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Tapken I, Kuhn D, Hoffmann N, Detering NT, Schüning T, Billaud JN, Tugendreich S, Schlüter N, Green J, Krämer A, Claus P. From data to discovery: AI-guided analysis of disease-relevant molecules in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:1367-1377. [PMID: 38704739 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy is caused by partial loss of survival of motoneuron (SMN) protein expression. The numerous interaction partners and mechanisms influenced by SMN loss result in a complex disease. Current treatments restore SMN protein levels to a certain extent, but do not cure all symptoms. The prolonged survival of patients creates an increasing need for a better understanding of SMA. Although many SMN-protein interactions, dysregulated pathways, and organ phenotypes are known, the connections among them remain largely unexplored. Monogenic diseases are ideal examples for the exploration of cause-and-effect relationships to create a network describing the disease-context. Machine learning tools can utilize such knowledge to analyze similarities between disease-relevant molecules and molecules not described in the disease so far. We used an artificial intelligence-based algorithm to predict new genes of interest. The transcriptional regulation of 8 out of 13 molecules selected from the predicted set were successfully validated in an SMA mouse model. This bioinformatic approach, using the given experimental knowledge for relevance predictions, enhances efficient targeted research in SMA and potentially in other disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tapken
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Bünteweg 2, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Daniela Kuhn
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nico Hoffmann
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nora T Detering
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Bünteweg 2, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Tobias Schüning
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jean-Noël Billaud
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Stuart Tugendreich
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Nadine Schlüter
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jeff Green
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Andreas Krämer
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street,Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Peter Claus
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 31, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Bünteweg 2, Hannover 30559, Germany
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Omodaka S, Kato Y, Sato Y, Falcone-Juengert J, Zhang H, Kanoke A, Eckalbar WL, Endo H, Hsieh CL, Aran D, Liu J. Defective interferon signaling in the circulating monocytes of type 2 diabetic mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597050. [PMID: 38895236 PMCID: PMC11185546 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with poor outcome after stroke. Peripheral monocytes play a critical role in the secondary injury and recovery of damaged brain tissue after stroke, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. To investigate transcriptome changes and molecular networks across monocyte subsets in response to T2DM and stroke, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bulk RNA-sequencing from blood monocytes from four groups of adult mice, consisting of T2DM model db/db and normoglycemic control db/+ mice with or without ischemic stroke. Via scRNAseq we found that T2DM expands the monocyte population at the expense of lymphocytes, which was validated by flow cytometry. Among the monocytes, T2DM also disproportionally increased the inflammatory subsets with Ly6C+ and negative MHC class II expression (MO.6C+II-). Conversely, monocytes from control mice without stroke are enriched with steady-state classical monocyte subset of MO.6C+II+ but with the least percentage of MO.6C+II- subtype. Apart from enhancing inflammation and coagulation, enrichment analysis from both scRNAseq and bulk RNAseq revealed that T2DM specifically suppressed type-1 and type-2 interferon signaling pathways crucial for antigen presentation and the induction of ischemia tolerance. Preconditioning by lipopolysaccharide conferred neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury in db/+ but not in db/db mice and coincided with a lesser induction of brain Interferon-regulatory-factor-3 in the brains of the latter mice. Our results suggest that the increased diversity and altered transcriptome in the monocytes of T2DM mice underlie the worse stroke outcome by exacerbating secondary injury and potentiating stroke-induced immunosuppression. Significance Statement The mechanisms involved in the detrimental diabetic effect on stroke are largely unclear. We show here, for the first time, that peripheral monocytes have disproportionally altered the subsets and changed transcriptome under diabetes and/or stroke conditions. Moreover, genes in the IFN-related signaling pathways are suppressed in the diabetic monocytes, which underscores the immunosuppression and impaired ischemic tolerance under the T2DM condition. Our data raise a possibility that malfunctioned monocytes may systemically and focally affect the host, leading to the poor outcome of diabetes in the setting of stroke. The results yield important clues to molecular mechanisms involved in the detrimental diabetic effect on stroke outcome.
