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Hanzlova M, Slavikova B, Morozovova M, Musilek K, Rotterova A, Zemanová L, Kudova E. C-3 Steroidal Hemiesters as Inhibitors of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 10. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12116-12124. [PMID: 38496976 PMCID: PMC10938439 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
17β-HSD10 is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the steroidal oxidation of a hydroxy group to a keto group and, thus, is involved in maintaining steroid homeostasis. The druggability of 17β-HSD10 is related to potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, for example, Alzheimer's disease or cancer. Herein, steroidal derivatives with an acidic hemiester substituent at position C-3 on the skeleton were designed, synthesized, and evaluated by using pure recombinant 17β-HSD10 converting 17β-estradiol to estrone. Compounds 22 (IC50 = 6.95 ± 0.35 μM) and 23 (IC50 = 5.59 ± 0.25 μM) were identified as the most potent inhibitors from the series. Compound 23 inhibited 17β-HSD10 activity regardless of the substrate. It was found not cytotoxic toward the HEK-293 cell line and able to inhibit 17β-HSD10 activity also in the cellular environment. Together, these findings support steroidal compounds as promising candidates for further development as 17β-HSD10 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hanzlova
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Slavikova
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Morozovova
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Rotterova
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Zemanová
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
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2
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Pimenta R, Malulf FC, Romão P, Caetano GVB, da Silva KS, Ghazarian V, Dos Santos GA, Guimarães V, Silva IA, de Camargo JA, Recuero S, Melão BVLA, Antunes AA, Srougi M, Nahas W, Leite KRM, Reis ST. Evaluation of AR, AR-V7, and p160 family as biomarkers for prostate cancer: insights into the clinical significance and disease progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:70. [PMID: 38305916 PMCID: PMC10837222 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the role of the p160 family, AR, and AR-V7 in different initial presentations of prostate cancer and their association with clinical endpoints related to tumor progression. METHODS The study sample comprises 155 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and 11 healthy peripheral zone biopsies as the control group. Gene expression was quantified by qPCR from the tissue specimens. The statistical analysis investigated correlations between gene expression levels, associations with disease presence, and clinicopathological features. Additionally, ROC curves were applied for distinct PCa presentations, and time-to-event analysis was used for clinical endpoints. RESULTS The AR-V7 diagnostic performance for any PCa yielded an AUC of 0.77 (p < 0.05). For locally advanced PCa, the AR-V7 AUC was 0.65 (p < 0.05). Moreover, the metastasis group had a higher expression of SRC-1 than the non-metastatic group (p < 0.05), showing a shorter time to metastasis in the over-expressed group (p = 0.005). Patients with disease recurrence had super-expression of AR levels (p < 0.0005), with a shorter time-to-recurrence in the super-expression group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Upregulation of SRC-1 indicates a higher risk of progression to metastatic disease in a shorter period, which warrants further research to be applied as a clinical tool. Additionally, AR may be used as a predictor for PCa recurrence. Furthermore, AR-V7 may be helpful as a diagnostic tool for PCa and locally advanced cancer, comparable with other investigated tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Pimenta
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil.
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (ID'Or), São Paulo, SP, 04501000, Brazil.
| | - Feres Camargo Malulf
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Poliana Romão
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Giovana Vilas Boas Caetano
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Karina Serafim da Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Ghazarian
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Gabriel A Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Guimarães
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Iran Amorim Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves de Camargo
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Saulo Recuero
- Division of Urology, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Azoubel Antunes
- Division of Urology, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Srougi
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (ID'Or), São Paulo, SP, 04501000, Brazil
| | - William Nahas
- Uro-Oncology Group, Urology Department, Institute of Cancer State of São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Katia R M Leite
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Reis
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 55 (LIM55), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 2° andar, Sala 2145, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-903, Brazil
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3
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Zhong Q, Sun R, Aref AT, Noor Z, Anees A, Zhu Y, Lucas N, Poulos RC, Lyu M, Zhu T, Chen GB, Wang Y, Ding X, Rutishauser D, Rupp NJ, Rueschoff JH, Poyet C, Hermanns T, Fankhauser C, Rodríguez Martínez M, Shao W, Buljan M, Neumann JF, Beyer A, Hains PG, Reddel RR, Robinson PJ, Aebersold R, Guo T, Wild PJ. Proteomic-based stratification of intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302146. [PMID: 38052461 PMCID: PMC10698198 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gleason grading is an important prognostic indicator for prostate adenocarcinoma and is crucial for patient treatment decisions. However, intermediate-risk patients diagnosed in the Gleason grade group (GG) 2 and GG3 can harbour either aggressive or non-aggressive disease, resulting in under- or overtreatment of a significant number of patients. Here, we performed proteomic, differential expression, machine learning, and survival analyses for 1,348 matched tumour and benign sample runs from 278 patients. Three proteins (F5, TMEM126B, and EARS2) were identified as candidate biomarkers in patients with biochemical recurrence. Multivariate Cox regression yielded 18 proteins, from which a risk score was constructed to dichotomize prostate cancer patients into low- and high-risk groups. This 18-protein signature is prognostic for the risk of biochemical recurrence and completely independent of the intermediate GG. Our results suggest that markers generated by computational proteomic profiling have the potential for clinical applications including integration into prostate cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhong
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Rui Sun
