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Himura R, Kawano S, Nagata Y, Kawai M, Ota A, Kudo Y, Yoshino Y, Fujimoto N, Miyamoto H, Endo S, Ikari A. Inhibition of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 overcomes gemcitabine/cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388:110840. [PMID: 38122923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) has been used for the treatment of bladder cancer in which androgen receptor (AR) signaling is suggested to play a critical role. However, its efficacy is often limited, and the prognosis of patients who develop resistance is extremely poor. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), which is responsible for the production of a potent androgen, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), by the reduction of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-dione (5α-Adione), has been attracting attention as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer that shows androgen-dependent growth. By contrast, the role of AKR1C3 in bladder cancer remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of an AKR1C3 inhibitor on androgen-dependent proliferation and GC sensitivity in bladder cancer cells. 5α-Adione treatment induced the expression of AR and its downstream factor ETS-domain transcription factor (ELK1) in both T24 cells and newly established GC-resistant T24GC cells, while it did not alter AKR1C3 expression. AKR1C3 inhibitor 2j significantly suppressed 5α-Adione-induced AR and ELK1 upregulation, as did an AR antagonist apalutamide. Moreover, the combination of GC and 2j in T24GC significantly induced apoptotic cell death, suggesting that 2j could enhance GC sensitivity. Immunohistochemical staining in surgical specimens further revealed that strong expression of AKR1C3 was associated with significantly higher risks of tumor progression and cancer-specific mortality in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. These results suggest that AKR1C3 inhibitors as adjunctive agents enhance the efficacy of GC therapy for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Himura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinya Kawano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yujiro Nagata
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mina Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Atsumi Ota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yudai Kudo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
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Battista C, Shoda LKM, Watkins PB, Groettrup-Wolfers E, Rottmann A, Raschke M, Generaux GT. Quantitative Systems Toxicology Identifies Independent Mechanisms for Hepatotoxicity and Bilirubin Elevations Due to AKR1C3 Inhibitor BAY1128688. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1023-1032. [PMID: 37501650 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BAY1128688 is a selective inhibitor of AKR1C3, investigated recently in a trial that was prematurely terminated due to drug-induced liver injury. These unexpected observations prompted use of the quantitative systems toxicology model, DILIsym, to determine possible mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Using mechanistic in vitro toxicity data as well as clinical exposure data, DILIsym predicted the potential for BAY1128688 to cause liver toxicity (elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) and elevations in serum bilirubin. Initial simulations overpredicted hepatotoxicity and bilirubin elevations, so the BAY1128688 representation within DILIsym underwent optimization. The liver partition coefficient Kp was altered to align simulated bilirubin elevations with those observed clinically. Altering the mode of bile acid canalicular and basolateral efflux inhibition was necessary to accurately predict ALT elevations. Optimization results support that bilirubin elevations observed early during treatment are due to altered bilirubin metabolism and transporter inhibition, which is independent of liver injury. The modeling further supports that on-treatment ALT elevations result from inhibition of bile acid transporters, particularly the bile salt excretory pump, leading to accumulation of toxic bile acids. The predicted dose-dependent intrinsic hepatotoxicity may increase patient susceptibility to an adaptive immune response, accounting for ALT elevations observed after completion of treatment. These BAY1128688 simulations provide insight into the mechanisms behind hepatotoxicity and bilirubin elevations and may inform the potential risk posed by future compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services division, Simulations Plus, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisl K M Shoda
- DILIsym Services division, Simulations Plus, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Antje Rottmann
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Research & Early Development, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marian Raschke
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Research & Early Development, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
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Gashaw I, Reif S, Wiesinger H, Kaiser A, Zollmann FS, Scheerans C, Grevel J, Piraino P, Seidel H, Peters M, Rottmann A, Rohde B, Arlt W, Hilpert J. Novel aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitor affects androgen metabolism but not ovarian function in healthy women: a phase 1 study. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 188:578-591. [PMID: 37306288 PMCID: PMC10376460 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) has been postulated to be involved in androgen, progesterone, and estrogen metabolism. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibition has been proposed for treatment of endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical biomarkers of target engagement, which can greatly facilitate drug development, have not yet been described for AKR1C3 inhibitors. Here, we analyzed pharmacodynamic data from a phase 1 study with a new selective AKR1C3 inhibitor, BAY1128688, to identify response biomarkers and assess effects on ovarian function. DESIGN In a multiple-ascending-dose placebo-controlled study, 33 postmenopausal women received BAY1128688 (3, 30, or 90 mg once daily or 60 mg twice daily) or placebo for 14 days. Eighteen premenopausal women received 60 mg BAY1128688 once or twice daily for 28 days. METHODS We measured 17 serum steroids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, alongside analysis of pharmacokinetics, menstrual cyclicity, and safety parameters. RESULTS In both study populations, we observed substantial, dose-dependent increases in circulating concentrations of the inactive androgen metabolite androsterone and minor increases in circulating etiocholanolone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations. In premenopausal women, androsterone concentrations increased 2.95-fold on average (95% confidence interval: 0.35-3.55) during once- or twice-daily treatment. Note, no concomitant changes in serum 17β-estradiol and progesterone were observed, and menstrual cyclicity and ovarian function were not altered by the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Serum androsterone was identified as a robust response biomarker for AKR1C3 inhibitor treatment in women. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitor administration for 4 weeks did not affect ovarian function.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02434640; EudraCT Number: 2014-005298-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Gashaw
