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Meng T, Jung D, Cai XH, Lu ZQ, Yu JB, Qi TY, Meng FY, Ruan MZ, Duan JX. Characterization of AST-001 non-clinical pharmacokinetics: A novel selective AKR1C3-activated prodrug in mice, rats, and cynomolgus monkeys. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2024; 45:83-92. [PMID: 38492211 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
AST-001 is a chemically synthesized inactive nitrogen mustard prodrug that is selectively cleaved to a cytotoxic aziridine (AST-2660) via aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3). The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the prodrug, AST-001, and its active metabolite, AST-2660, in mice, rats, and monkeys. After single and once daily intravenous bolus doses of 1.5, 4.5, and 13.5 mg/kg AST-001 to Sprague-Dawley rats and once daily 1 h intravenous infusions of 0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 mg/kg AST-001 to cynomolgus monkeys, AST-001 exhibited dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and reached peak plasma levels at the end of the infusion. No significant accumulation and gender differences were observed after 7 days of repeated dosing. In rats, the half-life of AST-001 was dose independent and ranged from 4.89 to 5.75 h. In cynomolgus monkeys, the half-life of AST-001 was from 1.66 to 5.56 h and increased with dose. In tissue distribution studies conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats and in liver cancer PDX models in female athymic nude mice implanted with LI6643 or LI6280 HepG2-GFP tumor fragments, AST-001 was extensively distributed to selected tissues. Following a single intravenous dose, AST-001 was not excreted primarily as the prodrug, AST-001 or the metabolite AST-2660 in the urine, feces, and bile. A comprehensive analysis of the preclinical data and inter-species allometric scaling were used to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of AST-001 in humans and led to the recommendation of a starting dose of 5 mg/m2 in the first-in-human dose escalation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Meng
- Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Donald Jung
- Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Ji-Bing Yu
- Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian-Yang Qi
- Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals, Ltd, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Shao Y, Yu X, Shan K, Yan J, Ye G. Defining the biological functions and clinical significance of AKR1C3 in gastric carcinogenesis through multiomics functional analysis and immune infiltration analysis. J Cancer 2024; 15:2646-2658. [PMID: 38577596 PMCID: PMC10988316 DOI: 10.7150/jca.94228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Human aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is an important molecule that participates in multiple physiological metabolic processes. However, its expression, biological functions and clinical significance in gastric carcinogenesis are unclear. Methods: We collected data from several public data portals and clinical samples and systematically analyzed the clinical significance of tissue and plasma AKR1C3 expression. Then, we filtered prognostic risk factors and established novel prognosis-related nomogram models for predicting overall survival time and postoperative recurrence risk. The application value of the nomogram models was further assessed using clinical samples. Moreover, we explored the potential biological functions of AKR1C3 in gastric carcinogenesis and metastasis through multiomics functional analysis and immune infiltration analysis. Results: AKR1C3 levels were reduced in cancer tissue but increased significantly in the plasma of GC patients; AKR1C3 expression in either sample type was closely associated with multiple clinicopathological characteristics. By combining clinicopathological factors and AKR1C3 levels, two novel nomogram models were developed to predict overall survival time and postoperative recurrence risk. Multiomics functional analysis revealed that when its expression is dysregulated, AKR1C3 can widely participate in gene expression regulation through multiple regulatory modes at the gene, RNA and protein levels and exert various crucial biological effects in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, AKR1C3 expression was correlated with the infiltration of several immune cell types, and AKR1C3 was predicted to interact with several clinical drugs. Conclusion: Dysregulated AKR1C3 expression is related to gastric carcinogenesis and immunotherapy response and is a promising biomarker and effective biotherapy target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Shao
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Keshu Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China
| | - Jianing Yan
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China
| | - Guoliang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China
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Li M, Zhang L, Yu J, Wang X, Cheng L, Ma Z, Chen X, Wang L, Goh BC. AKR1C3 in carcinomas: from multifaceted roles to therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378292. [PMID: 38523637 PMCID: PMC10957692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3 (AKR1C3), also known as type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD5) or prostaglandin F (PGF) synthase, functions as a pivotal enzyme in androgen biosynthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of weak androgens, estrone (a weak estrogen), and PGD2 into potent androgens (testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone), 17β-estradiol (a potent estrogen), and 11β-PGF2α, respectively. Elevated levels of AKR1C3 activate androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, contributing to tumor recurrence and imparting resistance to cancer therapies. The overexpression of AKR1C3 serves as an oncogenic factor, promoting carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and is correlated with unfavorable prognosis and overall survival in carcinoma patients. Inhibiting AKR1C3 has demonstrated potent efficacy in suppressing tumor progression and overcoming treatment resistance. As a result, the development and design of AKR1C3 inhibitors have garnered increasing interest among researchers, with significant progress witnessed in recent years. Novel AKR1C3 inhibitors, including natural products and analogues of existing drugs designed based on their structures and frameworks, continue to be discovered and developed in laboratories worldwide. The AKR1C3 enzyme has emerged as a key player in carcinoma progression and therapeutic resistance, posing challenges in cancer treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of AKR1C3's role in carcinoma development, its implications in therapeutic resistance, and recent advancements in the development of AKR1C3 inhibitors for tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Jingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingzhou, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Oestlund I, Snoep J, Schiffer L, Wabitsch M, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. The glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 catalyzes the activation of testosterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 236:106436. [PMID: 38035948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone biosynthesis from its precursor androstenedione is thought to be exclusively catalysed by the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases-HSD17B3 in testes, and AKR1C3 in the ovary, adrenal and peripheral tissues. Here we show for the first time that the glucocorticoid activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) can also catalyse the 17β-reduction of androstenedione to testosterone, using a combination of in vitro enzyme kinetic assays, mathematical modelling, and molecular docking analysis. Furthermore, we show that co-expression of HSD11B1 and AKR1C3 increases testosterone production several-fold compared to the rate observed with AKR1C3 only, and that HSD11B1 is likely to contribute significantly to testosterone production in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imken Oestlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jacky Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Medical Research Council Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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5
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Gao Y, Tao W, Wang S, Duan R, Zhang Z. AKR1C3 silencing inhibits autophagy-dependent glycolysis in thyroid cancer cells by inactivating ERK signaling. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22142. [PMID: 38349266 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a highly differentiated and poorly malignant tumor. Interfering with glycolysis has become an effective means of controlling cancer progression and autophagy is negatively correlated with glycolysis. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in thyroid cancer tissue and the higher AKR1C3 expression predicted the worse prognosis. We aimed to explore whether AKR1C3 could affect thyroid cancer progression by regulating autophagy-dependent glycolysis. AKR1C3 expression in thyroid cancer cells was detected by western blot. Then, AKR1C3 was knocked down by transfection with short hairpin RNA specific to AKR1C3 in the absence or presence of 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or PMA treatment. Cell cycle and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze LC3B expression. Extracellular acidification, glucose uptake and lactic acid secretion were detected. To evaluate the tumorigenicity of AKR1C3 insufficiency on thyroid cancer in vivo, TPC-1 cells with AKR1C3 knockdown were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Then, cyclinD1 and Ki67 expression in tumorous tissues was measured by immunohistochemical analysis. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling staining. Additionally, the expression of proteins related to cell cycle, apoptosis, glycolysis, autophagy, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in cells and tumor tissues was assessed by western blot. Highly expressed AKR1C3 was observed in thyroid cancer cells. AKR1C3 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of TPC-1 cells. Besides, autophagy was activated and glycolysis was inhibited following AKR1C3 silencing, and 3-MA treatment restored the impacts of AKR1C3 silencing on glycolysis. The further experiments revealed that AKR1C3 insufficiency inhibited ERK signaling and PMA application reversed AKR1C3 silencing-induced autophagy in TPC-1 cells. The in vivo results suggested that AKR1C3 knockdown inhibited the development of subcutaneous TPC-1 tumors in nude mice and inactivated the ERK signaling. Collectively, AKR1C3 silencing inhibited autophagy-dependent glycolysis in thyroid cancer by inactivating ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijie Tao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shoujun Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Duan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
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6
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Huang W, Wang Y, Huang W. Mangiferin alleviates 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease by inhibiting AKR1C3 to activate Wnt signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2024; 821:137608. [PMID: 38142926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a lack of effective treatment options. mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived from mango, has been shown to possess strong neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of mangiferin on PD and its underlying mechanisms using both in vitro and in vivo models of 6-OHDA-induced PD. Additionally, we conducted molecular docking experiments to evaluate the interaction between mangiferin and AKR1C3 and β-catenin. Our results demonstrated that treatment with mangiferin significantly attenuated 6-OHDA-induced cell damage in PC12 cells, reducing intracellular oxidative stress, improving mitochondrial membrane potential, and restoring the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a characteristic protein of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, mangiferin reduced the accumulation of α-synuclein and inhibited the expression of AKR1C3, thereby activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo studies revealed that mangiferin improved motor dysfunction in 6-OHDA-induced PD mice. Molecular docking analysis confirmed the interaction between mangiferin and AKR1C3 and β-catenin. These findings indicate that mangiferin exerts significant neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA-induced PD by inhibiting AKR1C3 and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, mangiferin may emerge as an innovative therapeutic strategy in the comprehensive treatment regimen of PD patients, providing them with better clinical outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanran Huang
- Pharmacy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The second Affiliated Hospital &Yuying Children's Hospital), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, China
| | - Yanni Wang
- Pharmacy Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian People' s Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Pharmacy Department, Ruian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325200, China.