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Boles JS, Krueger ME, Jernigan JE, Cole CL, Neighbarger NK, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. A leaky gut dysregulates gene networks in the brain associated with immune activation, oxidative stress, and myelination in a mouse model of colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:473-492. [PMID: 38341052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut and brain are increasingly linked in human disease, with neuropsychiatric conditions classically attributed to the brain showing an involvement of the intestine and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) displaying an ever-expanding list of neurological comorbidities. To identify molecular systems that underpin this gut-brain connection and thus discover therapeutic targets, experimental models of gut dysfunction must be evaluated for brain effects. In the present study, we examine disturbances along the gut-brain axis in a widely used murine model of colitis, the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model, using high-throughput transcriptomics and an unbiased network analysis strategy coupled with standard biochemical outcome measures to achieve a comprehensive approach to identify key disease processes in both colon and brain. We examine the reproducibility of colitis induction with this model and its resulting genetic programs during different phases of disease, finding that DSS-induced colitis is largely reproducible with a few site-specific molecular features. We focus on the circulating immune system as the intermediary between the gut and brain, which exhibits an activation of pro-inflammatory innate immunity during colitis. Our unbiased transcriptomics analysis provides supporting evidence for immune activation in the brain during colitis, suggests that myelination may be a process vulnerable to increased intestinal permeability, and identifies a possible role for oxidative stress and brain oxygenation. Overall, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of multiple systems in a prevalent experimental model of intestinal permeability, which will inform future studies using this model and others, assist in the identification of druggable targets in the gut-brain axis, and contribute to our understanding of the concomitance of intestinal and neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Sondag Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Maeve E Krueger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Janna E Jernigan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra L Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noelle K Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Walser M, Karlsson L, Motalleb R, Isgaard J, Kuhn HG, Åberg ND. Brain tissue haemoglobin expression in saline-perfused vs non-perfused rodents. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23343. [PMID: 38163098 PMCID: PMC10755301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemoglobin beta (Hbb) and delta-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (Alas2) messenger RNA (mRNA) is mainly found in immature red blood cells, reticulocytes, and not in mature erythrocytes. However, these are also expressed in other tissues such as brain cells, mostly neurons. Therefore, exact quantification of neural tissue homogenates may be confounded by remaining blood in the brain vasculature that may give falsely high values of Hbb/Alas2 expression. To investigate and compare the contribution of local Hbb/Alas2 expression, we investigated mRNA expression locally in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, in post-sacrifice saline-perfused and non-perfused mice and rats. Although there was a higher level of Hbb/Alas2 transcripts in the non-perfused animals, there was a significant mRNA expression in perfused brains that could at most partially be explained by remaining blood. Finally, we suggest that saline-perfusion should be recommended for quantification of brain Hbb/Alas2 transcripts in homogenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Motalleb
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Specialist Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Public Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - N. David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Boles JS, Krueger ME, Jernigan JE, Cole CL, Neighbarger NK, Huarte OU, Tansey MG. A leaky gut dysregulates gene networks in the brain associated with immune activation, oxidative stress, and myelination in a mouse model of colitis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552488. [PMID: 37609290 PMCID: PMC10441416 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The gut and brain are increasingly linked in human disease, with neuropsychiatric conditions classically attributed to the brain showing an involvement of the intestine and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) displaying an ever-expanding list of neurological comorbidities. To identify molecular systems that underpin this gut-brain connection and thus discover therapeutic targets, experimental models of gut dysfunction must be evaluated for brain effects. In the present study, we examine disturbances along the gut-brain axis in a widely used murine model