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reif
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Wiesinger
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Joachim Grevel
- Clinical Development, Bast GmbH, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Piraino
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Seidel
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaele Peters
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Rottmann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Rohde
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hilpert
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Paulukinas RD, Penning TM. Insulin-Induced AKR1C3 Induces Fatty Acid Synthase in a Model of Human PCOS Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad033. [PMID: 36799021 PMCID: PMC10282923 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women. In PCOS, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism could drive the increased risk for cardiometabolic disease. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is induced by insulin in PCOS adipocytes and is the predominant enzyme for potent androgen formation causing ligand-dependent androgen receptor (AR) activation. AR induces fatty acid synthase (FASN), a central enzyme for de novo lipogenesis. To investigate how insulin signaling induces AKR1C3 to promote lipid overload through induction of FASN, we used differentiated human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome adipocytes as a model for PCOS adipocytes. Induction of AKR1C3 and FASN was shown to be dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/ mammalian target of rapamycin/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 using pharmacological and genetic manipulation. FASN induction was shown to be AKR1C3 and AR dependent. Monofunctional AKR1C3 inhibitors, which competitively inhibit AKR1C3, did not block FASN induction, whereas bifunctional inhibitors, which competitively inhibit AKR1C3 and attenuate AR signaling by increasing AR degradation and ubiquitination, did suggesting a nonenzymatic role for AKR1C3 to stabilize AR. AKR1C3 and AR interacted as seen by co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay, and co-occupancy on FASN locus using chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays in a ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manner. In the absence of androgens, bifunctional inhibitors prevented lipid droplet formation, whereas monofunctional inhibitors did not. We propose that AKR1C3 has 2 roles in PCOS: to catalyze potent androgen formation in adipocytes promoting hyperandrogenism and to induce FASN by stabilizing AR in the absence of androgens. AKR1C3 may be a therapeutic target for bifunctional inhibitors to reduce cardiometabolic disease in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Paulukinas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6061, PA, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6061, PA, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6061, PA, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6061, PA, USA
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5
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Wang Y, Fan J, Tong Y, Wang L, Wang L, Weng C, Lai C, Song J, Zhang W. Bioinformatics analysis of ferroptosis-related gene AKR1C3 as a potential biomarker of asthma and its identification in BEAS-2B cells. Comput Biol Med 2023; 158:106740. [PMID: 36996663 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death and has recently been shown to be associated with asthma. However, the relationship between them at the genetic level has not been elucidated via informatics analysis. In this study, bioinformatics analyses are conducted using asthma and ferroptosis datasets to identify candidate ferroptosis-related genes using the R software. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis is performed to identify co-expressed genes. Protein-protein interaction networks, the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, and gene ontology enrichment analysis are used to identify the potential functions of the candidate genes. We experimentally validate the results of our analysis using small interfering RNAs and plasmids to silence and upregulate the expression of the candidate gene in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The ferroptosis signature levels are examined. Bioinformatics analysis of the asthma dataset GDS4896 shows that the level of the aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) gene in the peripheral blood of patients with severe therapy-resistant asthma and controlled persistent mild asthma (MA) is significantly upregulated. The AUC values for asthma diagnosis and MA are 0.823 and 0.915, respectively. The diagnostic value of AKR1C3 is verified using the GSE64913 dataset. The gene module of AKR1C3 is evident in MA and functions through redox reactions and metabolic processes. Ferroptosis indicators are downregulated by the overexpression of AKR1C3 and upregulated by silencing AKR1C3. The ferroptosis-related gene AKR1C3 can be used as a diagnostic biomarker for asthma, particularly for MA, and regulates ferroptosis in BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Junwen Fan
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Lingya Wang
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Cuiye Weng
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Chuqiao Lai
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Weixi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Hardaway AL, Goudarzi M, Berk M, Chung YM, Zhang R, Li J, Klein E, Sharifi N. 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Controls Androgen Reduction in Diverse Types of Human Epithelial Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 164:bqac191. [PMID: 36412122 PMCID: PMC9923800 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgens regulate broad physiologic and pathologic processes, including external genitalia development, prostate cancer progression, and anti-inflammatory effects in both cancer and asthma. In prostate cancer, several lines of evidence have implicated dietary and endogenous fatty acids in cell invasion, angiogenesis, and treatment resistance. However, the role of fatty acids in steroidogenesis and the mechanisms by which alterations in this pathway occur are not well understood. Here, we show that, of a panel of fatty acids tested, arachidonic acid and its specific metabolite 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) regulate androgen metabolism. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to 5-HETE and reduces androgens by inducing aldo-keto reductase (AKR) family members AKR1C2 and AKR1C3 expression in human prostate, breast, and lung epithelial cells. Finally, we provide evidence that these effects require the expression of the antioxidant response sensor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Our findings identify an interconnection between conventional fatty acid metabolism and steroid metabolism that has broad relevance to androgen physiology and inflammatory regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimalie L Hardaway
