which the velocity increases linearly from above the electrode and reaches a plateau across the center of the cell. By combining FCS and video-microscopy (with PTV and PIV processing approaches), we are able to quantify a vertical flow of ~10 μm/s above the electrodes as a result of density gradients caused by the redox reactions and follow convection flow patterns. Overall, combining FCS, PIV, and PTV analysis of redox-MHD is a powerful combination to more thoroughly characterize the underlying forces in these promising microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingrid Fritsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Colin D. Heyes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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