- https://ror.org/05hfa4n20 iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Adel T Aref
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Zainab Noor
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Asim Anees
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Yi Zhu
- https://ror.org/05hfa4n20 iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Natasha Lucas
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Poulos
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mengge Lyu
- https://ror.org/05hfa4n20 iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiansheng Zhu
- https://ror.org/05hfa4n20 iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Bo Chen
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingrui Wang
- https://ror.org/05hfa4n20 iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Ding
- https://ror.org/05hfa4n20 iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dorothea Rutishauser
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niels J Rupp
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan H Rueschoff
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | | | - Wenguang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marija Buljan
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Peter G Hains
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Roger R Reddel
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- https://ror.org/01bsaey45 ProCan, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tiannan Guo
- https://ror.org/05hfa4n20 iMarker Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Wild
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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4
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Poutanen M, Hagberg Thulin M, Härkönen P. Targeting sex steroid biosynthesis for breast and prostate cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y. [PMID: 37684402 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Malin Hagberg Thulin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FICAN West Cancer Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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5
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Yang Y, Gu J, Liu Z, Wang C. The structural basis of conserved residue variant effect on enzyme activity of UGT2B15. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140888. [PMID: 36610584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) is a crucial phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme, which glucuronidates various compounds, including clinical drugs and hormones. Mutants might affect glucuronidation, leading to a disruption of drug metabolism in vivo and decrease of therapeutic effect. Here, we mainly analyzed two representative mutants, H401P and L446S, on UGT2B15 activity using glucuronidation assays, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and X-ray diffraction methods. The enzyme activity of L446S obviously increased six-fold than the wild type, although the enzyme activities of P191L, T374A, and H401P were lost apparently. Furthermore, we used MD simulations to calculate the energy change in the catalytic process of H401P and L446S, and the results indicated the free binding energies of H401P mutant to oxazepam and UDPGA were -30.98 ± 1.00 kcal/mol and -36.42 ± 1.04 kcal/mol, respectively, increased obviously compared to wild type, suggesting the mutation on position 401 had a crucial effect on the catalysis. Moreover, the three-dimensional structure of UGT2B15 C-terminal domain L446S was determined through protein crystallography and X-ray diffraction technology and the results suggested that one more hydrogen bonding between S446 and K410 was formed in the S446 crystal structure, compared to the wild type. Isothermal titration calorimetry assay further revealed the Kd values of C-terminal domain of UGT2B15 harbored L446S towards the cofactor UDPGA was similar to the value of wild type. Above all, our results pointed out that H401P and L446S affected the enzyme activity by different mechanism. Our work provided a helpful mechanism for variance explained in the UGTs catalyzation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.; Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.; School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xuerong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yibing Yang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China..
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6
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Tao L, Ding X, Yan L, Xu G, Zhang P, Ji A, Zhang L. CD36 accelerates the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting FAs absorption. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:202. [PMID: 36175596 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD36 is emerging as a potential strategy for cancer treatment because of its function of regulating fatty acid intake. The purpose of this study was to clarify the molecular mechanism of CD36 in the progression of HCC. TCGA database was used to analyze the relationship of CD36 with HCC. The expression of CD36 in HCC clinical samples and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. Huh7 cells and HCCLM3 cells were transfected and treated into different group. CCK-8 and clone formation assay were used to detect the cell proliferation ability. Wound healing and transwell experiment were used to detect the metastatic ability. HCC xenografts were constructed in nude mice by subcutaneous injection of stably transfected Huh7 cells. The expression of CD36 in HCC was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The contents of phospholipids and triglycerides in HCC cells were detected by ELISA. And the content of neutral lipids in HCC cells was detected by staining with BODIPY 493/503 and DAPI dye. Then transcriptional sequencing was used to determine the downstream mechanism of CD36 in HCC, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed. CD36 was upregulated in HCC. Knockdown of CD36 could suppress the proliferation and metastasis of HCC in vitro and in vivo by regulating FAs intake in HCC. In addition, the expression of AKR1C2 was suppressed by sh-CD36, and which was also involved in the regulation of FAs intake. The molecular mechanism by which CD36 accelerated the progression of HCC was to promote the expression of AKR1C2 and thus enhance fatty acids (FAs) intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lide Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368, Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou, 225012, China
| | - Xiangmin Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lele Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368, Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou, 225012, China
| | - Peijian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368, Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou, 225012, China
| | - Anlai Ji
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368, Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou, 225012, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368, Hanjiang Middle Road, Yangzhou, 225012, China.