of colitis, the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model, using high-throughput transcriptomics and an unbiased network analysis strategy coupled with standard biochemical outcome measures to achieve a comprehensive approach to identify key disease processes in both colon and brain. We examine the reproducibility of colitis induction with this model and its resulting genetic programs during different phases of disease, finding that DSS-induced colitis is largely reproducible with a few site-specific molecular features. We focus on the circulating immune system as the intermediary between the gut and brain, which exhibits an activation of pro-inflammatory innate immunity during colitis. Our unbiased transcriptomics analysis provides supporting evidence for immune activation in the brain during colitis, suggests that myelination may be a process vulnerable to increased intestinal permeability, and identifies a possible role for oxidative stress and brain oxygenation. Overall, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of multiple systems in a prevalent experimental model of intestinal permeability, which will inform future studies using this model and others, assist in the identification of druggable targets in the gut-brain axis, and contribute to our understanding of the concomitance of intestinal and neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Sondag Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maeve E. Krueger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Janna E. Jernigan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra L. Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noelle K. Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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Zheng R, Yan Y, Pu J, Zhang B. Physiological and Pathological Functions of Neuronal Hemoglobin: A Key Underappreciated Protein in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9088. [PMID: 36012351 PMCID: PMC9408843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Hemoglobin (Hb) is not restricted to erythrocytes but is also present in neurons. Hb is selectively enriched in vulnerable mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson's disease (PD) instead of resistant neurons. Controversial results of neuronal Hb levels have been reported in postmortem brains of PD patients: although neuronal Hb levels may decline in PD patients, elderly men with higher Hb levels have an increased risk of developing PD. α-synuclein, a key protein involved in PD pathology, interacts directly with Hb protein and forms complexes in erythrocytes and brains of monkeys and humans. These complexes increase in erythrocytes and striatal cytoplasm, while they decrease in striatal mitochondria with aging. Besides, the colocalization of serine 129-phosphorylated (Pser129) α-synuclein and Hb β chains have been found in the brains of PD patients. Several underlying molecular mechanisms involving mitochondrial homeostasis, α-synuclein accumulation, iron metabolism, and hormone-regulated signaling pathways have been investigated to assess the relationship between neuronal Hb and PD development. The formation of fibrils with neuronal Hb in various neurodegenerative diseases may indicate a common fibrillization pathway and a widespread target that could be applied in neurodegeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Maternal high-fat diet in mice induces cerebrovascular, microglial and long-term behavioural alterations in offspring. Commun Biol 2022; 5:26. [PMID: 35017640 PMCID: PMC8752761 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various environmental exposures during pregnancy, like maternal diet, can compromise, at critical periods of development, the neurovascular maturation of the offspring. Foetal exposure to maternal high-fat diet (mHFD), common to Western societies, has been shown to disturb neurovascular development in neonates and long-term permeability of the neurovasculature. Nevertheless, the effects of mHFD on the offspring’s cerebrovascular health remains largely elusive. Here, we sought to address this knowledge gap by using a translational mouse model of mHFD exposure. Three-dimensional and ultrastructure analysis of the neurovascular unit (vasculature and parenchymal cells) in mHFD-exposed offspring revealed major alterations of the neurovascular organization and metabolism. These alterations were accompanied by changes in the expression of genes involved in metabolism and immunity, indicating that neurovascular changes may result from abnormal brain metabolism and immune regulation. In addition, mHFD-exposed offspring showed persisting behavioural alterations reminiscent of neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically an increase in stereotyped and repetitive behaviours into adulthood. In order to advance our understanding of the effects of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) on the cerebrovascular health of offspring, Bordeleau et al. use a translational mouse model of mHFD exposure. They demonstrate that mHFD induces cerebrovascular and microglial changes in the offspring as well as behavioural alterations that are reminiscent of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with repetitive behaviours at adulthood.