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7
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Himura R, Kawano S, Nagata Y, Kawai M, Ota A, Kudo Y, Yoshino Y, Fujimoto N, Miyamoto H, Endo S, Ikari A. Inhibition of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 overcomes gemcitabine/cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388:110840. [PMID: 38122923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) has been used for the treatment of bladder cancer in which androgen receptor (AR) signaling is suggested to play a critical role. However, its efficacy is often limited, and the prognosis of patients who develop resistance is extremely poor. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), which is responsible for the production of a potent androgen, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), by the reduction of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-dione (5α-Adione), has been attracting attention as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer that shows androgen-dependent growth. By contrast, the role of AKR1C3 in bladder cancer remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of an AKR1C3 inhibitor on androgen-dependent proliferation and GC sensitivity in bladder cancer cells. 5α-Adione treatment induced the expression of AR and its downstream factor ETS-domain transcription factor (ELK1) in both T24 cells and newly established GC-resistant T24GC cells, while it did not alter AKR1C3 expression. AKR1C3 inhibitor 2j significantly suppressed 5α-Adione-induced AR and ELK1 upregulation, as did an AR antagonist apalutamide. Moreover, the combination of GC and 2j in T24GC significantly induced apoptotic cell death, suggesting that 2j could enhance GC sensitivity. Immunohistochemical staining in surgical specimens further revealed that strong expression of AKR1C3 was associated with significantly higher risks of tumor progression and cancer-specific mortality in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. These results suggest that AKR1C3 inhibitors as adjunctive agents enhance the efficacy of GC therapy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Himura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinya Kawano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yujiro Nagata
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mina Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Atsumi Ota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yudai Kudo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
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Lazzarini R, Tartaglione MF, Ciarapica V, Piva F, Giulietti M, Fulgenzi G, Martelli M, Ledda C, Vitale E, Malavolta M, Santarelli L, Bracci M. Keratinocytes Exposed to Blue or Red Light: Proteomic Characterization Showed Cytoplasmic Thioredoxin Reductase 1 and Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3 Triggered Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16189. [PMID: 38003379 PMCID: PMC10671521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cell-signaling mechanisms are activated by visible light radiation in human keratinocytes, but the key regulatory proteins involved in this specific cellular response have not yet been identified. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were exposed to blue or red light at low or high irradiance for 3 days in cycles of 12 h of light and 12 h of dark. The cell viability, apoptotic rate and cell cycle progression were analyzed in all experimental conditions. The proteomic profile, oxidative stress and mitochondrial morphology were additionally evaluated in the HaCaT cells following exposure to high-irradiance blue or red light. Low-irradiance blue or red light exposure did not show an alteration in the cell viability, cell death or cell cycle progression. High-irradiance blue or red light reduced the cell viability, induced cell death and cell cycle G2/M arrest, increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered the mitochondrial density and morphology. The proteomic profile revealed a pivotal role of Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) and Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) in the response of the HaCaT cells to high-irradiance blue or red light exposure. Blue or red light exposure affected the viability of keratinocytes, activating a specific oxidative stress response and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results can help to address the targets for the therapeutic use of light and to develop adequate preventive strategies for skin damage. This in vitro study supports further in vivo investigations of the biological effects of light on human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Lazzarini
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Fiorella Tartaglione
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Veronica Ciarapica
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.P.)
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (F.P.)
| | - Gianluca Fulgenzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences Experimental Pathology, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Margherita Martelli
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | - Marco Malavolta
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Lory Santarelli
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (M.F.T.); (V.C.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
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9
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Wróbel TM, Sharma K, Mannella I, Oliaro-Bosso S, Nieckarz P, Du Toit T, Voegel CD, Rojas Velazquez MN, Yakubu J, Matveeva A, Therkelsen S, Jørgensen FS, Pandey AV, Pippione AC, Lolli ML, Boschi D, Björkling F. Exploring the Potential of Sulfur Moieties in Compounds Inhibiting Steroidogenesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1349. [PMID: 37759751 PMCID: PMC10526780 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the synthesis and evaluation of novel compounds replacing the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring on the chemical backbone structure of cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/12,20-lyase (CYP17A1) inhibitors with a phenyl bearing a sulfur-based substituent. Initial screening revealed compounds with marked inhibition of CYP17A1 activity. The selectivity of compounds was thereafter determined against cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase, cytochrome P450 3A4, and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Additionally, the compounds showed weak inhibitory activity against aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). The compounds' impact on steroid hormone levels was also assessed, with some notable modulatory effects observed. This work paves the way for developing more potent dual inhibitors specifically targeting CYP17A1 and AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katyayani Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Iole Mannella
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Patrycja Nieckarz
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Therina Du Toit
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa Daniela Voegel
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Natalia Rojas Velazquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jibira Yakubu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Matveeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Søren Therkelsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amit V. Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Agnese C. Pippione
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco L. Lolli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Dumesic DA, Turcu AF, Liu H, Grogan TR, Abbott DH, Lu G, Dharanipragada D, Chazenbalk GD. Interplay of Cortisol, Testosterone, and Abdominal Fat Mass in Normal-weight Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad079. [PMID: 37404244 PMCID: PMC10315644 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Ovarian and adrenal steroidogenesis underlie endocrine-metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipocytes express aldo-keto reductase 1C3 and type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which modulate peripheral androgen and cortisol production. Objectives To compare serum adrenal steroids, including 11-oxygenated androgens (11-oxyandrogens), cortisol, and cortisone between normal-weight women with PCOS and body mass index- and age-matched ovulatory women with normal-androgenic profiles (controls), and assess whether adrenal steroids associate with abdominal adipose deposition. Design Prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Twenty normal-weight women with PCOS and 20 body mass index-/age-matched controls. Interventions Blood sampling, IV glucose tolerance testing, and total-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Main Outcome Measures Clinical characteristics, hormonal concentrations, and body fat distribution. Results Women with PCOS had higher serum total/free testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) levels and a greater android/gynoid fat mass than controls (androgens P < .001; android/gynoid fat mass ratio, P = .026). Serum total/free T and A4 levels correlated positively with android/gynoid fat mass ratio in all women combined (P < .025, all values). Serum 11ß-hydroxyA4, 11-ketoA4, 11ß-hydroxyT, 11-ketoT, cortisol, and cortisone levels were comparable between female types and unrelated to body fat distribution. Serum 11-oxyandrogens correlated negatively with % total body fat, but lost significance adjusting for cortisol. Serum cortisol levels, however, correlated inversely with android fat mass (P = .021), with a trend toward reduced serum cortisol to cortisone ratio in women with PCOS vs controls (P = .075), suggesting diminished 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Conclusion Reduced cortisol may protect against preferential abdominal fat mass in normal-weight PCOS women with normal serum 11-oxyandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Dumesic
- Correspondence: Daniel A Dumesic, MD, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Room 22-178 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Haiping Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Tristan R Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Gwyneth Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Devyani Dharanipragada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gregorio D Chazenbalk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Detlefsen AJ. Aldo keto-reductase family 1C members 1 through 4 recombinant enzyme purification and enzyme assay. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:303-329. [PMID: 37802576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1C (AKR1C) members transform steroids via their 3-, 17-, and 20-ketosteroid reductase activities. The biochemical study of these enzymes can help to inform their roles in hormone-dependent diseases and develop therapeutic inhibitors. This work describes a protocol to purify AKR1C1-4 members from a bacterial expression system using two chromatography steps. It also describes the basis of discontinuous assays to measure steroid conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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12
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Chen J, Zhang J, Tian W, Ge C, Su Y, Li J, Tian H. AKR1C3 suppresses ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma through regulation of YAP/SLC7A11 signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:833-844. [PMID: 36920042 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
AKR1C3 is frequently overexpressed and it is a validated therapeutic target in various tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous study showed that AKR1C3 facilitated HCC proliferation and metastasis by forming a positive feedback loop of AKR1C3-NF-κB-STAT3. Ferroptosis is a form of iron-dependent cell death driven by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species and plays an important role in tumor suppression. However, little is known about the role of AKR1C3 in ferroptosis susceptibility. In this study, we found that knockdown of AKR1C3 potently enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to ferroptosis inducers both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of AKR1C3 protected against ferroptosis in HCC cells. Mechanistically, AKR1C3 regulated ferroptosis through YAP/SLC7A11 signaling in HCC. AKR1C3 knockdown led to a decrease in YAP nuclear translocation, resulted in the inhibition of cystine transporter SLC7A11, and a subsequent increase in the intracellular levels of ferrous iron and ultimately ferroptosis. Moreover, we found that the combination of AKR1C3 and SLC7A11 was a strong predictor of poor prognosis in HCC. Collectively, these findings identify a novel role of AKR1C3 in ferroptosis, and highlighting a candidate therapeutic target to potentially improve the effect of ferroptosis-based antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Cui X, Li C, Ding J, Yao Z, Zhao T, Guo J, Wang Y, Li J. Establishing a Proteomics-Based Signature of AKR1C3-Related Genes for Predicting the Prognosis of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054513. [PMID: 36901944 PMCID: PMC10003753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) plays an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression, particularly in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). It is necessary to establish a genetic signature associated with AKR1C3 that can be used to predict the prognosis of PCa patients and provide important information for clinical treatment decisions. AKR1C3-related genes were identified via label-free quantitative proteomics of the AKR1C3-overexpressing LNCaP cell line. A risk model was constructed through the analysis of clinical data, PPI, and Cox-selected risk genes. Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to verify the accuracy of the model, and two external datasets were used to verify the reliability of the results. Subsequently, the tumor microenvironment and drug sensitivity were explored. Moreover, the roles of AKR1C3 in the progression of PCa were verified in LNCaP cells. MTT, colony formation, and EdU assays were conducted to explore cell proliferation and drug sensitivity to enzalutamide. Migration and invasion abilities were measured using wound-healing and transwell assays, and qPCR was used to assess the expression levels of AR target genes and EMT genes. CDC20, SRSF3, UQCRH, INCENP, TIMM10, TIMM13, POLR2L, and NDUFAB1 were identified as AKR1C3-associated risk genes. These risk genes, established using the prognostic model, can effectively predict the recurrence status, immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity of PCa. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and several immune checkpoints that promote cancer progression were higher in high-risk groups. Furthermore, there was a close correlation between the sensitivity of PCa patients to bicalutamide and docetaxel and the expression levels of the eight risk genes. Moreover, through in vitro experiments, Western blotting confirmed that AKR1C3 enhanced SRSF3, CDC20, and INCENP expression. We found that PCa cells with a high expression of AKR1C3 have high proliferation ability and high migration ability and were insensitive to enzalutamide. AKR1C3-associated genes had a significant role in the process of PCa, immune responses, and drug sensitivity and offer the potential for a novel model for prognostic prediction in PCa.