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7
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Wilson AC, Chiles J, Ashish S, Chanda D, Kumar PL, Mobley JA, Neptune ER, Thannickal VJ, McDonald MLN. Integrated bioinformatics analysis identifies established and novel TGFβ1-regulated genes modulated by anti-fibrotic drugs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3080. [PMID: 35197532 PMCID: PMC8866468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although fibrosis may involve different organ systems, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has been established as a master regulator of fibrosis across organs. Pirfenidone and Nintedanib are the only currently-approved drugs to treat fibrosis, specifically idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. To identify novel drug targets and uncover potential mechanisms by which these drugs attenuate fibrosis, we performed an integrative 'omics analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic responses to TGFβ1-stimulated lung fibroblasts. Significant findings were annotated as associated with pirfenidone and nintedanib treatment in silico via Coremine. Integrative 'omics identified a co-expressed transcriptomic and proteomic module significantly correlated with TGFβ1 treatment that was enriched (FDR-p = 0.04) with genes associated with pirfenidone and nintedanib treatment. While a subset of genes in this module have been implicated in fibrogenesis, several novel TGFβ1 signaling targets were identified. Specifically, four genes (BASP1, HSD17B6, CDH11, and TNS1) have been associated with pirfenidone, while five genes (CLINT1, CADM1, MTDH, SYDE1, and MCTS1) have been associated with nintedanib, and MYDGF has been implicated with treatment using both drugs. Using the Clue Drug Repurposing Hub, succinic acid was highlighted as a metabolite regulated by the protein encoded by HSD17B6. This study provides new insights into the anti-fibrotic actions of pirfenidone and nintedanib and identifies novel targets for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava C. Wilson
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Joe Chiles
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Shah Ashish
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Diptiman Chanda
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Preeti L. Kumar
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - James A. Mobley
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Enid R. Neptune
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Merry-Lynn N. McDonald
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Longoria-García S, Sánchez-Domínguez CN, Gallardo-Blanco H. Recent applications of cell-penetrating peptide guidance of nanosystems in breast and prostate cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:103. [PMID: 35154434 PMCID: PMC8822396 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are small peptides from natural sources or designed from other protein sequences that can penetrate cell membranes. This property has been used in biomedicine to add them to biomolecules to improve their capacity for cell internalization and as a guidance tool for specific cell types. CPPs have been shown to enhance cellular uptake in vitro and in vivo, improving the efficacy of anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel, while also limiting their cytotoxic effects on healthy cells and tissues. The current study reviews the internalization and major therapeutic results achieved from the functionalization of nanosystems with CPPs for guidance into breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the practical results obtained are specifically discussed for use as a starting point for scientists looking to begin research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Longoria-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Celia Nohemi Sánchez-Domínguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Hugo Gallardo-Blanco
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital ‘José Eleuterio González’, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
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9
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Hydroxysteroid 17-Beta Dehydrogenase 6 Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlates with Immune Infiltrates in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:146-158. [PMID: 33495920 PMCID: PMC7835108 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy worldwide with poor outcomes. Therefore, it is important to identify a valuable prognostic biomarker for HCC. The present study aimed to identify novel prognostic biomarkers for HCC and evaluate the potential role of hub genes in HCC. METHODS Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and protein-protein interaction analysis were performed to identify important potential prognostic genes. The expression of hub genes was confirmed by the GEPIA, Oncomine, UALCAN, and HPA database. Furthermore, survival analysis of hub genes was performed using the Kaplan-Meier plotter database. Finally, we investigated the association between hub genes and immune factors in HCC through GSEA, the TIMER, and TISIDB database. RESULTS HSD17B6 expression was significantly lower in HCC than in normal tissues. Low HSD17B6 expression is associated with poorer overall survival and progression-free survival in HCC patients, particularly at medium disease stages (stage II and III or grade III). HSD17B6 showed a strong correlation with tumor-infiltrating B cells, CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Somatic copy number alteration might be the main cause of the negative correlation between HSD17B6 expression and immune infiltration. HSD17B6 expression in HCC negatively correlated with the expression of several immune cell markers, including exhausted T cell markers, PD-1 and CTLA-4, suggesting its role in regulating tumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS HSD17B6 is a potential prognostic biomarker that determines cancer progression and is correlated with tumor immune cells infiltration in HCC.
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10
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You HJ, You BC, Kim JK, Park JM, Song BS, Myung JK. Characterization of Proteins Regulated by Androgen and Protein Kinase a Signaling in VCaP Prostate Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101404. [PMID: 34680521 PMCID: PMC8533394 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen signaling via the androgen receptor (AR) is involved in normal prostate development and prostate cancer progression. In addition to androgen binding, a variety of protein kinases, including cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), can activate the AR. Although hormone deprivation, especially that of androgen, continues to be an important strategy for treating prostate cancer patients, the disease ultimately progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), despite a continuous hormone-deprived environment. To date, it remains unclear which pathways in this progression are active and targetable. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis of VCaP cells stimulated with androgen or forskolin to identify proteins specific for androgen-induced and androgen-bypassing signaling, respectively. Patterns of differentially expressed proteins were quantified, and eight proteins showing significant changes in expression were identified. Functional information, including a Gene Ontology analysis, revealed that most of these proteins are involved in metabolic processes and are associated with cancer. The mRNA and protein expression of selected proteins was validated, and functional correlations of identified proteins with signaling in VCaP cells were assessed by measuring metabolites related to each enzyme. These analyses offered new clues regarding effector molecules involved in prostate cancer development, insights that are supported by the demonstration of increased expression levels of the eight identified proteins in prostate cancer patients and assessments of the progression-free interval. Taken together, our findings show that aberrant levels of eight proteins reflect molecular changes that are significantly regulated by androgen and/or PKA signaling pathways, suggesting possible molecular mechanisms of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin You
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (H.-J.Y.); (B.-C.Y.)
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center-Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (J.-M.P.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Byong-Chul You
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (H.-J.Y.); (B.-C.Y.)