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Zhou G, Wang T, Zha XM. RNA-Seq analysis of knocking out the neuroprotective proton-sensitive GPR68 on basal and acute ischemia-induced transcriptome changes and signaling in mouse brain. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21461. [PMID: 33724568 PMCID: PMC7970445 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002511r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain acid signaling plays important roles in both physiological and disease conditions. One key neuronal metabotropic proton receptor in the brain is GPR68, which contributes to hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and mediates neuroprotection in acidotic and ischemic conditions. Here, to gain greater understanding of GPR68 function in the brain, we performed mRNA-Seq analysis in mice. First, we studied sham-operated animals to determine baseline expression. Compared to wild type (WT), GPR68-/- (KO) brain downregulated genes that are enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms of misfolding protein binding, response to organic cyclic compounds, and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex. Next, we examined the expression profile following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). tMCAO-upregulated genes cluster to cytokine/chemokine-related functions and immune responses, while tMCAO-downregulated genes cluster to channel activities and synaptic signaling. For proton-sensitive receptors, tMCAO downregulated ASIC1a and upregulated GPR4 and GPR65, but had no effect on ASIC2, PAC, or GPR68. GPR68 deletion did not alter the expression of these proton receptors, either at baseline or after ischemia. Lastly, we performed GeneVenn analysis of differential genes at baseline and post-tMCAO. Ischemia upregulated the expression of three hemoglobin genes, along with H2-Aa, Ppbp, Siglece, and Tagln, in WT but not in KO. Immunostaining showed that tMCAO-induced hemoglobin localized to neurons. Western blot analysis further showed that hemoglobin induction is GPR68-dependent. Together, these data suggest that GPR68 deletion at baseline disrupts chaperone functions and cellular signaling responses and imply a contribution of hemoglobin-mediated antioxidant mechanism to GPR68-dependent neuroprotection in ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Xiang-Ming Zha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
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Adenoviral transfer of hemopexin gene attenuates oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured primary cortical neuron cell exposed to blood clot. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1065-1071. [PMID: 32804709 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of experimental evidence suggests that hemin released from heme is a potent oxidant and accumulates in intracranial hematomas. Hemopexin (Hpx) decreases hemin accumulation and catabolism by nerve cells. In previous study, we observed that Hpx gene knockout aggravated striatal injury and worsened behavioral deficits of mice subjected to intracerebral hemorrhage. AIM To examine the effect of Hpx on oxidative damage and apoptosis in cultured nerve cells with blood clot. METHODS Neuron and glial cells were transfected with adenoviral Hpx gene. Transfected primary neuron-glial cells were co-cultured with 50 μl of arterial blood clot using insert transwells. The sham group was co-coulture with 50 μl of DMEM/F12, which contained 28 μl of serum; the control group was transfected with adenoviral vector. At 12 and 24 h, the level of malonaldehyde (MDA), surperoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration, glutathione (GSH), apoptosis, expression of HO-1 and caspase-3 were detected. RESULTS MDA level was decreased (P < 0.01) whereas SOD and GSH concentration were increased in the Hpx group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Results of flow cytometry revealed no significant difference in apoptosis between the Hpx group and model group at 12 h. However, the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis in the Hpx group was decreased at 24 h compared with the model group (P < 0.01). HO-1 expression decreased in the Hpx group at 24 h (P < 0.01) while caspase-3 expression decreased at both 12 and 24 h (P < 0.011 and P < 0.05, respectively) compared with the model group. CONCLUSION Hpx protected nerve cells exposed to blood from injury by anti-oxidation and a decrease in the expression of HO-1 and caspase-3.
