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Smits HH, Jochems SP. Diverging patterns in innate immunity against respiratory viruses during a lifetime: lessons from the young and the old. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230266. [PMID: 39009407 PMCID: PMC11262623 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0266-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections frequently lead to severe respiratory disease, particularly in vulnerable populations such as young children, individuals with chronic lung conditions and older adults, resulting in hospitalisation and, in some cases, fatalities. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in monitoring for, and initiating responses to, viruses, maintaining a state of preparedness through the constant expression of antimicrobial defence molecules. Throughout the course of infection, innate immunity remains actively involved, contributing to viral clearance and damage control, with pivotal contributions from airway epithelial cells and resident and newly recruited immune cells. In instances where viral infections persist or are not effectively eliminated, innate immune components prominently contribute to the resulting pathophysiological consequences. Even though both young children and older adults are susceptible to severe respiratory disease caused by various respiratory viruses, the underlying mechanisms may differ significantly. Children face the challenge of developing and maturing their immunity, while older adults contend with issues such as immune senescence and inflammaging. This review aims to compare the innate immune responses in respiratory viral infections across both age groups, identifying common central hubs that could serve as promising targets for innovative therapeutic and preventive strategies, despite the apparent differences in underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermelijn H Smits
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Disease (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Disease (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tai W, Yang K, Liu Y, Li R, Feng S, Chai B, Zhuang X, Qi S, Shi H, Liu Z, Lei J, Ma E, Wang W, Tian C, Le T, Wang J, Chen Y, Tian M, Xiang Y, Yu G, Cheng G. A lung-selective delivery of mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8042. [PMID: 38052844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system, especially the lung, is the key site of pathological injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the low feasibility of targeted delivery of antibodies into the lungs by intravenous administration and the short half-life period of antibodies in the lungs by intranasal or aerosolized immunization, mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies with lung-targeting capability can perfectly provide high-titer antibodies in lungs to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we firstly identify a human monoclonal antibody, 8-9D, with broad neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The neutralization mechanism of this antibody is explained by the structural characteristics of 8-9D Fabs in complex with the Omicron BA.5 spike. In addition, we evaluate the efficacy of 8-9D using a safe and robust mRNA delivery platform and compare the performance of 8-9D when its mRNA is and is not selectively delivered to the lungs. The lung-selective delivery of the 8-9D mRNA enables the expression of neutralizing antibodies in the lungs which blocks the invasion of the virus, thus effectively protecting female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from challenge with the Beta or Omicron BA.1 variant. Our work underscores the potential application of lung-selective mRNA antibodies in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Tai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yubin Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ruofan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shengyong Feng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Benjie Chai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Shaolong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huicheng Shi
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Enhao Ma
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Chongyu Tian
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Ting Le
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Ye Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Guocan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Böröcz K, Kinyó Á, Simon D, Erdő-Bonyár S, Németh P, Berki T. Complexity of the Immune Response Elicited by Different COVID-19 Vaccines, in the Light of Natural Autoantibodies and Immunomodulatory Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076439. [PMID: 37047412 PMCID: PMC10094397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the abundance of data on the COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune activation, the impact of natural autoantibodies (nAAbs) on these processes is less well defined. Therefore, we investigated potential connections between vaccine efficacy and nAAb levels. We were also interested in the impact of immunomodulatory therapies on vaccine efficacy. Clinical residual samples were used for the assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine-elicited immune response (IR) (n=255), as well as for the investigation of the immunization-associated expansion of the nAAb pool (n=185). In order to study the potential interaction between immunomodulatory therapies and the vaccine-induced IR, untreated, healthy individuals and patients receiving anti-TNFα or anti-IL-17 therapies were compared (n total =45). In-house ELISAs (anticitrate synthase, anti-HSP60 and-70) and commercial ELISAs (anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISAs IgG, IgA, NeutraLISA and IFN-γ release assay 'IGRA') were applied. We found significant differences in the IR given to different vaccines. Moreover, nAAb levels showed plasticity in response to anti-COVID-19 immunization. We conclude that our findings may support the theorem about the non-specific beneficial 'side effects' of vaccination, including the broadening of the nAAb repertoire. Considering immunomodulation, we suggest that anti-TNFα and anti-IL17 treatments may interfere negatively with MALT-associated IR, manifested as decreased IgA titers; however, the modest sample numbers of the herein presented model might be a limiting factor of reaching a more comprehensive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Böröcz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kinyó
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Diana Simon
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabina Erdő-Bonyár
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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