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14
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Jiang J, Chu X, Guo Q, Zhao L, Feng F, Liu W, Zhang X, He S, Yang P, Fang P, Sun H. Development of highly potent and specific AKR1C3 inhibitors to restore the chemosensitivity of drug-resistant breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115013. [PMID: 36566714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is overexpressed in multiple hormone related cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer, and is correlated with tumor development and aggressiveness. As a phase I biotransformation enzyme, AKR1C3 catalyzes the metabolic processes that lead to resistance to anthracyclines, the "gold standard" for breast cancer treatment. Novel approaches to restore the chemotherapy sensitivity of breast cancer are urgently required. Herein, we developed a new class of AKR1C3 inhibitors that demonstrated potent inhibitory activity and exquisite selectivity for closely related isoforms. The best derivative 27 (S19-1035) exhibits an IC50 value of 3.04 nM for AKR1C3 and >3289-fold selectivity over other isoforms. We determined the co-crystal structures of AKR1C3 with three of the inhibitors, providing a solid foundation for further structure-based drug optimization. Co-administration of these AKR1C3 inhibitors significantly reversed the doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in a resistant breast cancer cell line. Therefore, the novel AKR1C3 specific inhibitors developed in this work may serve as effective adjuvants to overcome DOX resistance in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; Academy for Advance Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiheng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xianglin Chu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, 223005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, 223005, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Yu X, Yan J, Li Y, Cheng J, Zheng L, Fu T, Zhu Y. Inhibition of castration-resistant prostate cancer growth by genistein through suppression of AKR1C3. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:9024. [PMID: 36794010 PMCID: PMC9899042 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among males in America. The patients' survival time is significantly reduced after prostate cancer develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). It has been reported that AKR1C3 is involved in this progression, and that its abnormal expression is directly correlated with the degree of CRPC malignancy. Genistein is one of the active components of soy isoflavones, and many studies have suggested that it has a better inhibitory effect on CRPC. Objective This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of genistein on CRPC and the potential mechanism of action. Design A xenograft tumor mouse model established with 22RV1 cells was divided into the experimental group and the control group, and the former was given 100 mg/kg.bw/day of genistein, with 22RV1, VCaP, and RWPE-1 cells cultured in a hormone-free serum environment and treated with different concentrations of genistein (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L) for 48 h. Molecular docking was used to elucidate the molecular interactions between genistein and AKR1C3. Results Genistein inhibits CRPC cell proliferation and in vivo tumorigenesis. The western blot analysis confirmed that the genistein significantly inhibited prostate-specific antigen production in a dose-dependent manner. In further results, AKR1C3 expression was decreased in both the xenograft tumor tissues and the CRPC cell lines following genistein gavage feeding compared to the control group, with the reduction becoming more obvious as the concentration of genistein was increased. When the genistein was combined with AKR1C3 small interfering ribonucleic acid and an AKR1C3 inhibitor (ASP-9521), the inhibitory effect on the AKR1C3 was more pronounced. In addition, the molecular docking results suggested that the genistein had a strong affinity with the AKR1C3, and that it could be a promising AKR1C3 inhibitor. Conclusion Genistein inhibits the progression of CRPC via the suppression of AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Yu
- School of Medicine and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Yan
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulu Li
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Lujie Zheng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Fu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China,Tianyu Fu, School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China,Yanfeng Zhu, School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
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16
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Cui X, Yao Z, Zhao T, Guo J, Ding J, Zhang S, Liang Z, Wei Z, Zoa A, Tian Y, Li J. si AKR1C3@PPA complex nucleic acid nanoparticles inhibit castration-resistant prostate cancer in vitro. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1069033. [PMID: 36591491 PMCID: PMC9800608 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1069033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction AKR1C3, as a crucial androgenic enzyme, implicates the androgen biosynthesis and promoting prostate cancer cell growth in vitro. This study provides a new gene therapy strategy for targeting AKR1C3 to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. Methods siAKR1C3@PPA is assembled from PEG3500, PAMAM, Aptamer-PSMA, and siRNA for AKR1C3. We analyzed the relationship between AKR1C3 expression and the survival rate of prostate cancer patients based on the GEPIA online database to perform disease-free survival, and found that AKR1C3 may be an important factor leading to poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Considering AKR1C3 as a therapeutic target for castration-resistant prostate cancer, we constructed a complex nucleic acid nanoparticle, siAKR1C3@PPA to investigate the inhibitory effect on castration-resistant prostate cancer. Results Aptamer-PSMA acts as a target to guide siAKR1C3@PPA into PSMA-positive prostate cancer cells and specifically down regulate AKR1C3. Cyclin D1 was decreased as a result of siAKR1C3@PPA treatment. Changes in Cyclin D1 were consistent with decreased expression of AKR1C3 in LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells and 22RV1 cells. Furthermore, in the LNCaP-AKR1C3 group, 1070 proteins were upregulated and 1015 proteins were downregulated compared to the LNCaP group according to quantitative 4D label-free proteomics. We found 42 proteins involved in cell cycle regulation. In a validated experiment, we demonstrated that PCNP and CINP were up-regulated, and TERF2 and TP53 were down-regulated by western blotting. Conclusion We concluded that siAKR1C3@PPA may arrest the cell cycle and affect cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhou Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jipeng Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zuowen Liang
- Department of Andrology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengren Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Alexis Zoa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuantong Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yuantong Tian, ; Jing Li,
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Yuantong Tian, ; Jing Li,
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17
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Guo J, Tang C, Shu Z, Guo J, Tang H, Huang P, Ye X, Liang T, Tang K. Single-cell analysis reveals that Jinwu Gutong capsule attenuates the inflammatory activity of synovial cells in osteoarthritis by inhibiting AKR1C3. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1031996. [PMID: 36505054 PMCID: PMC9727177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1031996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jinwu Gutong capsule (JGC) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Synovitis is a typical pathological change in OA and promotes disease progression. Elucidating the therapeutic mechanism of JGC is crucial for the precise treatment of OA synovitis. In this study, we demonstrate that JGC effectively inhibits hyperproliferation, attenuates inflammation, and promotes apoptosis of synovial cells. Through scRNA-seq data analysis of OA synovitis, we dissected two distinct cell fates that influence disease progression (one fate led to recovery while the other fate resulted in deterioration), which illustrates the principles of fate determination. By intersecting JGC targets with synovitis hub genes and then mimicking picomolar affinity interactions between bioactive compounds and binding pockets, we found that the quercetin-AKR1C3 pair exhibited the best affinity, indicating that this pair constitutes the most promising molecular mechanism. In vitro experiments confirmed that the expression of AKR1C3 in synovial cells was reduced after JGC addition. Further overexpression of AKR1C3 significantly attenuated the therapeutic efficacy of JGC. Thus, we revealed that JGC effectively treats OA synovitis by inhibiting AKR1C3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuyue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The 970th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force, Yantai, China
| | - Hong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taotao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Kanglai Tang, ; Taotao Liang,
| | - Kanglai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Orthopedics/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Kanglai Tang, ; Taotao Liang,
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18
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Zhu S, Ni Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Dai J, Wang Z, Zhu X, Chen J, Zhao J, Zeng Y, Chen N, Zeng P, Shen P, Sun G, Zeng H. Plasma Exosomal AKR1C3 mRNA Expression Is a Predictive and Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Oncologist 2022; 27:e870-e877. [PMID: 36067250 PMCID: PMC9632314 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is important in prostate cancer progression, being a potential biomarker in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Previous explorations of AKR1C3 are mainly based on tissue samples. This study investigates using plasma-based liquid biopsy to validate the prognostic and predictive value of AKR1C3 in patients with mCRPC . MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively recruited 62 patients with mCRPC. All patients received repeated prostate biopsies at the time of mCRPC diagnosis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was used to detect protein expression of AKR1C3 in the tissues. We took their blood simultaneously and performed digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to measure expression levels of AKR1C3 in the exosomes. The detected plasma and tissue AKR1C3 expression levels were analyzed for patients' overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival under first-line abiraterone use (ABI-PFS). RESULTS All other baseline characteristics were balanced between the 2 groups. 15/62 (24.2%) and 25/62 (40.3%) patients showed AKR1C3-EXO positive (≥20 copies/20 μL) and AKR1C3-IHC positive, respectively. Positive AKR1C3-EXO expression was associated with decreased patients' survival [ABI-PFS: 3.9 vs 10.1 months, P < .001; OS: 16.2 vs 32.5 months, P < .001]. AKR1C3-IHC positivity was also correlated with ABI-PFS and OS (P = .010, P = .016). In patients with worse baseline blood tests (including higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level and lower hemoglobin (HB) level), and lower ISUP/WHO group (<4), their OS was significantly worse when showing AKR1C3-EXO positive. CONCLUSION AKR1C3-EXO is associated with patient prognosis regarding OS and ABI-PFS and can be used as a biomarker in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xingming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengnian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindong Dai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junru Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinge Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Urology, West People’s Republic of China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zeng
- 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Pengfei Shen, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Guangxi Sun
- Guangxi Sun, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Hao Zeng
- Corresponding author: Hao Zeng, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China.
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19
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Morell A, Budagaga Y, Vagiannis D, Zhang Y, Laštovičková L, Novotná E, Haddad A, Haddad M, Portillo R, Hofman J, Wsól V. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 inhibitor enasidenib synergizes daunorubicin cytotoxicity by targeting aldo-keto reductase 1C3 and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3265-3277. [PMID: 35972551 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Targeting mutations that trigger acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has emerged as a refined therapeutic approach in recent years. Enasidenib (Idhifa) is the first selective inhibitor of mutated forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) approved against relapsed/refractory AML. In addition to its use as monotherapy, a combination trial of enasidenib with standard intensive induction therapy (daunorubicin + cytarabine) is being evaluated. This study aimed to decipher enasidenib off-target molecular mechanisms involved in anthracycline resistance, such as reduction by carbonyl reducing enzymes (CREs) and drug efflux by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. We analysed the effect of enasidenib on daunorubicin (Daun) reduction by several recombinant CREs and different human cell lines expressing aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) exogenously (HCT116) or endogenously (A549 and KG1a). Additionally, A431 cell models overexpressing ABCB1, ABCG2, or ABCC1 were employed to evaluate enasidenib modulation of Daun efflux. Furthermore, the potential synergism of enasidenib over Daun cytotoxicity was quantified amongst all the cell models. Enasidenib selectively inhibited AKR1C3-mediated inactivation of Daun in vitro and in cell lines expressing AKR1C3, as well as its extrusion by ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 transporters, thus synergizing Daun cytotoxicity to overcome resistance. This work provides in vitro evidence on enasidenib-mediated targeting of the anthracycline resistance actors AKR1C3 and ABC transporters under clinically achievable concentrations. Our findings may encourage its combination with intensive chemotherapy and even suggest that the effectiveness of enasidenib as monotherapy against AML could lie beyond the targeting of mIDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Morell
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Youssif Budagaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dimitrios Vagiannis