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Maryam Goudarzi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jianneng Li
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Eric Klein
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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7
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Detlefsen AJ, Wangtrakuldee P, Penning TM. Characterization of the major single nucleotide polymorphic variants of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106121. [PMID: 35489629 PMCID: PMC9675978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3, also known as type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and prostaglandin F synthase, is a member of the AKR superfamily that reduces aldehydes and ketones to primary and secondary alcohols. It plays an essential role in the peripheral formation of androgens and is implicated in several steroid hormone dependent diseases including prostate cancer, breast cancer, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). AKR1C3 has 14 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) with different global frequencies and ethnic distributions. Association studies support their role in disease, but a detailed functional genomic analysis of these variants is lacking. One study examined five AKR1C3 nsSNPs for their ability to reduce exemestane, an aromatase inhibitor used to treat breast cancer, to 17β-dihydroexemestane, and reported a 17-250-fold reduction in catalytic efficiency of H5Q, E77G, K104D, and R258C variants compared to wild type (WT). This observation provided the impetus to examine the impact of these variants on AKR1C3 function. Here, we purified AKR1C3 WT, and the top four most frequently occurring nsSNPs, H5Q, E77G, K104D, and R258C, from E. coli to expand upon their characterization and illuminate functional differences that could affect disease outcome and treatment. While we found negligible deviations in steady state kinetics, the K104D variant showed reduced thermal stability compared to WT. The presence of NAD(P)+ restored the stability of the variant. As it is unlikely that the apoenzyme will exist within the cell without cofactor bound the K104D is not expected to manifest a phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Phumvadee Wangtrakuldee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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8
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Zhou Q, Tian W, Jiang Z, Huang T, Ge C, Liu T, Zhao F, Chen T, Cui Y, Li H, Yao M, Li J, Tian H. A Positive Feedback Loop of AKR1C3-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and STAT3 Facilitates Proliferation and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1361-1374. [PMID: 33361392 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AKR1C3 is an enzyme belonging to the aldo-ketoreductase family, the members of which catalyze redox transformations involved in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. AKR1C3 plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis, however, little is known about the function and the molecular mechanism underlying the role of AKR1C3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we report that AKR1C3 is significantly upregulated in HCC and that increased AKR1C3 is associated with poor survival. AKR1C3 positively regulated HCC cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. AKR1C3 promoted tumor proliferation and metastasis by activating NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, AKR1C3 regulated NF-κB activity by modulating TRAF6 and inducing its autoubiquitination in HCC cells. Activation of NF-κB released proinflammatory factors that facilitated the phosphorylation of STAT3 and increased tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that AKR1C3 promoted tumor proliferation and invasion via the IL6/STAT3 pathway. STAT3 also directly bound the AKR1C3 promoter and increased transcription of AKR1C3, thereby establishing a positive regulatory feedback loop. Treatment with the AKR1C3 inhibitors indocin and medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibited tumor growth and invasion and promoted apoptosis in HCC cells. Collectively, these results indicate that a AKR1C3/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling loop results in HCC cell proliferation and metastasis and could be a promising therapeutic target in HCC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings elucidate a novel AKR1C3-driven signaling loop that regulates proliferation and metastasis in HCC, providing potential prognostic and therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Taoyang Chen
- Qi Dong Liver Cancer Institute, Qi Dong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Cancer Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Schiffer L, Bossey A, Kempegowda P, Taylor AE, Akerman I, Scheel-Toellner D, Storbeck KH, Arlt W. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells preferentially activate 11-oxygenated androgens. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:353-363. [PMID: 33444228 PMCID: PMC7923147 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Androgens are important modulators of immune cell function. The local generation of active androgens from circulating precursors is an important mediator of androgen action in peripheral target cells or tissues. We aimed to characterize the activation of classic and 11-oxygenated androgens in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS PBMCs were isolated from healthy male donors and incubated ex vivo with precursors and active androgens of the classic and 11-oxygenated androgen pathways. Steroids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The expression of genes encoding steroid-metabolizing enzymes was assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS PBMCs generated eight-fold higher amounts of the active 11-oxygenated androgen 11-ketotestosterone than the classic androgen testosterone from their respective precursors. We identified the enzyme AKR1C3 as the major reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in PBMCs responsible for both conversions and found that within the PBMC compartment natural killer cells are the major site of AKRC13 expression and activity. Steroid 5α-reductase type 1 catalyzed the 5α-reduction of classic but not 11-oxygenated androgens in PBMCs. Lag time prior to the separation of cellular components from whole blood increased serum 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in a time-dependent fashion, with significant increases detected from two hours after blood collection. CONCLUSIONS 11-Oxygenated androgens are the preferred substrates for androgen activation by AKR1C3 in PBMCs, primarily conveyed by natural killer cell AKR1C3 activity, yielding 11-ketotestosterone the major active androgen in PBMCs. Androgen metabolism by PBMCs can affect the results of serum 11-ketotestosterone measurements, if samples are not separated in a timely fashion. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) preferentially activate 11-ketotestosterone rather than testosterone when incubated with precursors of both the classic and the adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated androgen biosynthesis pathways. We demonstrate that this activity is catalyzed by the enzyme AKR1C3, which we found to primarily reside in natural killer cells, major contributors to the anti-viral immune defense. This potentially links intracrine 11-oxygenated androgen generation to the previously observed decreased NK cell cytotoxicity and increased infection risk in primary adrenal insufficiency. In addition, we show that PBMCs continue to generate 11-ketotestosterone if the cellular component of whole blood samples is not removed in a timely fashion, which could affect measurements of this active androgen in routine clinical biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alicia Bossey