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center-Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (J.-M.P.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Jong-Kwang Kim
- Research Core Center, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea;
| | - Jae-Min Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center-Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (J.-M.P.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Bo-Seul Song
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center-Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (J.-M.P.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Jae-Kyung Myung
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center-Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea; (J.-M.P.); (B.-S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-920-2746
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11
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Penning TM, Asangani IA, Sprenger C, Plymate S. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis and drug resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:912-929. [PMID: 35582223 PMCID: PMC8992556 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the lethal form of prostate cancer and most commonly remains dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Current therapies use AR signaling inhibitors (ARSI) exemplified by abiraterone acetate, a P450c17 inhibitor, and enzalutamide, a potent AR antagonist. However, drug resistance to these agents occurs within 12-18 months and they only prolong overall survival by 3-4 months. Multiple mechanisms can contribute to ARSI drug resistance. These mechanisms can include but are not limited to germline mutations in the AR, post-transcriptional alterations in AR structure, and adaptive expression of genes involved in the intracrine biosynthesis and metabolism of androgens within the tumor. This review focuses on intracrine androgen biosynthesis, how this can contribute to ARSI drug resistance, and therapeutic strategies that can be used to surmount these resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irfan A. Asangani
- Department Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia Sprenger
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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12
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Uo T, Sprenger CC, Plymate SR. Androgen Receptor Signaling and Metabolic and Cellular Plasticity During Progression to Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:580617. [PMID: 33163409 PMCID: PMC7581990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.580617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is associated with re/activation and antagonism of androgen receptor (AR) signaling that drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression to castration resistance, respectively. In particular, AR signaling influences the fates of citrate that uniquely characterizes normal and malignant prostatic metabolism (i.e., mitochondrial export and extracellular secretion in normal prostate, mitochondrial retention and oxidation to support oxidative phenotype of primary PCa, and extra-mitochondrial interconversion into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis and epigenetics in the advanced PCa). The emergence of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) involves reactivation of AR signaling, which is then further targeted by androgen synthesis inhibitors (abiraterone) and AR-ligand inhibitors (enzalutamide, apalutamide, and daroglutamide). However, based on AR dependency, two distinct metabolic and cellular adaptations contribute to development of resistance to these agents and progression to aggressive and lethal disease, with the tumor ultimately becoming highly glycolytic and with imaging by a tracer of tumor energetics, 18F-fluorodoxyglucose (18F-FDG). Another major resistance mechanism involves a lineage alteration into AR-indifferent carcinoma such a neuroendocrine which is diagnostically characterized by robust 18F-FDG uptake and loss of AR signaling. PCa is also characterized by metabolic alterations such as fatty acid and polyamine metabolism depending on AR signaling. In some cases, AR targeting induces rather than suppresses these alterations in cellular metabolism and energetics, which can be explored as therapeutic targets in lethal CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Uo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cynthia C Sprenger
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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Franko A, Berti L, Hennenlotter J, Rausch S, Scharpf MO, de Angelis MH, Stenzl A, Birkenfeld AL, Peter A, Lutz SZ, Häring HU, Heni M. Transcript Levels of Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Subfamily C (AKR1C) Are Increased in Prostate Tissue of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030124. [PMID: 32932589 PMCID: PMC7564141 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 (AKR1) enzymes play a crucial role in diabetic complications. Since type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cancer progression, we investigated the impact of diabetes on AKR1 gene expression in the context of prostate cancer (PCa) development. In this study, we analyzed benign (BEN) prostate and PCa tissue of patients with and without T2D. Furthermore, to replicate hyperglycemia in vitro, we treated the prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC3 with increasing glucose concentrations. Gene expression was quantified using real-time qPCR. In the prostate tissue of patients with T2D, AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 transcripts were higher compared to samples of patients without diabetes. In PC3 cells, high glucose treatment induced the gene expression levels of AKR1C1, C2, and C3. Furthermore, both in human tissue and in PC3 cells, the transcript levels of AKR1C1, C2, and C3 showed positive associations with oncogenes, which are involved in proliferation processes and HIF1α and NFκB pathways. These results indicate that in the prostate glands of patients with T2D, hyperglycemia could play a pivotal role by inducing the expression of AKR1C1, C2, and C3. The higher transcript level of AKR1C was furthermore associated with upregulated HIF1α and NFκB pathways, which are major drivers of PCa carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Franko
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Marcus O. Scharpf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (S.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.P.)
| | - Stefan Z. Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Clinic for Geriatric and Orthopedic Rehabilitation Bad Sebastiansweiler, 72116 Mössingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.F.); (A.L.B.); (S.Z.L.); (H.-U.H.)
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-29-82714
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14
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Zhang ZF, Huang TJ, Zhang XK, Xie YJ, Lin ST, Luo FF, Meng DF, Hu H, Wang J, Peng LX, Qian CN, Cheng C, Huang BJ. AKR1C2 acts as a targetable oncogene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9999-10012. [PMID: 32678482 PMCID: PMC7520259 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aldo-keto reductases family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2) has critical roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of malignant tumours. However, it was also discovered to have ambiguous functions in multiple cancers and till present, its clinical significance and molecular mechanism in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of AKR1C2 in the tumorigenesis of ESCC. Here, we showed that AKR1C2 expression was found to be up-regulated in ESCC tissues and was significantly associated with pathological stage, lymph node metastasis and worse outcomes. Functional assays demonstrated that an ectopic expression of AKR1C2 in ESCC cells resulted in increased proliferation, migration and cisplatin resistance, while knockdown led to inversing effects. Bioinformation analyses and mechanistic studies demonstrated that AKR1C2 activated the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, furthermore, the inhibitor of PI3K or the selective inhibitor of AKR1C2 enzyme activity could reverse the aggressiveness and showed synergistic antitumour effect when combined with cisplatin, both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Our findings revealed that AKR1C2 could function as an oncogene by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, as a novel prognostic biomarker and/or as a potential therapeutic target to ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Fei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Jun Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ke Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Jie Xie