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Laštovičková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Novotná
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Haddad
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Melodie Haddad
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ramon Portillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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20
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Zhang W, Chen K, Tian W, Zhang Q, Sun L, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang Q. A Novel and Robust Prognostic Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Enhancer RNAs-Regulated Genes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:849242. [PMID: 35646665 PMCID: PMC9133429 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.849242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated that enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) play a vital role in the progression and prognosis of cancers, but few studies have focused on the prognostic ability of eRNA-regulated genes (eRGs) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using gene expression profiles of HCC patients from the TCGA-LIHC and eRNA expression profiles from the enhancer RNA in cancers (eRic) data portal, we developed a novel and robust prognostic signature composed of 10 eRGs based on Lasso-penalized Cox regression analysis. According to the signature, HCC patients were stratified into high- and low-risk groups, which have been shown to have significant differences in tumor immune microenvironment, immune checkpoints, HLA-related genes, DNA damage repair-related genes, Gene-set variation analysis (GSVA), and the lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Sorafenib. The prognostic nomogram combining the signature, age, and TNM stage had good predictive ability in the training set (TCGA-LIHC) with the concordance index (C-index) of 0.73 and the AUCs for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS of 0.82, 0.77, 0.74, respectively. In external validation set (GSE14520), the nomogram also performed well with the C-index of 0.71 and the AUCs for 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS of 0.74, 0.77, 0.74, respectively. In addition, an important eRG (AKR1C3) was validated using two HCC cell lines (Huh7 and MHCC-LM3) in vitro, and the results demonstrated the overexpression of AKR1C3 is related to cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in HCC. Altogether, our eRGs signature and nomogram can predict prognosis accurately and conveniently, facilitate individualized treatment, and improve prognosis for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kegong Chen
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meina Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuju Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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21
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Gu Y, Wu S, Chong Y, Guan B, Li L, He D, Wang X, Wang B, Wu K. DAB2IP regulates intratumoral testosterone synthesis and CRPC tumor growth by ETS1/ AKR1C3 signaling. Cell Signal 2022; 95:110336. [PMID: 35452821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The intratumoral androgen synthesis is one of the mechanisms by which androgen receptor (AR) is aberrantly re-activated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after androgen ablation. However, pathways controlling steroidogenic enzyme expression and de novo androgen synthesis in prostate cancer (PCa) cells are largely unknown. In this study, we explored the potential roles of DAB2IP in testosterone synthesis and CRPC tumor growth. Indeed, DAB2IP loss could maintain AR transcriptional activity, PSA re-expression and tumor growth under castrated condition in vitro and in vivo, and reprogram the expression profiles of steroidogenic enzymes, including AKR1C3. Mechanistically, DAB2IP could dramatically inhibit the AKR1C3 promoter activity and the conversion from androgen precursors (i.e., DHEA) to testosterone through PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ETS1 signaling. Consistently, there was a high co-expression of ETS1 and AKR1C3 in PCa tissues and xenografts, and their expression in prostate tissues could also restore AR nuclear staining in castrated DAB2IP-/- mice after DHEA supplement. Together, this study reveals a novel regulation of intratumoral de novo androgen synthesis in CRPC, and provides the DAB2IP/ETS1/AKR1C3 signaling as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shiqi Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yue Chong
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Bing Guan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China; Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
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22
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Li Y, Tang J, Li J, Du Y, Bai F, Yang L, Li X, Jin X, Wang T. ARID3A promotes the chemosensitivity of colon cancer by inhibiting AKR1C3. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:965-975. [PMID: 35257428 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ARID3A is upregulated in colorectal cancer and can promote the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. However, patients with higher level of ARID3A have a better prognosis. This study aimed to uncover the mechanism by which ARID3A benefits the prognosis of colon cancer. Our results indicated that ARID3A upregulation enhanced the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), whereas ARID3A downregulation inhibited the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU. Through database analysis, we found that AKR1C3, a drug resistance related gene, was the target of ARID3A. Moreover, AKR1C3 was downregulated in colon cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. Next, we assessed the interaction between AKR1C3 and ARID3A, and found that ARID3A inhibited the transcription of AKR1C3, leading to the downregulation of AKR1C3 in colon cancer cells. We also verified that AKR1C3 inhibited the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU. Moreover, patients with higher ratio of ARID3A to AKR1C3 had a better prognosis. This study suggested that ARID3A promoted chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells by inhibiting AKR1C3 in colon cancer. The ratio of ARID3A to AKR1C3 is a good marker to predict the prognosis of colon cancer patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yaru Du
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Fuqiang Bai
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lirui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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23
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Pouncey DL, Barnette DA, Sinnott RW, Phillips SJ, Flynn NR, Hendrickson HP, Swamidass SJ, Miller GP. Discovery of Novel Reductive Elimination Pathway for 10-Hydroxywarfarin. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805133. [PMID: 35095511 PMCID: PMC8793337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumadin (R/S-warfarin) anticoagulant therapy is highly efficacious in preventing the formation of blood clots; however, significant inter-individual variations in response risks over or under dosing resulting in adverse bleeding events or ineffective therapy, respectively. Levels of pharmacologically active forms of the drug and metabolites depend on a diversity of metabolic pathways. Cytochromes P450 play a major role in oxidizing R- and S-warfarin to 6-, 7-, 8-, 10-, and 4′-hydroxywarfarin, and warfarin alcohols form through a minor metabolic pathway involving reduction at the C11 position. We hypothesized that due to structural similarities with warfarin, hydroxywarfarins undergo reduction, possibly impacting their pharmacological activity and elimination. We modeled reduction reactions and carried out experimental steady-state reactions with human liver cytosol for conversion of rac-6-, 7-, 8-, 4′-hydroxywarfarin and 10-hydroxywarfarin isomers to the corresponding alcohols. The modeling correctly predicted the more efficient reduction of 10-hydroxywarfarin over warfarin but not the order of the remaining hydroxywarfarins. Experimental studies did not indicate any clear trends in the reduction for rac-hydroxywarfarins or 10-hydroxywarfarin into alcohol 1 and 2. The collective findings indicated the location of the hydroxyl group significantly impacted reduction selectivity among the hydroxywarfarins, as well as the specificity for the resulting metabolites. Based on studies with R- and S-7-hydroxywarfarin, we predicted that all hydroxywarfarin reductions are enantioselective toward R substrates and enantiospecific for S alcohol metabolites. CBR1 and to a lesser extent AKR1C3 reductases are responsible for those reactions. Due to the inefficiency of reactions, only reduction of 10-hydroxywarfarin is likely to be important in clearance of the metabolite. This pathway for 10-hydroxywarfarin may have clinical relevance as well given its anticoagulant activity and capacity to inhibit S-warfarin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota L Pouncey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Dustyn A Barnette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Riley W Sinnott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Sarah J Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Noah R Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Howard P Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Social and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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24
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Möller G, Temml V, Cala Peralta A, Gruet O, Richomme P, Séraphin D, Viault G, Kraus L, Huber-Cantonati P, Schopfhauser E, Pachmayr J, Tokarz J, Schuster D, Helesbeux JJ, Dyar KA. Analogues of Natural Chalcones as Efficient Inhibitors of AKR1C3. Metabolites 2022; 12:99. [PMID: 35208174 PMCID: PMC8876231 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring substances are valuable resources for drug development. In this respect, chalcones are known to be antiproliferative agents against prostate cancer cell lines through various mechanisms or targets. Based on the literature and preliminary results, we aimed to study and optimise the efficiency of a series of chalcones to inhibit androgen-converting AKR1C3, known to promote prostate cancer. A total of 12 chalcones with different substitution patterns were synthesised. Structure-activity relationships associated with these modifications on AKR1C3 inhibition were analysed by performing enzymatic assays and docking simulations. In addition, the selectivity and cytotoxicity of the compounds were assessed. In enzymatic assays, C-6' hydroxylated derivatives were more active than C-6' methoxylated derivatives. In contrast, C-4 methylation increased activity over C-4 hydroxylation. Docking results supported these findings with the most active compounds fitting nicely in the binding site and exhibiting strong interactions with key amino acid residues. The most effective inhibitors were not cytotoxic for HEK293T cells and selective for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases not primarily involved in steroid hormone metabolism. Nevertheless, they inhibited several enzymes of the steroid metabolism pathways. Favourable substitutions that enhanced AKR1C3 inhibition of chalcones were identified. This study paves the way to further develop compounds from this series or related flavonoids with improved inhibitory activity against AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Möller
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.T.); (K.A.D.)
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.T.); (E.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Antonio Cala Peralta
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Océane Gruet
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Pascal Richomme
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Denis Séraphin
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Guillaume Viault
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Luisa Kraus
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology and Clinical Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.K.); (P.H.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Petra Huber-Cantonati
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology and Clinical Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.K.); (P.H.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Elisabeth Schopfhauser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.T.); (E.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Johanna Pachmayr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology and Clinical Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.K.); (P.H.-C.); (J.P.)
| | - Janina Tokarz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.T.); (K.A.D.)
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (V.T.); (E.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Helesbeux
- University of Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France; (A.C.P.); (O.G.); (P.R.); (D.S.); (G.V.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Kenneth Allen Dyar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.T.); (K.A.D.)
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25
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Mozar F, Sharma V, Gorityala S, Albert JM, Xu Y, Montano MM. Downregulation of Dihydrotestosterone and Estradiol Levels by HEXIM1. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab236. [PMID: 34864989 PMCID: PMC8645165 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that hexamethylene bis-acetamide inducible protein 1 (HEXIM1) inhibits the activity of ligand-bound estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the androgen receptor (AR) by disrupting the interaction between these receptors and positive transcriptional elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and attenuating RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) phosphorylation at serine 2. Functional consequences of the inhibition of transcriptional activity of ERα and AR by HEXIM1 include the inhibition of ERα- and AR-dependent gene expression, respectively, and the resulting attenuation of breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation and growth. In our present study, we determined that HEXIM1 inhibited AKR1C3 expression in BCa and PCa cells. AKR1C3, also known as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) type 5, is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Downregulation of AKR1C3 by HEXIM1 influenced E2 and DHT production, estrogen- and androgen-dependent gene expression, and cell proliferation. Our studies indicate that HEXIM1 has the unique ability to inhibit both the transcriptional activity of the ER and AR and the synthesis of the endogenous ligands of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitya Mozar
- Department of Pharmacology; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shashank Gorityala
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Albert
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Monica M Montano