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Punith Kempegowda
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ildem Akerman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to W Arlt;
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10
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Piska K, Jamrozik M, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Bucki A, Żmudzki P, Kołaczkowski M, Pękala E. Carbonyl reduction pathway in hepatic in vitro metabolism of anthracyclines: Impact of structure on biotransformation rate. Toxicol Lett 2021; 342:50-57. [PMID: 33581289 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reduction biotransformation pathway of anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) is a significant process, associated with drug metabolism and elimination. However, it also plays a pivotal role in anthracyclines-induced cardiotoxicity and cancer resistance. Herein, carbonyl reduction of eight anthracyclines, at in vivo relevant concentrations (20 μM), was studied in human liver cytosol, to describe the relationship between their structure and metabolism. Significant differences of intrinsic clearance between anthracyclines, ranging from 0,62-74,9 μL/min/mg were found and associated with data from in silico analyses, considering their binding in active sites of the main anthracyclines-reducing enzymes: carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) and aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3). Partial atomic charges of carbonyl oxygen atom were also determined and considered as a factor associated with reaction rate. Structural features, including presence or absence of side-chain hydroxy group, a configuration of sugar chain hydroxy group, and tetracyclic rings substitution, affecting anthracyclines susceptibility for carbonyl reduction were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marek Jamrozik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-638, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Hertzog JR, Zhang Z, Bignan G, Connolly PJ, Heindl JE, Janetopoulos CJ, Rupnow BA, McDevitt TM. AKR1C3 mediates pan-AR antagonist resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:1223-1232. [PMID: 33258507 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiandrogens are effective therapies that block androgen receptor (AR) transactivation and signaling in over 50% of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. However, an estimated 30% of responders will develop resistance to these therapies within 2 years. JNJ-pan-AR is a broad-spectrum AR antagonist that inhibits wild-type AR as well as several mutated versions of AR that have emerged in patients on chronic antiandrogen treatment. In this work, we aimed to identify the potential underlying mechanisms of resistance that may result from chronic JNJ-pan-AR treatment. METHODS The LNCaP JNJR prostate cancer subline was developed by chronically exposing LNCaP parental cells to JNJ-pan-AR. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling was performed to identify potential drivers and/or biomarkers of the resistant phenotype. RESULTS Several enzymes critical to intratumoral androgen biosynthesis, Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), UGT2B15, and UGT2B17 were identified as potential upstream regulators of the JNJ-pan-AR resistant cells. While we confirmed the overexpression of all three enzymes in the resistant cells only AKR1C3 expression played a functional role in driving JNJ-pan-AR resistance. We also discovered that AKR1C3 regulates UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 expression in JNJ-pan-AR resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the rationale to further investigate the benefits of AKR1C3 inhibition in combination with antiandrogens to prevent CRPC disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Hertzog
- Discovery Oncology, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhuming Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Gilles Bignan
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jason E Heindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Janetopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brent A Rupnow
- Discovery Oncology, Janssen R&D US, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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12
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Sali VK, Mani S, Meenaloshani G, Velmurugan Ilavarasi A, Vasanthi HR. Type 5 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/prostaglandin F synthase (AKR1C3) inhibition and potential anti-proliferative activity of cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Steroids 2020; 159:108638. [PMID: 32209376 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione (KS) is a cholesterol oxidation product which exhibits anti-proliferative activity. However, its precise mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, the effects of KS on AKR1C3 inhibition and anti-proliferative activities were investigated in the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We identified that KS arrested the enzymatic conversion of estrone to 17-β estradiol, by inhibiting AKR1C3 in intact MCF-7 cells. The anti-proliferative effects of KS were evaluated by MTT assay, acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining, cell cycle analysis and Western blotting. KS arrested the cell cycle progression in the G1 phase with a concomitant increase of the Sub-G0 population to increase in concentration and time. It also enhanced the p53 and NFkB expression and induced caspase-12, 9 and 3 processing and down-regulated the Bcl-2 expression. Molecular docking studies performed to understand the inhibition mechanism of KS on AKR1C3 revealed that KS occupied the binding region of AKR1C3 with almost similar orientation as indomethacin (IM), thereby acting as an antagonistic agent for AKR1C3. Based on the results it is identified that KS induces inhibition of AKR1C3 and cell death in MCF-7 cells. These results indicate that KS can be used as a molecular scaffold for further development of novel small-molecules with better specificity towards AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeresh Kumar Sali
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Sugumar Mani
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - G Meenaloshani
- National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620001, India
| | | | - Hannah R Vasanthi
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
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13