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Ting Lin
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Fei Luo
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Fang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Peng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Henry GH, Malewska A, Joseph DB, Malladi VS, Lee J, Torrealba J, Mauck RJ, Gahan JC, Raj GV, Roehrborn CG, Hon GC, MacConmara MP, Reese JC, Hutchinson RC, Vezina CM, Strand DW. A Cellular Anatomy of the Normal Adult Human Prostate and Prostatic Urethra. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3530-3542.e5. [PMID: 30566875 PMCID: PMC6411034 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive cellular anatomy of normal human prostate is essential for solving the cellular origins of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. The tools used to analyze the contribution of individual cell types are not robust. We provide a cellular atlas of the young adult human prostate and prostatic urethra using an iterative process of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and flow cytometry on ~98,000 cells taken from different anatomical regions. Immunohistochemistry with newly derived cell type-specific markers revealed the distribution of each epithelial and stromal cell type on whole mounts, revising our understanding of zonal anatomy. Based on discovered cell surface markers, flow cytometry antibody panels were designed to improve the purification of each cell type, with each gate confirmed by scRNA-seq. The molecular classification, anatomical distribution, and purification tools for each cell type in the human prostate create a powerful resource for experimental design in human prostate disease. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry, Henry et al. create a cellular anatomy of the normal human prostate and provide the tools to identify, isolate, and localize every cell type. They identify two additional epithelial cell types enriched in the prostatic urethra and proximal prostatic ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise H Henry
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alicia Malewska
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Diya B Joseph
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Venkat S Malladi
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jose Torrealba
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan J Mauck
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gahan
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Claus G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gary C Hon
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan C Hutchinson
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Kaipainen A, Zhang A, da Costa RMG, Lucas J, Marck B, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, True LD, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Testosterone accumulation in prostate cancer cells is enhanced by facilitated diffusion. Prostate 2019; 79:1530-1542. [PMID: 31376206 PMCID: PMC6783279 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone is a driver of prostate cancer (PC) growth via ligand-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Tumors that have escaped systemic androgen deprivation, castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), have measurable intratumoral levels of testosterone, suggesting that a resistance mechanism still depends on androgen-simulated growth. However, AR activation requires an optimal intracellular concentration of androgens, a situation challenged by low circulating testosterone concentrations. Notably, PC cells may optimize their androgen levels by regulating the expression of steroid metabolism enzymes that convert androgen precursors into androgens. Here we propose that testosterone entry into the cell could be another control point. METHODS To determine whether testosterone enters cells via a transporter, we performed in vitro 3 H-testosterone uptake assays in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen and AR-independent PC3 cells. To determine if the uptake mechanism depended on a concentration gradient, we modified UGT2B17 levels in LNCaP cells and measured androgen levels by liquid-liquid extraction-mass spectrometry. We also analyzed CRPC metastases for expression of AKR1C3 to determine whether this enzyme that converts adrenal androgens to testosterone was present in the tumor stroma (microenvironment) in addition to its expression in the tumor epithelium. RESULTS Testosterone uptake followed a concentration gradient but unlike in passive diffusion, was saturable and temperature-dependent, thus suggesting facilitated transport. Suppression of UGT2B17 to abrogate a testosterone gradient reduced testosterone transport while overexpression of the enzyme enhanced it. The facilitated transport suggests a paracrine route of testosterone uptake for maintaining optimal intracellular levels. We found that AKR1C3 was expressed in the tumor microenvironment of CRPC metastases in addition to epithelial cells and the pattern of relative abundance of the enzyme in epithelium vs stroma varied substantially between the metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in addition to testosterone transport and metabolism by tumor epithelium, testosterone could also be produced by components of the tumor microenvironment. Facilitated testosterone uptake by tumor cells supports a cell nonautonomous mechanism for testosterone signaling in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Kaipainen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared Lucas
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brett Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Alvin M. Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
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17
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Knuuttila M, Hämäläinen E, Poutanen M. Applying mass spectrometric methods to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in prostate cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R255-R267. [PMID: 30917337 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) has provided novel tools to define sex steroid concentrations. These new methods overcome several of the problems associated with immunoassays for sex steroids. With the novel MS-based applications we are now able to measure small concentrations of the steroid hormones reliably and with high accuracy in both body fluids and tissue homogenates. The sensitivity of the tandem mass spectrometry assays allows us also for the first time to reliably measure picomolar or even femtomolar concentrations of estrogens and androgens. Furthermore, due to a high sensitivity and specificity of MS technology, we are also able to measure low concentrations of steroid hormones of interest in the presence of pharmacological concentration of other steroids and structurally closely related compounds. Both of these features are essential for multiple preclinical models for prostate cancer. The MS assays are also valuable for the simultaneous measurement of multiple steroids and their metabolites in small sample volumes in serum and tissue biopsies of prostate cancer patients before and after drug interventions. As a result, novel information about steroid hormone synthesis and metabolic pathways in prostate cancer has been obtained. In our recent studies, we have extensively applied a GC-MS/MS method to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in VCaP prostate cancer xenografts in mice. In the present review, we shortly summarize some of the benefits of the GC-MS/MS and novel LC-MS/MS assays, and provide examples of their use in defining novel mechanisms of androgen action in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and HUSLAB, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Knuuttila M, Mehmood A, Mäki-Jouppila J, Ryberg H, Taimen P, Knaapila J, Ettala O, Boström PJ, Ohlsson C, Venäläinen MS, Laiho A, Elo LL, Sipilä P, Mäkelä SI, Poutanen M. Intratumoral androgen levels are linked to TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:807-819. [PMID: 29773553 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis is one of the mechanisms involved in the progression of prostate cancer, and an important target for novel prostate cancer therapies. Using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and genome-wide RNA sequencing, we have analyzed androgen concentrations and androgen-regulated gene expression in cancerous and morphologically benign prostate tissue specimens and serum samples obtained from 48 primary prostate cancer patients. Intratumoral dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations were significantly higher in the cancerous tissues compared to benign prostate (P < 0.001). The tissue/serum ratios of androgens were highly variable between the patients, indicating individual patterns of androgen metabolism and/or uptake of androgens within the prostate tissue. An unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of intratissue androgen concentrations indicated that transmembrane protease, serine 2/ETS-related gene (TMPRSS2-ERG)-positive patients have different androgen profiles compared to TMPRSS2-ERG-negative patients. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion status was also associated with an enhanced androgen-regulated gene expression, along with altered intratumoral androgen metabolism, demonstrated by reduced testosterone concentrations and increased DHT/testosterone ratios in TMPRSS2-ERG-positive tumors. TMPRSS2-ERG-positive and -negative prostate cancer specimens have distinct intratumoral androgen profiles, possibly due to activation of testosterone-independent DHT biosynthesis via the alternative pathway in TMPRSS2-ERG-positive tumors. Thus, patients with TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancer may benefit from novel inhibitors targeting the alternative DHT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arfa Mehmood