- Department of Pharmacology; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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26
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Dumesic DA, Tulberg A, McNamara M, Grogan TR, Abbott DH, Naik R, Lu G, Chazenbalk GD. Serum Testosterone to Androstenedione Ratio Predicts Metabolic Health in Normal-Weight Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab158. [PMID: 34661039 PMCID: PMC8513761 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Increased aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3)-mediated conversion of androstenedione (A4) to testosterone (T) promotes lipid storage in subcutaneous (SC) abdominal adipose in overweight/obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women. Objective This work examines whether an elevated serum T/A4 ratio, as a marker of enhanced AKR1C3 activity in SC abdominal adipose, predicts metabolic function in normal-weight PCOS women. Methods This prospective cohort study took place in an academic center and comprised 19 normal-weight PCOS women and 21 age- and body mass index–matched controls. Interventions included circulating hormone/metabolic determinations, intravenous glucose tolerance testing, total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and SC abdominal fat biopsy. Serum T/A4 ratios, hormone/metabolic measures, and AKR1C3 expression of adipocytes matured in vitro were compared between female types; serum T/A4 ratios were correlated with serum lipids, adipose insulin resistance (adipose-IR), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity (Si). Results Increased serum T/A4 ratios (P = .040) and log adipose-IR values (P = .002) in PCOS women vs controls were accompanied by AKR1C3 messenger RNA overexpression of PCOS adipocytes matured in vitro (P = .016). Serum T/A4 ratios in PCOS women, but not controls, negatively correlated with log triglycerides (TGs: R = –0.65, P = .002) and the TG index (R = –0.57, P = .011). Adjusting for serum free T, serum T/A4 ratios in PCOS women remained negatively correlated with log TG (R = –0.57, P = .013) and TG index (R = –0.50, P = .036), respectively, without significant relationships with other metabolic measures. Conclusion An elevated serum T/A4 ratio, as a marker of enhanced AKR1C3 activity in SC abdominal adipose, predicts healthy metabolic function in normal-weight PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Dumesic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ayli Tulberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Megan McNamara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Tristan R Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - David H Abbott
- OB/GYN, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
| | - Rajanigandha Naik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gwyneth Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gregorio D Chazenbalk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Yoo SH, Kim KR, Park NJY. Transitional cell metaplasia of the uterine cervix: A histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis suggesting a possible role of androgenic conversion during urothelial-like differentiation in peri/postmenopausal women. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 56:151839. [PMID: 34784541 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transitional cell metaplasia (TCM) of the uterine cervix and vagina is typically seen in patients with adrenogenital syndrome with high serum androgen levels and in those under androgen treatment as well as in some peri/postmenopausal women. Considering that TCM occurs in patients with increased serum androgen levels, a microenvironment with altered sex hormones might be involved in the urothelial-like differentiation observed in TCM. To investigate a histogenetic role of androgen in TCM development, we compared the distribution patterns and intensity of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), GATA3 (a transcription factor involved in androgen regulation), Ki-67, and AKR1C3 (an enzyme involved in androgen biosynthesis) expression in normal exocervical mucosa in young women (n = 25), senile atrophy (n = 23), and TCM (n = 29). In TCM, AR, ER, AKR1C3, and GATA3, expression was stronger and significantly increased upward into the intermediate and superficial layers compared with the senile atrophic mucosa and normal mucosa in young women. The epithelial layer in TCM is thicker than that in senile atrophic mucosa, although both conditions may occur in the same age group. Proliferation in TCM was significantly lower than that in young women but slightly higher than that in senile atrophy. Considering the conversion activity of AKR1C3, thicker epithelial layers in TCM compared with those in senile atrophy might be due to increased conversion of androstenedione to testosterone via increased AKR1C3 activity, increased conversion of testosterone to 17β-estradiol by aromatization, and AR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Yoo
- Department of Pathology, University of Inje Collage of Medicine, Sanggye Baik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Rae Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nora Jee-Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Liang J, Cao Y, He M, Li W, Huang G, Ma T, Li M, Huang Y, Huang X, Hu Y. AKR1C3 and Its Transcription Factor HOXB4 Are Promising Diagnostic Biomarkers for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:694238. [PMID: 34568444 PMCID: PMC8458746 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.694238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A recent study disclosed that ferroptosis was an important myocyte death style in myocardial infarction (MI). However, the diagnostic value of ferroptosis regulators and correlated underlying mechanisms in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain unknown. Methods: Bioinformatical analyses were conducted to identify the candidate biomarkers for AMI, and the collected local samples were used to validate the findings via real-time quantitative PCR. Bioinformatical analysis and luciferase reporter assay were implemented to identify the transcriptional factor. Transient transfection and ferroptosis characteristic measurement, including glutathione peroxidase 4, malondialdehyde, iron, and glutathione, was performed to verify the ability of the candidate gene to regulate the ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes. A meta-analysis was conducted in multiple independent cohorts to clarify the diagnostic value. Results: A total of 121 ferroptosis regulators were extracted from previous studies, and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) was significantly downregulated in the peripheral blood samples of AMI cases from the analysis of GSE48060 and GSE97320. HOXB4 served as a transcriptional activator for AKR1C3 and could suppress the ferroptosis of the H9C2 cells treated with erastin. Besides this, peripheral blood samples from 16 AMI patients and 16 patients without coronary atherosclerotic disease were collected, where AKR1C3 and HOXB4 both showed a high diagnostic ability. Furthermore, a nomogram including HOXB4 and AKR1C3 was established and successfully validated in six independent datasets. A clinical correlation analysis displayed that AKR1C3 and HOXB4 were correlated with smoking, CK, CK-MB, and N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Conclusion: Taken together, this study demonstrates that AKR1C3 and HOXB4 are promising diagnostic biomarkers, providing novel insights into the ferroptosis mechanisms of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Mingli He
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Weiwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Guolin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Meijun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yunzhao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Armstrong CM, Gao AC. Dysregulated androgen synthesis and anti-androgen resistance in advanced prostate cancer. Am J Clin Exp Urol 2021; 9:292-300. [PMID: 34541028 PMCID: PMC8446765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for treating castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) include abiraterone and enzalutamide which function by inhibiting androgen signaling by targeting androgen synthesis and antagonizing the androgen receptor (AR) respectively. While these therapies are initially beneficial, resistance inevitably develops. A number of pathways have been identified to contribute to CRPC progression and drug resistance. Among these is aberrant androgen signaling perpetuated by increased expression and activity of androgenic enzymes. While abiraterone inhibits the androgenic enzyme, CYP17A1, androgen synthesis inhibition by abiraterone is incomplete and sustained androgenesis persists, in part due to increased levels of AKR1C3 and steroid sulfatase (STS). Expression of both of these enzymes is increased in CRPC and is associated with resistance to anti-androgens. A number of studies have identified methods for targeting these enzymes. Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to treat inflammatory arthritis has been well established as an inhibitor of AKR1C3. Treatment of CRPC cells with indomethacin reduces cell growth and improves the response to enzalutamide and abiraterone. Similarly, STS inhibitors have been shown to reduce intracrine androgens and also reduce CRPC growth and enhance anti-androgen treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of androgen synthesis in CRPC and strategies aimed at inhibiting intracrine androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urology, University of California, DavisSacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California, DavisSacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, DavisSacramento, CA 95817, USA
- VA Northern California Health Care SystemSacramento, CA 95655, USA
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Meng F, Li WF, Jung D, Wang CC, Qi T, Shia CS, Hsu RY, Hsieh YC, Duan J. A novel selective AKR1C3-activated prodrug AST-3424/OBI-3424 exhibits broad anti-tumor activity. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3645-3659. [PMID: 34354865 PMCID: PMC8332853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AST-3424/OBI-3424 (denoted by 3424) is a novel prodrug bis-alkylating agent activated by AKR1C3. AKR1C3 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, particularly in liver, non-small cell lung, gastric, renal and CRPC cancer. Currently 3424 is being studied in phase 1/2 clinical trials for the treatment of solid and hematologic cancers, and it represents potentially a novel, selective anti-cancer agent for multiple indications. In this study, AKR1C3-dependent activation of 3424 was investigated in vitro using recombinant human AKR1C3. AKR1C3-dependent cytotoxicity of 3424 was determined in a wide range of human cancer cell lines with different AKR1C3 expression levels. In addition, anti-tumor activity of 3424 was also investigated in a broad panel of CDX and PDX models. AKR1C3-dependent activation of prodrug 3424 was evident by monitoring the decrease of 3424 and generation of the active form, 2660. Kinetic analysis indicated that AKR1C3 exhibited higher catalytic efficiency towards 3424 compared to the physiological substrates. There was a strong correlation between 3424 cytotoxic potency and AKR1C3 expression. The racemic mixture induced DNA cross-linking in a concentration dependent manner. Tumor growth inhibition of 3424 was shown to be better than or comparable to the standard of care chemotherapy at clinically achievable doses as a single agent in various CDX models with high expression of AKR1C3, including liver HepG2, lung H460, castration-resistant prostate VCaP, gastric SNU-16, and kidney A498 cancer cell lines. The excellent anti-tumor efficacy of 3424 was further demonstrated in PDX models which have high level of AKR1C3 expression, but not in a model with low level of AKR1C3 expression. In the combination therapy, we showed that 3424 could enhance the efficacy of the standard care of chemotherapy in the CDX models. The results described here highlight that 3424 exhibits AKR1C3-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and anti-tumor activity in vivo in a wide range of human cancer types, which support further development of 3424 as an anti-cancer agent for treating different types of cancers and the use of AKR1C3 as a biomarker to profile cancer patients and further guide patient selection for therapy with 3424.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald Jung
- Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals, LTDShenzhen, China
| | | | - Tianyang Qi
- Ascentawits Pharmaceuticals, LTDShenzhen, China
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Zhou C, Wang Z, Li J, Wu X, Fan N, Li D, Liu F, Plum PS, Hoppe S, Hillmer AM, Quaas A, Gebauer F, Chon SH, Bruns CJ, Zhao Y. Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 Mediates Chemotherapy Resistance in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma via ROS Detoxification. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2403. [PMID: 34065695 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The multidrug resistance of EAC is one of the major obstacles to chemotherapeutic efficiency. Our study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of AKR1C3 as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemotherapy resistance for EAC patients. We demonstrate that AKR1C3 renders chemotherapy resistance through controlling cellular ROS levels via AKT signaling in EAC cells. Modulation of intracellular GSH levels by AKR1C3 could scavenge the intracellular ROS, thus regulating apoptosis. Targeting AKR1C3 may represent a novel strategy to sensitize EAC cells to conventional chemotherapy treatment and benefit the overall survival of patients diagnosed with EAC. Abstract Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, and limits promising treatments. AKR1C3 represents a therapeutic target to combat the resistance in many cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of AKR1C3 in the chemotherapy resistance of EAC is still unclear. We found that the mRNA level of AKR1C3 was higher in EAC tumor tissues, and that high AKR1C3 expression might be associated with poor overall survival of EAC patients. AKR1C3 overexpression decreased cell death induced by chemotherapeutics, while knockdown of AKR1C3 attenuated the effect. Furthermore, we found AKR1C3 was inversely correlated with ROS production. Antioxidant NAC rescued chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in AKR1C3 knockdown cells, while the GSH biosynthesis inhibitor BSO reversed a protective effect of AKR1C3 against chemotherapy. AKT phosphorylation was regulated by AKR1C3 and might be responsible for eliminating over-produced ROS in EAC cells. Intracellular GSH levels were modulated by AKR1C3 and the inhibition of AKT could reduce GSH level in EAC cells. Here, we reported for the first time that AKR1C3 renders chemotherapy resistance through controlling ROS levels via AKT signaling in EAC cells. Targeting AKR1C3 may represent a novel strategy to sensitize EAC cells to conventional chemotherapy.