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Endo S, Morikawa Y, Kudo Y, Suenami K, Matsunaga T, Ikari A, Hara A. Human dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 (DHRS11) and aldo-keto reductase 1C isoforms in comparison: Substrate and reaction specificity in the reduction of 11-keto-C 19-steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105586. [PMID: 31926269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that an adrenal steroid 11β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione serves as the precursor to androgens, 11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KDHT). The biosynthetic pathways include the reduction of 3- and 17-keto groups of the androgen precursors 11-keto-C19-steroids, which has been reported to be mediated by three human enzymes; aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C2, AKR1C3 and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type-3. To explore the contribution of the enzymes in the reductive metabolism, we kinetically compared the substrate specificity for 11-keto-C19-steroids among purified recombinant preparations of four AKRs (1C1, 1C2,1C3 and 1C4) and DHRS11, which shows 17β-HSD activity. Although AKR1C1 did not reduce the 11-keto-C19-steroids, AKR1C3 and DHRS11 reduced 17-keto groups of 11-keto-4-androstene-3,17-dione, 11-keto-5α-androstane-3,17-dione (11K-Adione) and 11-ketoandrosterone with Km values of 5-28 μM. The 3-keto groups of 11KDHT and 11K-Adione were reduced by AKR1C4 (Km 1 μM) more efficiently than by AKR1C2 (Km 5 and 8 μM, respectively). GC/MS analysis of the products showed that DHRS11 acts as 17β-HSD, and that AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 are predominantly 3α-HSDs, but formed a minor 3β-metabolite from 11KDHT. Since DHRS11 was thus newly identified as 11-keto-C19-steroid reductase, we also investigated its substrate-binding mode by molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis of Thr163 and Val200, and found the following structural features: 1). There is a space that accommodates the 11-keto group of the 11-keto-C19-steroids in the substrate-binding site. 2) Val200 is a critical determinant for exhibiting the strict 17β-HSD activity of the enzyme, because the Val200Leu mutation resulted in both significant impairment of the 17β-HSD activity and emergence of 3β-HSD activity towards 5α-androstanes including 11KDHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Yudai Kudo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Koichi Suenami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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14
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Xu Z, Ma T, Zhou J, Gao W, Li Y, Yu S, Wang Y, Chan FL. Nuclear receptor ERRα contributes to castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer via its regulation of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Theranostics 2020; 10:4201-4216. [PMID: 32226548 PMCID: PMC7086365 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling are key factors responsible for the relapse growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Residual intraprostatic androgens can be produced by de novo synthesis of androgens from cholesterol or conversion from adrenal androgens by steroidogenic enzymes expressed in prostate cancer cells via different steroidogenic pathways. However, the dysregulation of androgen biosynthetic enzymes in CRPC still remains poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of the nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα, ESRRA), in the promotion of androgen biosynthesis in CRPC growth. Methods: ERRα expression in CRPC patients was analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and validated in established CRPC xenograft model. The roles of ERRα in the promotion of castration-resistant growth were elucidated by overexpression and knockdown studies and the intratumoral androgen levels were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. The effect of suppression of ERRα activity in the potentiation of sensitivity to androgen-deprivation was determined using an ERRα inverse agonist. Results: ERRα exhibited an increased expression in metastatic CRPC and CRPC xenograft model, could act to promote castration-resistant growth via direct transactivation of two key androgen synthesis enzymes CYP11A1 and AKR1C3, and hence enhance intraprostatic production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and activation of AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. Notably, inhibition of ERRα activity by an inverse agonist XCT790 could reduce the DHT production and suppress AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion: Our study reveals a new role of ERRα in the intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in CRPC via its transcriptional control of steroidogenic enzymes, and also provides a novel insight that targeting ERRα could be a potential androgen-deprivation strategy for the management of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Xu
- Precision Medicine Centre, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, PR China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Taiyang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Park S, Song CS, Lin CL, Jiang S, Osmulski PA, Wang CM, Marck BT, Matsumoto AM, Morrissey C, Gaczynska ME, Chen Y, Mostaghel EA, Chatterjee B. Inhibitory Interplay of SULT2B1b Sulfotransferase with AKR1C3 Aldo-keto Reductase in Prostate Cancer. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqz042. [PMID: 31894239 PMCID: PMC7341717 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SULT2B1b (SULT2B) is a prostate-expressed hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase, which may regulate intracrine androgen homeostasis by mediating 3β-sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the precursor for 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) biosynthesis. The aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C3 regulates androgen receptor (AR) activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by promoting tumor tissue androgen biosynthesis from adrenal DHEA and also by functioning as an AR-selective coactivator. Herein we report that SULT2B-depleted CRPC cells, arising from stable RNA interference or gene knockout (KO), are markedly upregulated for AKR1C3, activated for ERK1/2 survival signal, and induced for epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT)-like changes. EMT was evident from increased mesenchymal proteins and elevated EMT-inducing transcription factors SNAI1 and TWIST1 in immunoblot and single-cell mass cytometry analyses. SULT2B KO cells showed greater motility and invasion in vitro; growth escalation in xenograft study; and enhanced metastatic potential predicted on the basis of decreased cell stiffness and adhesion revealed from atomic force microscopy analysis. While AR and androgen levels were unchanged, AR activity was elevated, since PSA and FKBP5 mRNA induction by DHT-activated AR was several-fold higher in SULT2B-silenced cells. AKR1C3 silencing prevented ERK1/2 activation and SNAI1 induction in SULT2B-depleted cells. SULT2B was undetectable in nearly all CRPC metastases from 50 autopsy cases. Primary tumors showed variable and Gleason score (GS)-independent SULT2B levels. CRPC metastases lacking SULT2B expressed AKR1C3. Since AKR1C3 is frequently elevated in advanced prostate cancer, the inhibitory influence of SULT2B on AKR1C3 upregulation, ERK1/2 activation, EMT-like induction, and on cell motility and invasiveness may be clinically significant. Pathways regulating the inhibitory SULT2B-AKR1C3 axis may inform new avenue(s) for targeting SULT2B-deficient prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgi Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, South Korea