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Mäki-Jouppila
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Center for Bone and Arthitis ResearchThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Knaapila
- Department of UrologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Otto Ettala
- Department of UrologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of UrologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthitis ResearchThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikko S Venäläinen
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari I Mäkelä
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Functional Foods ForumUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Center for Bone and Arthitis ResearchThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Diri MA, Diri B, Yildiz L, Büyükalpelli R. The effect of dutasteride on microscopic and macroscopic changes of testosterone replacement treatment on prostate tissue. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13110. [PMID: 30024036 DOI: 10.1111/and.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone replacement therapy has a growing interest in daily practice; however, debates on its safety for prostate cancer still continue. Dutasteride-a 5α-reductase inhibitor-was shown to be effective in preventing prostate cancer. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of testosterone replacement therapy and dutasteride treatment on prostate tissue in castrated rats. Rats were randomised in four groups after bilateral orchidectomy as follows: Group I received testosterone + dutasteride, Group II received only testosterone, Group III had no medical treatment, and Group IV was the control group. After 3 months, rats were sacrificed and laboratory and histopathological examinations were performed. In Groups I and II, prostate volume, T and DHT levels were significantly higher compared to Group III and controls. Groups I and II had also significantly greater preneoplastic histopathological signs; however, in intergroup analyses, Group I showed less premalignant changes compared to Group II. We concluded that dutasteride was effective when combined with testosterone therapy in preventing premalignant histopathological changes in prostate tissue. Further evidence is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Diri
- Department of Urology, Aksaray University School of Medicine, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Banu Diri
- Department of Nephrology, Aksaray University School of Medicine, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Levent Yildiz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Recep Büyükalpelli
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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20
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Hilborn E, Stål O, Jansson A. Estrogen and androgen-converting enzymes 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and their involvement in cancer: with a special focus on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2, and breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30552-30562. [PMID: 28430630 PMCID: PMC5444764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones such as estrogens and androgens are involved in the development and differentiation of the breast tissue. The activity and concentration of sex steroids is determined by the availability from the circulation, and on local conversion. This conversion is primarily mediated by aromatase, steroid sulfatase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. In postmenopausal women, this is the primary source of estrogens in the breast. Up to 70-80% of all breast cancers express the estrogen receptor-α, responsible for promoting the growth of the tissue. Further, 60-80% express the androgen receptor, which has been shown to have tissue protective effects in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, and a more ambiguous response in estrogen receptor negative breast cancers. In this review, we summarize the function and clinical relevance in cancer for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1, which facilitates the reduction of estrone to estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone to androstendiol and dihydrotestosterone to 3α- and 3β-diol as well as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 2 which mediates the oxidation of estradiol to estrone, testosterone to androstenedione and androstendiol to dehydroepiandrosterone. The expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1 and 2 alone and in combination has been shown to predict patient outcome, and inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1 has been proposed to be a prime candidate for inhibition in patients who develop aromatase inhibitor resistance or in combination with aromatase inhibitors as a first line treatment. Here we review the status of inhibitors against 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1. In addition, we review the involvement of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 4, 5, 7, and 14 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hilborn
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Agneta Jansson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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21
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Boibessot C, Toren P. Sex steroids in the tumor microenvironment and prostate cancer progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R179-R196. [PMID: 29317479 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is uniquely dependent on androgens. Despite years of research on the relationship between androgens and prostate cancer, many questions remain as to the biological effects of androgens and other sex steroids during prostate cancer progression. This article reviews the clinical and basic research on the influence of sex steroids such as androgens, estrogens and progesterone within the prostate tumor microenvironment on the progression of prostate cancer. We review clinical studies to date evaluating serum sex steroids as prognostic biomarkers and discuss their respective biological effects within the prostate tumor microenvironment. We also review the link between genomic alterations and sex steroid levels within prostate tumors. Finally, we highlight the links between sex steroid levels and the function of the immune system within the tumor microenvironment. As the context of treatment of lethal prostate cancer evolves over time, an understanding of this underlying biology remains central to developing optimal treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Boibessot
- Department of SurgeryLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Toren
- Department of SurgeryLaval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Fiandalo MV, Stocking JJ, Pop EA, Wilton JH, Mantione KM, Li Y, Attwood KM, Azabdaftari G, Wu Y, Watt DS, Wilson EM, Mohler JL. Inhibition of dihydrotestosterone synthesis in prostate cancer by combined frontdoor and backdoor pathway blockade. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11227-11242. [PMID: 29541409 PMCID: PMC5834294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is palliative and prostate cancer (CaP) recurs as lethal castration-recurrent/resistant CaP (CRPC). One mechanism that provides CaP resistance to ADT is primary backdoor androgen metabolism, which uses up to four 3α-oxidoreductases to convert 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (DIOL) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The goal was to determine whether inhibition of 3α-oxidoreductase activity decreased conversion of DIOL to DHT. Protein sequence analysis showed that the four 3α-oxidoreductases have identical catalytic amino acid residues. Mass spectrometry data showed combined treatment using catalytically inactive 3α-oxidoreductase mutants and the 5α-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, decreased DHT levels in CaP cells better than dutasteride alone. Combined blockade of frontdoor and backdoor pathways of DHT synthesis provides a therapeutic strategy to inhibit CRPC development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Fiandalo