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Xing X, Jiang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Niu T, Qu Y, Wang C, Wang H, Liu K. Identification of novel differentially expressed genes in retinas of STZ-induced long-term diabetic rats through RNA sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1115. [PMID: 31958216 PMCID: PMC7057111 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this research was to investigate the retinal transcriptome changes in long-term streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats' retinas using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), to explore the molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and to identify novel targets for the treatment of DR by comparing the gene expression profile we obtained. METHODS In this study, 6 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into wild-type (WT) group and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced group, 3 rats each group. After 6 months, 3 normal retina samples and 3 DM retina samples (2 retinas from the same rat were considered as 1 sample) were tested and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were measured by RNA-seq technology. Then, we did Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis and validated the results of RNA-seq through qRT-PCR. RESULTS A total of 118 DEGs were identified, of which 72 were up-regulated and 46 were down-regulated. The enriched GO terms showed that 3 most significant enrichment terms were binding (molecular function), cell part (cellular component), and biological regulation (biological process). The results of the KEGG pathway analysis revealed a significant enrichment in cell adhesion molecules, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and allograft rejection, etc. CONCLUSION: Our research has identified specific DEGs and also speculated their potential functions, which will provide novel targets to explore the molecular mechanisms of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindan Xing
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hanying Wang
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tian Niu
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yuan Qu
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chingyi Wang
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyShanghai General HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Eye DiseasesShanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus DiseasesShanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and PhotomedicineShanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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11
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Walser M, Svensson J, Karlsson L, Motalleb R, Åberg M, Kuhn HG, Isgaard J, Åberg ND. Growth Hormone and Neuronal Hemoglobin in the Brain-Roles in Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606089. [PMID: 33488521 PMCID: PMC7821093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence for hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis in both animal and human brains has been accumulating. While circulating Hb originating from cerebral hemorrhage or other conditions is toxic, there is also substantial production of neuronal Hb, which is influenced by conditions such as ischemia and regulated by growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and other growth factors. In this review, we discuss the possible functions of circulating and brain Hb, mainly the neuronal form, with respect to the neuroprotective activities of GH and IGF-I against ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular pathways that link Hb to the GH/IGF-I system are also reviewed, although the limited number of reports on this topic suggests a need for further studies. In summary, GH and/or IGF-I appear to be significant determinants of systemic and local brain Hb concentrations through mediating responses to oxygen and metabolic demand, as part of the neuroprotective effects exerted by GH and IGF-I. The nature and quantity of the latter deserve further exploration in specific experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marion Walser,
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reza Motalleb
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Åberg
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute for Public Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - N David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Zhao D, Qin XP, Chen SF, Liao XY, Cheng J, Liu R, Lei Y, Zhang ZF, Wan Q. PTEN Inhibition Protects Against Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury Through PTEN/E2F1/β-Catenin Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:281. [PMID: 31866820 PMCID: PMC6906195 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with highest mortality and morbidity. We have previously demonstrated that dipotassium bisperoxo (picolinato) oxovanadate (V), (bpV[pic]) inhibits phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. In this study, we examined the effect of bpV[pic] in the rat ICH model in vivo and the hemin-induced injury model in rat cortical cultures. The rat model of ICH was created by injecting autologous blood into the striatum, and bpV[pic] was intraperitoneally injected. The effects of bpV[pic] were evaluated by neurological tests, Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining, and Nissl staining. We demonstrate that bpV[pic] attenuates ICH-induced brain injury in vivo and hemin-induced neuron injury in vitro. The expression of E2F1 was increased, but β-catenin expression was decreased after ICH, and the altered expressions of E2F1 and β-catenin after ICH were blocked by bpV[pic] treatment. Our results further show that bpV[pic] increases β-catenin expression through downregulating E2F1 in cortical neurons and prevents hemin-induced neuronal damage through E2F1 downregulation and subsequent upregulation of β-catenin. By testing the effect of PTEN-siRNA, PTEN cDNA, or combined use of ERK1/2 inhibitor and bpV[pic] in cultured cortical neurons after hemin-induced injury, we provide evidence suggesting that PTEN inhibition by bpV[pic] confers neuroprotection through E2F1 and β-catenin pathway, but the neuroprotective role of ERK1/2 activation by bpV[pic] cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xing-Ping Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song-Feng Chen