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chung-Seog Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Lin Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shoulei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Pawel A Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chiou-Miin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Brett T Marck
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria E Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Greehy Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Bandana Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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16
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Liu C, Yang JC, Armstrong CM, Lou W, Liu L, Qiu X, Zou B, Lombard AP, D'Abronzo LS, Evans CP, Gao AC. AKR1C3 Promotes AR-V7 Protein Stabilization and Confers Resistance to AR-Targeted Therapies in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1875-1886. [PMID: 31308078 PMCID: PMC6995728 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms resulting in resistance to next-generation antiandrogens in castration-resistant prostate cancer are incompletely understood. Numerous studies have determined that constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) signaling or full-length AR bypass mechanisms may contribute to the resistance. Previous studies established that AKR1C3 and AR-V7 play important roles in enzalutamide and abiraterone resistance. In the present study, we found that AKR1C3 increases AR-V7 expression in resistant prostate cancer cells through enhancing protein stability via activation of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. AKR1C3 reprograms AR signaling in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells. In addition, bioinformatical analysis of indomethacin-treated resistant cells revealed that indomethacin significantly activates the unfolded protein response, p53, and apoptosis pathways, and suppresses cell-cycle, Myc, and AR/ARV7 pathways. Targeting AKR1C3 with indomethacin significantly decreases AR/AR-V7 protein expression in vitro and in vivo through activation of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. Our results suggest that the AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex collaboratively confers resistance to AR-targeted therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xiaomin Qiu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Binhao Zou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Alan P Lombard
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Leandro S D'Abronzo
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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17
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Zhao J, Zhang M, Liu J, Liu Z, Shen P, Nie L, Guo W, Cai D, Liu J, Armstrong CM, Sun G, Chen J, Zhu S, Dai J, Zhang H, Zhao P, Zhang X, Yin X, Zhu X, Ni Y, Chen N, Zeng H. AKR1C3 expression in primary lesion rebiopsy at the time of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is strongly associated with poor efficacy of abiraterone as a first-line therapy. Prostate 2019; 79:1553-1562. [PMID: 31294486 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies had demonstrated that aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), a crucial enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway, played an important role in abiraterone (ABI)-resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) by increasing intratumoral androgen synthesis. However, its value in predicting treatment response in patients with mCRPC is unknown. METHOD AND MATERIALS Data of 163 patients with metastatic prostate cancer between 2016 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received androgen deprivation therapy plus bicalutamide after initial diagnosis. After mCRPC, either ABI or docetaxel (DOC) treatment was used. No patient had the experience of therapy to the primary tumor. AKR1C3 protein was detected by immunohistochemical staining from rebiopsy (re-Bx) of primary prostate lesions at mCRPC. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used to analyze the association between AKR1C3 and treatment outcomes. RESULTS AKR1C3 was positive in 58 of 163 (35.6%) cases. AKR1C3 was associated with significantly shorter median prostate-specific antigen progression-free survival (mPSA-PFS, 5.6 mo vs 10.7 mo; P < .001), median radiographic progression-free survival (mrPFS, 11.1 mo vs 18.0 mo; P = .018), and numerically shorter median overall survival (mOS, 20.4 mo vs 26.4 mo; P = .157). Notably, AKR1C3-positive patients treated with ABI, but not DOC, had shorter mPSA-PFS and mrPFS compared with AKR1C3-negative men, (mPSA-PFS, 5.7 mo vs. 11.2 mo; P < .001; mrPFS, 12.4 mo vs 23.3 mo; P = .048). However, AKR1C3 expression had no correlation to PSA response or OS. Multivariate Cox regression indicated that AKR1C3 was independently accompanied with rapid PSA progression (hazard ratio [HR], 3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.10-6.31; P < 0.001) and radiological progression (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.05-4.11; P = .036) in the ABI-treated subgroup. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that AKR1C3 detection in tissues from prostate re-Bx at mCRPC was associated with early resistance to ABI but not DOC. These results will help to make optimal personalized treatment decisions for patients with mCRPC, facilitate physicians predicting the effectiveness of ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinge Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengni Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhao Guo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Diming Cai
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Guangxi Sun
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junru Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jindong Dai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchao Ni
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Penning TM. AKR1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/prostaglandin F synthase): Roles in malignancy and endocrine disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:82-91. [PMID: 30012349 PMCID: PMC6422768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-Keto-Reductase 1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)/prostaglandin (PG) F2α synthase) is the only 17β-HSD that is not a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase. By acting as a 17-ketosteroid reductase, AKR1C3 produces potent androgens in peripheral tissues which activate the androgen receptor (AR) or act as substrates for aromatase. AKR1C3 is implicated in the production of androgens in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and polycystic ovarian syndrome; and is implicated in the production of aromatase substrates in breast cancer. By acting as an 11-ketoprostaglandin reductase, AKR1C3 generates 11β-PGF2α to activate the FP receptor and deprives peroxisome proliferator activator receptorγ of its putative PGJ2 ligands. These growth stimulatory signals implicate AKR1C3 in non-hormonal dependent malignancies e.g. acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AKR1C3 moonlights by acting as a co-activator of the AR and stabilizes ubiquitin ligases. AKR1C3 inhibitors have been used clinically for CRPC and AML and can be used to probe its pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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19