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - John J. Stocking
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elena A. Pop
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - John H. Wilton
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Krystin M. Mantione
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kristopher M. Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - David S. Watt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James L. Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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23
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Knuuttila M, Mehmood A, Huhtaniemi R, Yatkin E, Häkkinen MR, Oksala R, Laajala TD, Ryberg H, Handelsman DJ, Aittokallio T, Auriola S, Ohlsson C, Laiho A, Elo LL, Sipilä P, Mäkelä SI, Poutanen M. Antiandrogens Reduce Intratumoral Androgen Concentrations and Induce Androgen Receptor Expression in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Xenografts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:216-228. [PMID: 29126837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with the activation of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and an increase in androgen receptor (AR) expression. We recently demonstrated that, similarly to the clinical CRPC, orthotopically grown castration-resistant VCaP (CR-VCaP) xenografts express high levels of AR and retain intratumoral androgen concentrations similar to tumors grown in intact mice. Herein, we show that antiandrogen treatment (enzalutamide or ARN-509) significantly reduced (10-fold, P < 0.01) intratumoral testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations in the CR-VCaP tumors, indicating that the reduction in intratumoral androgens is a novel mechanism by which antiandrogens mediate their effects in CRPC. Antiandrogen treatment also altered the expression of multiple enzymes potentially involved in steroid metabolism. Identical to clinical CRPC, the expression levels of the full-length AR (twofold, P < 0.05) and the AR splice variants 1 (threefold, P < 0.05) and 7 (threefold, P < 0.01) were further increased in the antiandrogen-treated tumors. Nonsignificant effects were observed in the expression of certain classic androgen-regulated genes, such as TMPRSS2 and KLK3, despite the low levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. However, other genes recently identified to be highly sensitive to androgen-regulated AR action, such as NOV and ST6GalNAc1, were markedly altered, which indicated reduced androgen action. Taken together, the data indicate that, besides blocking AR, antiandrogens modify androgen signaling in CR-VCaP xenografts at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arfa Mehmood
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Huhtaniemi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; R&D Oncology Research, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Emrah Yatkin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Teemu D Laajala
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari I Mäkelä
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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24
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Abstract
The androgen-signaling axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Since the landmark discovery by Huggins and Hodges, gonadal depletion of androgens has remained a mainstay of therapy for advanced disease. However, progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) typically follows and is largely the result of restored androgen signaling. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind CRPC have revealed new insights into dysregulated androgen signaling and intratumoral androgen synthesis, which has ultimately led to the development of several novel androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for CRPC. However, emergence of resistance to these newer agents has also galvanized new directions in investigations of prereceptor and postreceptor AR regulation. Here, we review our current understanding of AR signaling as it pertains to the biology and natural history of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Hannelore Heemers
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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25
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Grant DJ, Chen Z, Howard LE, Wiggins E, De Hoedt A, Vidal AC, Carney ST, Squires J, Magyar CE, Huang J, Freedland SJ. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer progression. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:463. [PMID: 28673330 PMCID: PMC5496250 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uridine 5′-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2B (UGT2B) genes code for enzymes that catalyze the clearance of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and DHT metabolites in the prostate basal and luminal tissue. The expression of the UGT2B15, UGT2B17, and UGT2B28 enzymes has not been evaluated in prostate tissue samples from hormone therapy-naïve patients. Methods We determined the expression of UGT2B15, UGT2B17, and UGT2B28 enzymes in 190 prostate tissue samples from surgical specimens of a multiethnic cohort of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The association between each protein’s percent positive and H-score, a weighted score of staining intensity, and the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) was tested using separate Cox proportional hazards models. In an exploratory analysis, UGT2B17 total positive and H-score were divided at the median and we tested the association between UGT2B17 group and risk of BCR. Results The median follow-up for all patients was 118 months (IQR: 85-144). Of 190, 83 (44%) patients developed BCR. We found no association between UGT2B15 or UGT2B28 and risk of BCR. However, there was a trend for an association between UGT2B17 and BCR (HR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02, p = 0.11), though not statistically significant. Upon further investigation, we found that patients with UGT2B17 higher levels of expression had a significant increased risk of BCR on univariable analysis (HR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.02-2.43, p = 0.041), although this association was attenuated in the multivariable model (HR = 1.50, 95% CI 0.94-2.40, p = 0.088). Conclusions Our findings suggest that UGT2B17 overexpression may be associated with a significant increased risk of BCR. These results are consistent with previous reports which showed UGT2B17 significantly expressed in advanced prostate cancer including prostate tumor metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delores J Grant
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Science, Cancer Research Program, North Carolina Central University, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
| | - Zinan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 1102 Hock Plaza, Box 2721, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 1102 Hock Plaza, Box 2721, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Emily Wiggins
- Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Amanda De Hoedt
- Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Adriana C Vidal
- Cedars-Sinai Health System, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Surgery, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Skyla T Carney
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Science, Cancer Research Program, North Carolina Central University, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Jill Squires
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 14-112, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Clara E Magyar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 14-112, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 14-112, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Cedars-Sinai Health System, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Surgery, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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26