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurosurgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Beker MC, Caglayan B, Yalcin E, Caglayan AB, Turkseven S, Gurel B, Kelestemur T, Sertel E, Sahin Z, Kutlu S, Kilic U, Baykal AT, Kilic E. Time-of-Day Dependent Neuronal Injury After Ischemic Stroke: Implication of Circadian Clock Transcriptional Factor Bmal1 and Survival Kinase AKT. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:2565-2576. [PMID: 28421530 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of stroke cases displays a time-of-day variation in human. However, the mechanism linking circadian rhythm to the internal response mechanisms against pathophysiological events after ischemic stroke remained largely unknown. To this end, temporal changes in the susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury were investigated in mice in which the ischemic stroke induced at four different Zeitgeber time points with 6-h intervals (ZT0, ZT6, ZT12, and ZT18). Besides infarct volume and brain swelling, neuronal survival, apoptosis, ischemia, and circadian rhythm related proteins were examined using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, planar surface immune assay, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry tools. Here, we present evidence that midnight (ZT18; 24:00) I/R injury in mice resulted in significantly improved infarct volume, brain swelling, neurological deficit score, neuronal survival, and decreased apoptotic cell death compared with ischemia induced at other time points, which were associated with increased expressions of circadian proteins Bmal1, PerI, and Clock proteins and survival kinases AKT and Erk-1/2. Moreover, ribosomal protein S6, mTOR, and Bad were also significantly increased, while the levels of PRAS40, negative regulator of AKT and mTOR, and phosphorylated p53 were decreased at this time point compared to ZT0 (06:00). Furthermore, detailed proteomic analysis revealed significantly decreased CSKP, HBB-1/2, and HBA levels, while increased GNAZ, NEGR1, IMPCT, and PDE1B at midnight as compared with early morning. Our results indicate that nighttime I/R injury results in less severe neuronal damage, with increased neuronal survival, increased levels of survival kinases and circadian clock proteins, and also alters the circadian-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42060, Konya, Turkey
| | - Berrak Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42060, Konya, Turkey
| | - Seyma Turkseven
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Gurel
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, 34752, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Kelestemur
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42060, Konya, Turkey
| | - Elif Sertel
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Sahin
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42060, Konya, Turkey
| | - Selim Kutlu
- Department of Physiology, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42060, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, 34752, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Ekinciler Cad. 19, TR-34810, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Bao X, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Thrombin-induced tolerance against oxygen-glucose deprivation in astrocytes: role of protease-activated receptor-1. CONDITIONING MEDICINE 2018; 1:57-63. [PMID: 30123875 PMCID: PMC6097711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have found that pretreatment with a low dose of thrombin (thrombin preconditioning, TPC) reduces infarct volume and attenuates brain edema after focal cerebral ischemia in vivo and protects against the neuronal death induced by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. In this study, we found that TPC (24 hours exposure to 0.5 or 1 U/ml thrombin) protects against OGD-induced astrocyte death, and that such protection is through protease activated receptor-1 (Par-1) and the p44/42 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK)/heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) pathway. In contrast, in Par-1 KO mouse astrocytes, TPC had no protective effect and it did not significantly phosphorylate p44/42 MAPK or p90RSK or upregulate HSP25. PD98059, an inhibitor of p44/42 MAPK, blocked thrombin-induced tolerance as well as upregulation of phosphorylated p90RSK and HSP25 in WT mouse astrocytes. Furthermore, SL0101, an inhibitor of p90RSK, blocked thrombin-induced protection and the HSP25 upregulation in WT mouse astrocytes. These results suggest that TPC-induced tolerance in ischemic astrocytes may be through activation of thrombin receptor Par-1 and a downstream p44/42 MAPK/p90RSK/HSP25 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Abstract
The epigenome is a collection of chemical compounds that attach to and overlay the DNA sequence to direct gene expression. Epigenetic marks do not alter DNA sequence but instead allow or silence gene activity and the subsequent production of proteins that guide the growth and development of an organism, direct and maintain cell identity, and allow for the production of primordial germ cells (PGCs; ova and spermatozoa). The three main epigenetic marks are (1) histone modification, (2) DNA methylation, and (3) noncoding RNA, and each works in a different way to regulate gene expression. This article reviews these concepts and discusses their role in normal functions such as X-chromosome inactivation, epigenetic reprogramming during embryonic development and PGC production, and the clinical example of the imprinting disorders Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fay Wright