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Pan D, Yang W, Zeng Y, Li W, Wang K, Zhao L, Li J, Ye Y, Guo Q. AKR1C3 decreased CML sensitivity to Imatinib in bone marrow microenvironment via dysregulation of miR-379-5p. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110038. [PMID: 33984486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is an important cause of death for most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The bone marrow microenvironment is believed to be mainly responsible for resistance to BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The mechanism involved, however, is still unclear. METHODS Bioinformatic analysis from GEO database of AKR1C3 was utilized to identify the AKR1C3 expression in CML cells under bone marrow microenvironment. Western blot and qPCR were performed to detect the AKR1C3 expression in two CML cell lines K562 and KU812 cultured +/- bone microenvironment derived stromal cells. CCK-8, soft agar colony assay, and Annexin V/PI assay were performed to detect the sensitivity of CML cells (K562 and KU812) to Imatinib under a gain of or loss of function of AKR1C3 treatment. The CML murine model intravenous inoculated with K562-OE-vector and K562-OE-AKR1C3 cells were established to estimate the effect of AKR1C3 inhibitor Indomethacin on Imatinib resistance. The bioinformatic analysis of miRNA databases was used to predict the potential miRNAs targeting AKR1C3. And the luciferase assay was utilized to validate the target relationship between miR-379-5p and AKR1C3. And, the soft agar colony assay and Annexin V/PI were used to validate the effect of miR-379-5p in AKR1C3 induced Imatinib resistance. RESULTS In present study, we investigated AKR1C3 was highly expressed in CML under bone marrow microenvironment. AKR1C3 decreased Imatinib activity in K562 and KU812 cells, while inhibition of AKR1C3 could enhance Imatinib sensitivity in vitro study. Furthermore, murine model results showed combination use of AKR1C3 inhibitor Indomethacin effectively prolong mice survival, indicating that AKR1C3 is a promising target to enhance Imatinib treatment. Mechanically, AKR1C3 was found to be suppressed by miR-379-5p, which was down-expression in bone marrow microenvironment. Besides, we found miR-379-5p could bind AKR1C3 3'UTR but not degrade its mRNA level. Further, gain of miR-379-5p rescued the imatinib resistance induced by AKR1C3 overexpression in CML cells. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our study identifies a novel signaling regulation of miR-379-5p/AKR1C3/EKR axis in regulating IM resistance in CML cell, and provides a scientific base for exploring AKR1C3 as a biomarker in impeding IM resistance in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Pan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Wanwan Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Zeng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaizhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Li
- Pathology and PDX efficacy center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Yuting Ye
- Pathology and PDX efficacy center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhu P, Feng R, Lu X, Liao Y, Du Z, Zhai W, Chen K. Diagnostic and prognostic values of AKR1C3 and AKR1D1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4138-56. [PMID: 33493134 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common histological type of primary liver cancer and the majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis. AKR1C3 (Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3) and AKR1D1 (Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1) catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols and play crucial roles in multiple cancers. However, the functions of AKR1C3 and AKR1D1 in HCC remain unclear. In our study, data from the public databases were selected as training and validation sets, then 76 HCC patients in our center were chosen as a test set. Bioinformatics methods suggested AKR1C3 was overexpressed in HCC and AKR1D1 was down-regulated. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed and the area under curve (AUC) values of AKR1C3 and AKR1D1 were above 0.7 (0.948, 0.836, respectively). Also, the high expression of AKR1C3 and low expression of AKR1D1 predicted poor prognosis and short median survival time. Then, the knockdown of AKR1C3 and overexpression of AKR1D1 in HCC cells were achieved with lentivirus. And both decreased cell proliferation, restrained cell viability, and inhibited tumorigenesis. Moreover, the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted and the results showed that AKR1C3 and AKR1D1 might participate in the MAPK/ERK and androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Furthermore, the AR and phosphorylated ERK1/2 were significantly reduced after the suppression of AKR1C3 or overexpression of AKR1D1. Collectively, AKR1C3 and AKR1D1 might serve as candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC and provide potential targets for HCC treatment.
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Chen J, Yang Y, Xu D, Li J, Wu S, Jiang Y, Wang C, Yang Z, Zhao L. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles combined with AKR1C3 siRNA inhibited the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer by suppressing androgen synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 540:83-89. [PMID: 33450484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracrine androgen synthesis plays a critical role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is a vital enzyme in the intracrine androgen synthesis pathway. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were employed to deliver small interfering RNA targeting AKR1C3 (siAKR1C3) to downregulate AKR1C3 expression in CPRC cells. The optimal weight ratio of MSNs/siAKR1C3 was determined by a gel retardation assay. Prostate cancer cells such as VCaP cells, which intracrinally express AKR1C3, and LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells stably transfected with AKR1C3 were used to investigate the antitumour effect of MSNs-siAKR1C3. Fluorescence detection and Western blot analyses were applied to confirm the entrance of MSNs-siAKR1C3 into the cells. A SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay was employed to assess the cell viability, and a radioimmunoassay was used to measure the androgen concentration. Moreover, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis and ELISA were used to determine the transcription and expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), AKR1C3 and androgen receptor (AR). Meanwhile, a reporter gene assay was performed to determine the AR activity. Additionally, a castrated nude mouse xenograft tumour model was produced to verify the inhibitory effect of MSNs-siAKR1C3 in vivo. The results showed that the optimal weight ratio of MSNs/siAKR1C3 was 140:1, and the complex could effectively enter cells, downregulate AKR1C3 expression, reduce the androgen concentration, inhibit AR activation, and inhibit CRPC development both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that decreasing intracrine androgen synthesis and inactivating AR signals by MSNs-siAKR1C3 may be a potential effective method for CRPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Basic Medicine School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China; School of Medicine Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Changshuai Wang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhaoyun Yang
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lijing Zhao
- Nursing School of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Morell A, Čermáková L, Novotná E, Laštovičková L, Haddad M, Haddad A, Portillo R, Wsól V. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Ibrutinib and Acalabrutinib Counteract Anthracycline Resistance in Cancer Cells Expressing AKR1C3. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3731. [PMID: 33322571 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The enzyme aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is present in several cancers, in which it is capable of actively metabolising different chemotherapy drugs and decreasing their cytotoxic effects. Therefore, the combination with specific inhibitors of AKR1C3 might prevent drug metabolism and increase its efficacy. We investigated the ability of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors ibrutinib and acalabrutinib to block the AKR1C3 mediated inactivation of the anthracycline daunorubicin. Experimentation with recombinant AKR1C3 and different cancer cells expressing this enzyme outlined BTK-inhibitors as potential partners to synergise daunorubicin cytotoxicity in vitro. This evidence could be useful to improve the clinical outcome of anthracycline-based chemotherapies. Abstract Over the last few years, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) has been associated with the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), thereby hindering chemotherapy against cancer. In particular, impaired efficacy of the gold standards of induction therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has been correlated with AKR1C3 expression, as this enzyme metabolises several drugs including anthracyclines. Therefore, the development of selective AKR1C3 inhibitors may help to overcome chemoresistance in clinical practice. In this regard, we demonstrated that Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors ibrutinib and acalabrutinib efficiently prevented daunorubicin (Dau) inactivation mediated by AKR1C3 in both its recombinant form as well as during its overexpression in cancer cells. This revealed a synergistic effect of BTK inhibitors on Dau cytotoxicity in cancer cells expressing AKR1C3 both exogenously and endogenously, thus reverting anthracycline resistance in vitro. These findings suggest that BTK inhibitors have a novel off-target action, which can be exploited against leukaemia through combination regimens with standard chemotherapeutics like anthracyclines.
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Peraldo-Neia C, Ostano P, Mello-Grand M, Guana F, Gregnanin I, Boschi D, Oliaro-Bosso S, Pippione AC, Carenzo A, De Cecco L, Cavalieri S, Micali A, Perrone F, Averono G, Bagnasacco P, Dosdegani R, Masini L, Krengli M, Aluffi-Valletti P, Valente G, Chiorino G. AKR1C3 is a biomarker and druggable target for oropharyngeal tumors. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 44:357-372. [PMID: 33211282 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arising from the base of the tongue, lingual tonsils, tonsils, oropharynx or pharynx. The majority of HPV-positive OPSCCs has a good prognosis, but a fraction of them has a poor prognosis, similar to HPV-negative OPSCCs. An in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying OPSCC is mandatory for the identification of novel prognostic biomarkers and/or novel therapeutic targets. METHODS 14 HPV-positive and 15 HPV-negative OPSCCs with 5-year follow-up information were subjected to gene expression profiling and, subsequently, compared to three extensive published OPSCC cohorts to define robust biomarkers for HPV-negative lesions. Validation of Aldo-keto-reductases 1C3 (AKR1C3) by qRT-PCR was carried out on an independent cohort (n = 111) of OPSCC cases. In addition, OPSCC cell lines Fadu and Cal-27 were treated with Cisplatin and/or specific AKR1C3 inhibitors to assess their (combined) therapeutic effects. RESULTS Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on the four datasets revealed that the genes down-regulated in HPV-negative samples were mainly involved in immune system, whereas those up-regulated mainly in glutathione derivative biosynthetic and xenobiotic metabolic processes. A panel of 30 robust HPV-associated transcripts was identified, with AKR1C3 as top-overexpressed transcript in HPV-negative samples. AKR1C3 expression in 111 independent OPSCC cases positively correlated with a worse survival, both in the entire cohort and in HPV-positive samples. Pretreatment with a selective AKR1C3 inhibitor potentiated the effect of Cisplatin in OPSCC cells exhibiting higher basal AKR1C3 expression levels. CONCLUSIONS We identified AKR1C3 as a potential prognostic biomarker in OPSCC and as a potential drug target whose inhibition can potentiate the effect of Cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peraldo-Neia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Paola Ostano
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Maurizia Mello-Grand
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Francesca Guana
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gregnanin
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Agnese Chiara Pippione
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Carenzo
- Integrated Biology Platform, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Integrated Biology Platform, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Micali
- Integrated Biology Platform, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Perrone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Averono
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Ospedale degli Infermi, via dei Ponderanesi 1, Ponderano, Biella, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnasacco
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Ospedale degli Infermi, via dei Ponderanesi 1, Ponderano, Biella, Italy
| | | | - Laura Masini
- Department of Translational Medicine, UPO School of Medicine, Radiotherapy Unit, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Krengli
- Department of Translational Medicine, UPO School of Medicine, Radiotherapy Unit, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Aluffi-Valletti
- Department of Health Sciences, UPO School of Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Novara, Italy
| | - Guido Valente
- Department of Translational Medicine, UPO School of Medicine, Radiotherapy Unit, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy.
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Sun M, Zhou Y, Zhuo X, Wang S, Jiang S, Peng Z, Kang K, Zheng X, Sun M. Design, Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Novel Indole Derivatives Containing Benzoic Acid Group as Potential AKR1C3 Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000519. [PMID: 33111427 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a fatal, metastatic form of prostate cancer, characterized by reactivation of the androgen axis. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) converts androstenedione (AD) and 5α-androstanedione to testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), respectively. In CRPC, AKR1C3 is upregulated and implicated in drug resistance and has been regarded as a potential therapeutic target. Here we examined a series of indole derivatives containing benzoic acid or phenylhydroxamic acid and found that 4-({3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)benzoic acid (3e) and N-hydroxy-4-({3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)benzamide (3q) inhibited 22Rv1 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 6.37 μM and 2.72 μM, respectively. In enzymatic assay, compounds 3e and 3q exhibited potent inhibitory effect against AKR1C3 (IC50 =0.26 and 2.39 μM, respectively). These results indicated that compounds 3e and 3q might be useful leads for further investigation of more potential AKR1C3 inhibitors used for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China.,Institute of Cancer, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310002, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Xuefang Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shisheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Zhihuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Ke Kang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
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Morell A, Novotná E, Milan J, Danielisová P, Büküm N, Wsól V. Selective inhibition of aldo-keto reductase 1C3: a novel mechanism involved in midostaurin and daunorubicin synergism. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:67-78. [PMID: 33025066 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Midostaurin is an FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3) inhibitor that provides renewed hope for treating acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The limited efficacy of this compound as a monotherapy contrasts with that of its synergistic combination with standard cytarabine and daunorubicin (Dau), suggesting a therapeutic benefit that is not driven only by FLT3 inhibition. In an AML context, the activity of the enzyme aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is a crucial factor in chemotherapy resistance, as it mediates the intracellular transformation of anthracyclines to less active hydroxy metabolites. Here, we report that midostaurin is a potent inhibitor of Dau inactivation mediated by AKR1C3 in both its recombinant form as well as during its overexpression in a transfected cell model. Likewise, in the FLT3- AML cell line KG1a, midostaurin was able to increase the cellular accumulation of Dau and significantly decrease its metabolism by AKR1C3 simultaneously. The combination of those mechanisms increased the nuclear localization of Dau, thus synergizing its cytotoxic effects on KG1a cells. Our results provide new in vitro evidence of how the therapeutic activity of midostaurin could operate beyond targeting the FLT3 receptor.