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Zeng CM, Chang LL, Ying MD, Cao J, He QJ, Zhu H, Yang B. Aldo-Keto Reductase AKR1C1-AKR1C4: Functions, Regulation, and Intervention for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28352233 PMCID: PMC5349110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases comprise of AKR1C1-AKR1C4, four enzymes that catalyze NADPH dependent reductions and have been implicated in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. Recent studies have provided evidences of strong correlation between the expression levels of these family members and the malignant transformation as well as the resistance to cancer therapy. Mechanistically, most studies focus on the catalytic-dependent function of AKR1C isoforms, like their impeccable roles in prostate cancer, breast cancer, and drug resistance due to the broad substrates specificity. However, accumulating clues showed that catalytic-independent functions also played critical roles in regulating biological events. This review summarizes the catalytic-dependent and -independent roles of AKR1Cs, as well as the small molecule inhibitors targeting these family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Stuchbery R, McCoy PJ, Hovens CM, Corcoran NM. Androgen synthesis in prostate cancer: do all roads lead to Rome? Nat Rev Urol 2016; 14:49-58. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Lubik AA, Nouri M, Truong S, Ghaffari M, Adomat HH, Corey E, Cox ME, Li N, Guns ES, Yenki P, Pham S, Buttyan R. Paracrine sonic hedgehog signaling contributes significantly to acquired steroidogenesis in the prostate tumor microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:358-369. [PMID: 27672740 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the substantial benefit of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for metastatic prostate cancer, patients often progress to castration-resistant disease (CRPC) that is more difficult to treat. CRPC is associated with renewed androgen receptor activity in tumor cells and restoration of tumor androgen levels through acquired intratumoral steroidogenesis (AIS). Although prostate cancer (PCa) cells have been shown to have steroidogenic capability in vitro, we previously found that benign prostate stromal cells (PrSCs) can also synthesize testosterone (T) from an adrenal precursor, DHEA, when stimulated with a hedgehog (Hh) pathway agonist, SAG. Here, we show exposure of PrSCs to a different Smoothened (Smo) agonist, Ag1.5, or to conditioned medium from sonic hedgehog overexpressing LNCaP cells induces steroidogenic enzyme expression in PrSCs and significantly increases production of T and its precursor steroids in a Smo-dependent manner from 22-OH-cholesterol substrate. Hh agonist-/ligand-treated PrSCs produced androgens at a rate similar to or greater than that of PCa cell lines. Likewise, primary bone marrow stromal cells became more steroidogenic and produced T under the influence of Smo agonist. Treatment of mice bearing LNCaP xenografts with a Smo antagonist, TAK-441, delayed the onset of CRPC after castration and substantially reduced androgen levels in residual tumors. These outcomes support the idea that stromal cells in ADT-treated primary or metastatic prostate tumors can contribute to AIS as a consequence of a paracrine Hh signaling microenvironment. As such, Smo antagonists may be useful for targeting prostate tumor stromal cell-derived AIS and delaying the onset of CRPC after ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Lubik
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mannan Nouri
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Truong
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mazyar Ghaffari
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans H Adomat
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael E Cox
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Na Li
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emma S Guns
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Parvin Yenki
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Pham
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ralph Buttyan
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Zimmer BM, Howell ME, Wei Q, Ma L, Romsdahl T, Loughman EG, Markham JE, Seravalli J, Barycki JJ, Simpson MA. Loss of exogenous androgen dependence by prostate tumor cells is associated with elevated glucuronidation potential. HORMONES & CANCER 2016; 7:260-71. [PMID: 27307252 PMCID: PMC4955861 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-016-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate epithelial cells control the potency and availability of androgen hormones in part by inactivation and elimination. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, an essential precursor for androgen inactivation by the prostate glucuronidation enzymes UGT2B15 and UGT2B17. UGDH expression is androgen stimulated, which increases the production of UDP-glucuronate and fuels UGT-catalyzed glucuronidation. In this study, we compared the glucuronidation potential and its impact on androgen-mediated gene expression in an isogenic LNCaP model for androgen-dependent versus castration-resistant prostate cancer. Despite significantly lower androgen-glucuronide output, LNCaP 81 castration-resistant tumor cells expressed higher levels of UGDH, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17. However, the magnitude of androgen-activated UGDH and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression, as well as the androgen receptor (AR)-dependent repression of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, was blunted several-fold in these cells. Consistent with these results, the ligand-activated binding of AR to the PSA promoter and subsequent transcriptional activation were also significantly reduced in castration-resistant cells. Analysis of the UDP-sugar pools and flux through pathways downstream of UDP-glucuronate production revealed that these glucuronidation precursor metabolites were channeled through proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic pathways, leading to increased surface expression of Notch1. Knockdown of UGDH diminished Notch1 and increased glucuronide output. Overall, these results support a model in which the aberrant partitioning of UDP-glucuronate and other UDP-sugars into alternative pathways during androgen deprivation contributes to the loss of prostate tumor cell androgen sensitivity by promoting altered cell surface proteoglycan expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Michelle E Howell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Qin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Linlin Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Trevor Romsdahl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Eileen G Loughman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Jennifer E Markham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Joseph J Barycki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
| | - Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA.
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Penning TM, Tamae D. Current advances in intratumoral androgen metabolism in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016; 23:264-70. [PMID: 27119752 PMCID: PMC4893781 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Androgen deprivation therapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer and has extended the lives of countless patients. Unfortunately, many of these patients eventually succumb to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The efficacy of abiraterone acetate (AA, Zytiga) and enzalutamide (Enza, Xtandi) in the mCRPC setting prove that these tumors remain androgen-driven. We review recent studies that have shown that intratumoral androgen biosynthesis plays a significant role in the ever-evolving mCRPC tumor and we discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings. RECENT FINDINGS A novel abiraterone metabolite, 17-(pyridin-3-yl)androsta-4,16-dien-3-one (D4A), possesses robust antitumor activity in rodent models via the inhibition of androgen biosynthetic enzymes and antagonism of the androgen receptor. The TMPRSS2 : ERG fusion drives aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) expression and activity to facilitate androgen biosynthesis and activate the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Intracrine androgen formation and AKR1C3 expression and activity have been found to confer resistance to enzalutamide. SUMMARY These studies highlight the significant role that intratumoral androgen biosynthesis plays in the mCRPC tumor. The therapeutic implications include the inhibition of AKR1C3 in tumors that become resistant to current drugs such as abiraterone acetate or Enza and the potential administration of D4A as an mCRPC therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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