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Liu J, He P, Lin L, Zhao Y, Deng W, Ding H, Li Q, Wang Z. Characterization of a highly specific monoclonal antibody against human aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3. Steroids 2019; 143:73-79. [PMID: 30639543 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3 (type 2 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) is involved in testosterone and estrogen metabolism. AKR1C3 expression is relatively low in most tissues and high in prostate and mammary glands in regulating androgen and estrogen levels. However, in many cancers, overexpression of AKR1C3 was observed, thus prompting the development of therapeutics targeting AKR1C3. To facilitate the development of AKR1C3 targeting therapeutics, evaluating the expression of AKR1C3 is vital. As AKR1C3 is highly homologous with its family proteins, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C4 and other AKR1 proteins, reagents that can unambiguously discriminate these enzymes are needed. In this report, a highly specific monoclonal antibody for AKR1C3, 10B10, was developed and characterized. Compared to other AKR1C3 antibodies, 10B10 is highly specific and sensitive to AKR1C3 in multiple assay formats. Thus, 10B10 will be a valuable tool for the clinical development of AKR1C3 targeting therapeutics and the study of AKR1C3 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ping He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Limin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yining Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wentong Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hejiazi Ding
- Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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20
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Barnard M, Quanson JL, Mostaghel E, Pretorius E, Snoep JL, Storbeck KH. 11-Oxygenated androgen precursors are the preferred substrates for aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3): Implications for castration resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:192-201. [PMID: 29936123 PMCID: PMC6283102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The progression of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is driven by the intratumoral conversion of adrenal androgen precursors to potent androgens. The expression of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), which catalyses the reduction of weak androgens to more potent androgens, is significantly increased in CRPC tumours. The oxidation of androgens to their inactive form is catalysed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17βHSD2), but little attention is given to the expression levels of this enzyme. In this study, we show that the 11-oxygenated androgen precursors of adrenal origin are the preferred substrate for AKR1C3. In particular we show that the enzymatic efficiency of AKR1C3 is 8- and 24-fold greater for 11-ketoandrostenedione than for the classic substrates androstenedione and 5α-androstanedione, respectively. Using three independent experimental systems and a computational model we subsequently show that increased ratios of AKR1C3:17βHSD2 significantly favours the flux through the 11-oxygenated androgen pathway as compared to the classical or 5α-androstanedione pathways. Our findings reveal that the flux through the classical and 5α-androstanedione pathways are limited by the low catalytic efficiently of AKR1C3 towards classical androgens combined with the high catalytic efficiency of 17βHSD2, and that the expression of the oxidative enzyme therefore plays a vital role in determining the steady state concentration of active androgens. Using microarray data from prostate tissue we confirm that the AKR1C3:17βHSD2 ratio is significantly increased in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy as compared to benign tissue, and further increased in patients with CRPC. Taken together this study therefore demonstrates that the ratio of AKR1C3:17βHSD2 is more important than AKR1C3 expression alone in determining intratumoral androgen levels and that 11-oxygenated androgens may play a bigger role in CRPC than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan L Quanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Elzette Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jacky L Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MIB, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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21
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Kapfhamer J, Waite C, Ascoli M. The Gα q/11-provoked induction of Akr1c18 in murine luteal cells is mediated by phospholipase C. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:179-187. [PMID: 29107092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Towards the end of gestation prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) stimulates the expression of Akr1c18 in the murine corpus luteum. Akr1c18 codes for 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an enzyme that precipitates parturition by catabolizing progesterone. Previous results from our laboratory have shown that this effect of PGF2α is mediated by the activation of Gαq/11, but the downstream effector(s) of Gαq/11 that elicit the increase in Akr1c18 expression have not been identified. The physiological effects of Gαq/11 are mediated by its ability to interact with phospholipase Cβ, p63RhoGEF, and PKCζ. In the experiments described herein we used biochemical and pharmacological approaches, as well as adenoviral-mediated expression of a constitutively active form of Gαq and mutants thereof, to examine the role of each of these effectors as potential mediators of the increased expression of luteal Akr1c18. By measuring the effects of PGF2α on the activation of RhoA (activated by p63RhoGEF) and the effects of activators and inhibitors of RhoA on the PGF2α-induced expression of luteal Akr1c18, we determined that RhoA is neither activated by PGF2α or involved in the PGF2α-induced expression of luteal Akr1c18. The potential involvement of PKCζ was ruled out by the inability of a mutant of a constitutively active Gαq that prevents PKCζ binding to block the increased expression of Akr1c18. Furthermore, PGF2α does not increase the phosphorylation of ERK-5, the only known downstream target of PKCζ. On the other hand, three different mutants of a constitutively active Gαq that prevent phospholipase C activation blocked the induction of luteal Akr1c18. We conclude that the induction of luteal Akr1c18 by Gαq/11 is mediated by the activation of phospholipase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kapfhamer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
| | - Courtney Waite
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
| | - Mario Ascoli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States.