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39
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Hertzog JR, Zhang Z, Bignan G, Connolly PJ, Heindl JE, Janetopoulos CJ, Rupnow BA, McDevitt TM. AKR1C3 mediates pan-AR antagonist resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:1223-1232. [PMID: 33258507 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiandrogens are effective therapies that block androgen receptor (AR) transactivation and signaling in over 50% of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. However, an estimated 30% of responders will develop resistance to these therapies within 2 years. JNJ-pan-AR is a broad-spectrum AR antagonist that inhibits wild-type AR as well as several mutated versions of AR that have emerged in patients on chronic antiandrogen treatment. In this work, we aimed to identify the potential underlying mechanisms of resistance that may result from chronic JNJ-pan-AR treatment. METHODS The LNCaP JNJR prostate cancer subline was developed by chronically exposing LNCaP parental cells to JNJ-pan-AR. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling was performed to identify potential drivers and/or biomarkers of the resistant phenotype. RESULTS Several enzymes critical to intratumoral androgen biosynthesis, Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), UGT2B15, and UGT2B17 were identified as potential upstream regulators of the JNJ-pan-AR resistant cells. While we confirmed the overexpression of all three enzymes in the resistant cells only AKR1C3 expression played a functional role in driving JNJ-pan-AR resistance. We also discovered that AKR1C3 regulates UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 expression in JNJ-pan-AR resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the rationale to further investigate the benefits of AKR1C3 inhibition in combination with antiandrogens to prevent CRPC disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Hertzog
- Discovery Oncology, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhuming Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Gilles Bignan
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jason E Heindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Janetopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brent A Rupnow
- Discovery Oncology, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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40
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Wang B, Wu S, Fang Y, Sun G, He D, Hsieh JT, Wang X, Zeng H, Wu K. The AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex maintains CRPC tumour growth by repressing B4GALT1 expression. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12032-12043. [PMID: 32902124 PMCID: PMC7579719 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms contribute to the survival and growth of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) cells without androgen, including androgen receptor splice variants (AR-V) and de novo intratumoral androgen synthesis. AKR1C3 is a critical androgenic enzyme that plays different roles in mCRPC, such as an EMT driver or AR coactivator. However, the relationship and regulatory mechanisms between AKR1C3 and AR-V remain largely unknown. In this study, we observed a positive correlation between AKR1C3 and AR-V7 staining in tissues from prostate rebiopsy at mCRPC. Mechanistically, AKR1C3 interacts with AR-V7 protein in CRPC cells, which can reciprocally inhibit AR-V7 and AKR1C3 protein degradation. Biologically, this complex is essential for in vitro and in vivo tumour growth of CRPC cells after androgen deprivation as it represses B4GALT1, a unique tumour suppressor gene in PCa. Together, this study reveals AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex as a potential therapeutic target in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqi Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Urology, The East Division of First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxi Sun
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaijie Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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41
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Sali VK, Mani S, Meenaloshani G, Velmurugan Ilavarasi A, Vasanthi HR. Type 5 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/prostaglandin F synthase ( AKR1C3) inhibition and potential anti-proliferative activity of cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Steroids 2020; 159:108638. [PMID: 32209376 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione (KS) is a cholesterol oxidation product which exhibits anti-proliferative activity. However, its precise mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, the effects of KS on AKR1C3 inhibition and anti-proliferative activities were investigated in the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We identified that KS arrested the enzymatic conversion of estrone to 17-β estradiol, by inhibiting AKR1C3 in intact MCF-7 cells. The anti-proliferative effects of KS were evaluated by MTT assay, acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining, cell cycle analysis and Western blotting. KS arrested the cell cycle progression in the G1 phase with a concomitant increase of the Sub-G0 population to increase in concentration and time. It also enhanced the p53 and NFkB expression and induced caspase-12, 9 and 3 processing and down-regulated the Bcl-2 expression. Molecular docking studies performed to understand the inhibition mechanism of KS on AKR1C3 revealed that KS occupied the binding region of AKR1C3 with almost similar orientation as indomethacin (IM), thereby acting as an antagonistic agent for AKR1C3. Based on the results it is identified that KS induces inhibition of AKR1C3 and cell death in MCF-7 cells. These results indicate that KS can be used as a molecular scaffold for further development of novel small-molecules with better specificity towards AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeresh Kumar Sali
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Sugumar Mani
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - G Meenaloshani
- National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620001, India
| | | | - Hannah R Vasanthi
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
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Li ZY, Yin YF, Guo Y, Li H, Xu MQ, Liu M, Wang JR, Feng ZH, Duan XC, Zhang S, Zhang SQ, Wang GX, Liao A, Wang SM, Zhang X. Enhancing Anti-Tumor Activity of Sorafenib Mesoporous Silica Nanomatrix in Metastatic Breast Tumor and Hepatocellular Carcinoma via the Co-Administration with Flufenamic Acid. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1809-1821. [PMID: 32214813 PMCID: PMC7083629 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s240436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because tumor-associated inflammation is a hallmark of cancer treatment, in the present study, sorafenib mesoporous silica nanomatrix (MSNM@SFN) co-administrated with flufenamic acid (FFA, a non-steroidal anti–inflammatory drug (NSAID)) was investigated to enhance the anti-tumor activity of MSNM@SFN. Methods Metastatic breast tumor 4T1/luc cells and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were selected as cell models. The effects of FFA in vitro on cell migration, PGE2 secretion, and AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 levels in 4T1/luc and HepG2 cells were investigated. The in vivo anti-tumor activity of MSNM@SFN co-administrating with FFA (MSNM@SFN+FFA) was evaluated in a 4T1/luc metastatic tumor model, HepG2 tumor-bearing nude mice model, and HepG2 orthotopic tumor-bearing nude mice model, respectively. Results The results indicated that FFA could markedly decrease cell migration, PGE2 secretion, and AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 levels in both 4T1/luc and HepG2 cells. The enhanced anti-tumor activity of MSNM@SFN+FFA compared with that of MSNM@SFN was confirmed in the 4T1/luc metastatic tumor model, HepG2 tumor-bearing nude mice model, and HepG2 orthotopic tumor-bearing nude mice model in vivo, respectively. Discussion MSNM@SFN co-administrating with FFA (MSNM@SFN+FFA) developed in this study is an alternative strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of MSNM@SFN via co-administration with NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Qi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ru Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Han Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Xue Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Min Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Xu Z, Ma T, Zhou J, Gao W, Li Y, Yu S, Wang Y, Chan FL. Nuclear receptor ERRα contributes to castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer via its regulation of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Theranostics 2020; 10:4201-4216. [PMID: 32226548 PMCID: PMC7086365 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling are key factors responsible for the relapse growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Residual intraprostatic androgens can be produced by de novo synthesis of androgens from cholesterol or conversion from adrenal androgens by steroidogenic enzymes expressed in prostate cancer cells via different steroidogenic pathways. However, the dysregulation of androgen biosynthetic enzymes in CRPC still remains poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of the nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα, ESRRA), in the promotion of androgen biosynthesis in CRPC growth. Methods: ERRα expression in CRPC patients was analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and validated in established CRPC xenograft model. The roles of ERRα in the promotion of castration-resistant growth were elucidated by overexpression and knockdown studies and the intratumoral androgen levels were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. The effect of suppression of ERRα activity in the potentiation of sensitivity to androgen-deprivation was determined using an ERRα inverse agonist. Results: ERRα exhibited an increased expression in metastatic CRPC and CRPC xenograft model, could act to promote castration-resistant growth via direct transactivation of two key androgen synthesis enzymes CYP11A1 and AKR1C3, and hence enhance intraprostatic production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and activation of AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. Notably, inhibition of ERRα activity by an inverse agonist XCT790 could reduce the DHT production and suppress AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion: Our study reveals a new role of ERRα in the intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in CRPC via its transcriptional control of steroidogenic enzymes, and also provides a novel insight that targeting ERRα could be a potential androgen-deprivation strategy for the management of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Xu
- Precision Medicine Centre, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, PR China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Taiyang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Neuwirt H, Bouchal J, Kharaishvili G, Ploner C, Jöhrer K, Pitterl F, Weber A, Klocker H, Eder IE. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote prostate tumor growth and progression through upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:11. [PMID: 31980029 PMCID: PMC6979368 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen receptor targeted therapies have emerged as an effective tool to manage advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, frequent occurrence of therapy resistance represents a major challenge in the clinical management of patients, also because the molecular mechanisms behind therapy resistance are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we therefore aimed to identify novel targets to intervene with therapy resistance using gene expression analysis of PCa co-culture spheroids where PCa cells are grown in the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and which have been previously shown to be a reliable model for antiandrogen resistance. Methods Gene expression changes of co-culture spheroids (LNCaP and DuCaP seeded together with CAFs) were identified by Illumina microarray profiling. Real-time PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and cell viability assays in 2D and 3D culture were performed to validate the expression of selected targets in vitro and in vivo. Cytokine profiling was conducted to analyze CAF-conditioned medium. Results Gene expression analysis of co-culture spheroids revealed that CAFs induced a significant upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis pathways in PCa cells. Cytokine profiling revealed high amounts of pro-inflammatory, pro-migratory and pro-angiogenic factors in the CAF supernatant. In particular, two genes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2 (HMGCS2) and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), were significantly upregulated in PCa cells upon co-culture with CAFs. Both enzymes were also significantly increased in human PCa compared to benign tissue with AKR1C3 expression even being associated with Gleason score and metastatic status. Inhibiting HMGCS2 and AKR1C3 resulted in significant growth retardation of co-culture spheroids as well as of various castration and enzalutamide resistant cell lines in 2D and 3D culture, underscoring their putative role in PCa. Importantly, dual targeting of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis with simvastatin, a commonly prescribed cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, and an inhibitor against AKR1C3 had the strongest growth inhibitory effect. Conclusions From our results we conclude that CAFs induce an upregulation of cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis in PCa cells, driving them into AR targeted therapy resistance. Blocking both pathways with simvastatin and an AKR1C3 inhibitor may therefore be a promising approach to overcome resistances to AR targeted therapies in PCa. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Neuwirt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV - Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gvantsa Kharaishvili
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Ploner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karin Jöhrer
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Weber
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris E Eder
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Semaan L, Mander N, Cher ML, Chinni SR. TMPRSS2-ERG fusions confer efficacy of enzalutamide in an in vivo bone tumor growth model. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:972. [PMID: 31638934 PMCID: PMC6802314 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is an advanced disease resistant to systemic traditional medical or surgical castration, and resistance is primarily attributed to reactivation of AR through multiple mechanisms. TMPRSS2-ERG fusions have been shown to regulate AR signaling, interfere with pro-differentiation functions, and mediate oncogenic signaling. We have recently shown that ERG regulates intra-tumoral androgen synthesis and thereby facilitates AR function in prostate cancer cells. We hypothesize that enzalutamide treatment will be more effective in cells/tumors with TMPRSS2-ERG translocations because these tumors have increased AR signaling. METHODS ERG knockdown was performed with VCaP cells using lentiviral infections to generate VCaP ERGshRNA cells and control VCaP scr cells with scrambled shRNA. Cell-growth analysis was performed to determine the effect of enzalutamide. Reverse transcription, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the expression of AR responsive genes. Luciferase tagged VCaP scr and shRNA infected cells were used in an intra-tibial animal model for bone tumor growth analysis and enzalutamide treatment used to inhibit AR signaling in bone tumors. Western blotting analyzed VCaP bone tumor samples for ERG, AR, AKR1C3 and HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 expression. RESULTS Enzalutamide inhibited the growth of VCaP scr cells more effectively than shERG cells. Analysis of AR responsive genes shows that Enzalutamide treatment at 5 micromolar concentration inhibited by 85-90% in VCaP Scr cells whereas these genes were inhibited to a lesser extent in VCaP shERG cells. Enzalutamide treatment resulted in severe growth inhibition in VCaP scr shRNA cells compared to VCaP shERG cells. In bone tumor growth experiment, VCaP ERG shRNA cells grew at slower than VCaP scr shRNA cells. Androgen biosynthetic enzyme expression is lower VCaP shERG bone tumors compared to VCaP scr shRNA bone tumors and enzalutamide inhibited the enzyme expression in both types of tumors. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ERG transcription factor regulates androgen biosynthetic enzyme expression that enzalutamide treatment is more effective against VCaP bone tumors with an intact ERG expression, and that knocking down ERG in VCaP cells leads to a lesser response to enzalutamide therapy. Thus, ERG expression status in tumors could help stratify patients for enzalutamide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louie Semaan
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Navneet Mander
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Michael L. Cher
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Sreenivasa R. Chinni
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 9245 Scott Hall, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Kaipainen A, Zhang A, da Costa RMG, Lucas J, Marck B, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, True LD, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Testosterone accumulation in prostate cancer cells is enhanced by facilitated diffusion. Prostate 2019; 79:1530-1542. [PMID: 31376206 PMCID: PMC6783279 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone is a driver of prostate cancer (PC) growth via ligand-mediated activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Tumors that have escaped systemic androgen deprivation, castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), have measurable intratumoral levels of testosterone, suggesting that a resistance mechanism still depends on androgen-simulated growth. However, AR activation requires an optimal intracellular concentration of androgens, a situation challenged by low circulating testosterone concentrations. Notably, PC cells may optimize their androgen levels by regulating the expression of steroid metabolism enzymes that convert androgen precursors into androgens. Here we propose that testosterone entry into the cell could be another control point. METHODS To determine whether testosterone enters cells via a transporter, we performed in vitro 3 H-testosterone uptake assays in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen and AR-independent PC3 cells. To determine if the uptake mechanism depended on a concentration gradient, we modified UGT2B17 levels in LNCaP cells and measured androgen levels by liquid-liquid extraction-mass spectrometry. We also analyzed CRPC metastases for expression of AKR1C3 to determine whether this enzyme that converts adrenal androgens to testosterone was present in the tumor stroma (microenvironment) in addition to its expression in the tumor epithelium. RESULTS Testosterone uptake followed a concentration gradient but unlike in passive diffusion, was saturable and temperature-dependent, thus suggesting facilitated transport. Suppression of UGT2B17 to abrogate a testosterone gradient reduced testosterone transport while overexpression of the enzyme enhanced it. The facilitated transport suggests a paracrine route of testosterone uptake for maintaining optimal intracellular levels. We found that AKR1C3 was expressed in the tumor microenvironment of CRPC metastases in addition to epithelial cells and the pattern of relative abundance of the enzyme in epithelium vs stroma varied substantially between the metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in addition to testosterone transport and metabolism by tumor epithelium, testosterone could also be produced by components of the tumor microenvironment. Facilitated testosterone uptake by tumor cells supports a cell nonautonomous mechanism for testosterone signaling in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Kaipainen
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ailin Zhang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared Lucas
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brett Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Alvin M. Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104
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Zhao J, Zhang M, Liu J, Liu Z, Shen P, Nie L, Guo W, Cai D, Liu J, Armstrong CM, Sun G, Chen J, Zhu S, Dai J, Zhang H, Zhao P, Zhang X, Yin X, Zhu X, Ni Y, Chen N, Zeng H. AKR1C3 expression in primary lesion rebiopsy at the time of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is strongly associated with poor efficacy of abiraterone as a first-line therapy. Prostate 2019; 79:1553-1562. [PMID: 31294486 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies had demonstrated that aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), a crucial enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway, played an important role in abiraterone (ABI)-resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) by increasing intratumoral androgen synthesis. However, its value in predicting treatment response in patients with mCRPC is unknown. METHOD AND MATERIALS Data of 163 patients with metastatic prostate cancer between 2016 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received androgen deprivation therapy plus bicalutamide after initial diagnosis. After mCRPC, either ABI or docetaxel (DOC) treatment was used. No patient had the experience of therapy to the primary tumor. AKR1C3 protein was detected by immunohistochemical staining from rebiopsy (re-Bx) of primary prostate lesions at mCRPC. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used to analyze the association between AKR1C3 and treatment outcomes. RESULTS AKR1C3 was positive in 58 of 163 (35.6%) cases. AKR1C3 was associated with significantly shorter median prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival (mPSA-PFS, 5.6 mo vs 10.7 mo; P < .001), median radiographic progression-free survival (mrPFS, 11.1 mo vs 18.0 mo; P = .018), and numerically shorter median overall survival (mOS, 20.4 mo vs 26.4 mo; P = .157). Notably, AKR1C3-positive patients treated with ABI, but not DOC, had shorter mPSA-PFS and mrPFS compared with AKR1C3-negative men, (mPSA-PFS, 5.7 mo vs. 11.2 mo; P < .001; mrPFS, 12.4 mo vs 23.3 mo; P = .048). However, AKR1C3 expression had no correlation to PSA response or OS. Multivariate Cox regression indicated that AKR1C3 was independently accompanied with rapid PSA progression (hazard ratio [HR], 3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.10-6.31; P < 0.001) and radiological progression (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.05-4.11; P = .036) in the ABI-treated subgroup. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that AKR1C3 detection in tissues from prostate re-Bx at mCRPC was associated with early resistance to ABI but not DOC. These results will help to make optimal personalized treatment decisions for patients with mCRPC, facilitate physicians predicting the effectiveness of ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengni Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhao Guo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Diming Cai
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Guangxi Sun
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junru Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jindong Dai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchao Ni
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
The family of seventeen beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes has a long and diverse history in breast and breast cancer research. Given the known dependence of the breast on steroid signalling and intracrine steroid metabolism these enzymes are considered to be essential local fine tuners of overall steroid balance in the tissue. This review will cover the current state of knowledge regarding the expression, clinical effect and biological regulation of enzymes in both cancerous and normal states. In addition we will also cover the current state of knowledge regarding 17βHSD actions in the often neglected adipose and stromal components of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely May McNamara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan
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Miyazaki Y, Teramoto Y, Shibuya S, Goto T, Okasho K, Mizuno K, Uegaki M, Yoshikawa T, Akamatsu S, Kobayashi T, Ogawa O, Inoue T. Consecutive Prostate Cancer Specimens Revealed Increased Aldo⁻Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3 Expression with Progression to Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050601. [PMID: 31052459 PMCID: PMC6571723 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is an enzyme in the steroidogenesis pathway, especially in formation of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and is believed to have a key role in promoting prostate cancer (PCa) progression, particularly in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This study aims to compare the expression level of AKR1C3 between benign prostatic epithelium and cancer cells, and among hormone-naïve prostate cancer (HNPC) and CRPC from the same patients, to understand the role of AKR1C3 in PCa progression. Correlation of AKR1C3 immunohistochemical expression between benign and cancerous epithelia in 134 patient specimens was analyzed. Additionally, correlation between AKR1C3 expression and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression-free survival (PFS) after radical prostatectomy was analyzed. Furthermore, we evaluated the consecutive prostate samples derived from 11 patients both in the hormone-naïve and castration-resistant states. AKR1C3 immunostaining of cancer epithelium was significantly stronger than that of the benign epithelia in patients with localized HNPC (p < 0.0001). High AKR1C3 expression was an independent factor of poor PSA PFS (p = 0.032). Moreover, AKR1C3 immunostaining was significantly stronger in CRPC tissues than in HNPC tissues in the same patients (p = 0.0234). Our findings demonstrate that AKR1C3 is crucial in PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyazaki
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yuki Teramoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Shibuya
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Goto
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Okasho
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Kei Mizuno
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Uegaki
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yoshikawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Shusuke Akamatsu
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Liu J, He P, Lin L, Zhao Y, Deng W, Ding H, Li Q, Wang Z. Characterization of a highly specific monoclonal antibody against human aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3. Steroids 2019; 143:73-79. [PMID: 30639543 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3 (type 2 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) is involved in testosterone and estrogen metabolism. AKR1C3 expression is relatively low in most tissues and high in prostate and mammary glands in regulating androgen and estrogen levels. However, in many cancers, overexpression of AKR1C3 was observed, thus prompting the development of therapeutics targeting AKR1C3. To facilitate the development of AKR1C3 targeting therapeutics, evaluating the expression of AKR1C3 is vital. As AKR1C3 is highly homologous with its family proteins, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C4 and other AKR1 proteins, reagents that can unambiguously discriminate these enzymes are needed. In this report, a highly specific monoclonal antibody for AKR1C3, 10B10, was developed and characterized. Compared to other AKR1C3 antibodies, 10B10 is highly specific and sensitive to AKR1C3 in multiple assay formats. Thus, 10B10 will be a valuable tool for the clinical development of AKR1C3 targeting therapeutics and the study of AKR1C3 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ping He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Limin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yining Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wentong Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hejiazi Ding
- Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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