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22
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Plavša JJ, Řezáčová P, Kugler M, Pachl P, Brynda J, Voburka Z, Ćelić A, Petri ET, Škerlová J. In situ proteolysis of an N-terminal His tag with thrombin improves the diffraction quality of human aldo-keto reductase 1C3 crystals. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:300-306. [PMID: 29717998 PMCID: PMC5931143 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18005721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) stereospecifically reduces steroids and prostaglandins and is involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Its role in various cancers makes it a potential therapeutic target for the development of inhibitors. Recombinant AKR1C3 with a thrombin-cleavable N-terminal His6 tag was expressed from a pET-28(+) vector for structural studies of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. A modified in situ proteolysis approach was applied to specifically remove the His tag by thrombin cleavage during crystallization screening trials. This improved the morphology and diffraction quality of the crystals and allowed the acquisition of high-resolution diffraction data and structure solution. This approach may be generally applicable to other proteins expressed using the pET-28(+) vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana J. Plavša
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kugler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Voburka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anđelka Ćelić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Edward T. Petri
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jana Škerlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Xia D, Lai DV, Wu W, Webb ZD, Yang Q, Zhao L, Yu Z, Thorpe JE, Disch BC, Ihnat MA, Jayaraman M, Dhanasekaran DN, Stratton KL, Cookson MS, Fung KM, Lin HK. Transition from androgenic to neurosteroidal action of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol through the type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor in prostate cancer progression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:89-98. [PMID: 29155210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen ablation is the standard of care prescribed to patients with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) to slow down disease progression. Unfortunately, a majority of PCa patients under androgen ablation progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Several mechanisms including alternative intra-prostatic androgen production and androgen-independent androgen receptor (AR) activation have been proposed for CRPC progression. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), a multi-functional steroid metabolizing enzyme, is specifically expressed in the cytoplasm of PCa cells; and positive immunoreactivity of the type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR), an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel, is detected on the membrane of PCa cells. We studied a total of 72 radical prostatectomy cases by immunohistochemistry, and identified that 21 cases exhibited positive immunoreactivities for both AKR1C3 and GABAAR. In the dual positive cancer cases, AKR1C3 and GABAAR subunit α1 were either expressed in the same cells or in neighboring cells. Among several possible substrates, AKR1C3 reduces 5α-dihydrotesterone (DHT) to form 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol (3α-diol). 3α-diol is a neurosteroid that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAAR in the central nervous system (CNS). We examined the hypothesis that 3α-diol-regulated pathological effects in the prostate are GABAAR-dependent, but are independent of the AR. In GABAAR-positive, AR-negative human PCa PC-3 cells, 3α-diol significantly stimulated cell growth in culture and the in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) xenograft model. 3α-diol also up-regulated expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of growth factors and activation of EGF receptor (EGFR) and Src as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Inclusion of GABAAR antagonists reversed 3α-diol-stimulated tumor cell growth, expression of EGF family members, and activation of EGFR and Src to the level observed in untreated cells. Results from the present study suggest that 3α-diol may act as an alternative intra-prostatic neurosteroid that activates AR-independent PCa progression. The involvement of AKR1C3-mediated steroid metabolisms in modulating GABAAR activation and promoting PCa progression requires continued studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xia
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Doan V Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Weijuan Wu
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zachary D Webb
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lichao Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zhongxin Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jessica E Thorpe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, OKC, OK 73117, USA
| | - Bryan C Disch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, OKC, OK 73117, USA
| | - Michael A Ihnat
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, OKC, OK 73117, USA
| | | | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kelly L Stratton
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael S Cookson
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hsueh-Kung Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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