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
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16
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da Cruz KR, Turones LC, Camargo-Silva G, Gomes KP, Mendonça MM, Galdino P, Rodrigues-Silva C, Santos RAS, Costa EA, Ghedini PC, Ianzer D, Xavier CH. The hemoglobin derived peptide LVV-hemorphin-7 evokes behavioral effects mediated by oxytocin receptors. Neuropeptides 2017; 66:59-68. [PMID: 28985964 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-h7) is bioactive peptide resulting from degradation of hemoglobin β-globin chain. LVV-h7 is a specific agonist of angiotensin IV receptor. This receptor belongs to the class of insulin-regulated aminopeptidases (IRAP), which displays oxytocinase activity. Herein, our aims were to assess whether: i) LVV-h7 modifies centrally organized behavior and cardiovascular responses to stress and ii) mechanisms underlying LVV-h7 effects involve activation of oxytocin (OT) receptors, probably as result of reduction of IRAP proteolytic activity upon OT. Adult male Wistar rats (270-370g) received (i.p.) injections of LVV-h7 (153nmol/kg), or vehicle (0.1ml). Different protocols were used: i) open field (OP) test for locomotor/exploratory activities; ii) Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) for anxiety-like behavior; iii) forced swimming test (FST) test for depression-like behavior and iv) air jet for cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress exposure. Diazepam (2mg/kg) and imipramine (15mg/kg) were used as positive control for EPM and FST, respectively. The antagonist of OT receptors (OTr), atosiban (1 and 0,1mg/kg), was used to determine the involvement of oxytocinergic paths. We found that LVV-h7: i) increased the number of entries and the time spent in open arms of the maze, an indicative of anxiolysis; ii) provoked antidepressant effect in the FS test; and iii) increased the exploration and locomotion; iv) did not change the cardiovascular reactivity and neuroendocrine responses to acute stress. Also, increases in locomotion and the antidepressant effects evoked by LVV-h7 were reverted by OTr antagonist. We conclude that LVV-h7 modulates behavior, displays antidepressant and anxiolytic effects that are mediated in part by oxytocin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Rosa da Cruz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Larissa Córdova Turones
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Camargo-Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Karina Pereira Gomes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Michelle Mendanha Mendonça
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Pablinny Galdino
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Christielly Rodrigues-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Elson Alves Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Ghedini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Danielle Ianzer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Maneerat Y, Prasongsukarn K, Benjathummarak S, Dechkhajorn W. PPBP and DEFA1/DEFA3 genes in hyperlipidaemia as feasible synergistic inflammatory biomarkers for coronary heart disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:80. [PMID: 28420383 PMCID: PMC5395883 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an important complication of atherosclerosis. Biomarkers, which associate with CHD development, are potential to predict CHD risk. To determine whether genes showing altered expression in hyperlipidaemia (H) and coronary heart disease (CHD) patients compared with controls could be CHD risk biomarkers. METHODS Control, H, and CHD groups represented atherosclerosis to CHD development. Gene profiling was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using DNA microarrays. Eight selected genes expressed only in H and CHD groups were validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR and plasma protein determination. RESULTS α-defensin (DEFA1/DEFA3), pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP), and beta and alpha2 hemoglobin mRNA expression was significantly increased in H and CHD groups compared with controls, but only plasma PPBP and α-defensin proteins were correspondingly increased. CONCLUSION PPBP and DEFA1/DEFA3 could be potential CHD biomarkers in Thai hyperlipidaemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowapa Maneerat
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | | | - Surachet Benjathummarak
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Wilanee Dechkhajorn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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18
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Chronic social defeat reduces myelination in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46548. [PMID: 28418035 PMCID: PMC5394533 DOI: 10.1038/srep46548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in top-down control of the brain’s stress axis, and its structure and function are particularly vulnerable to stress effects, which can lead to depression in humans and depressive-like states in animals. We tested whether chronic social defeat produces structural alterations in the mPFC in mice. We first performed a microarray analysis of mPFC gene expression changes induced by defeat, and biological pathway analysis revealed a dominant pattern of down-regulation of myelin-associated genes. Indeed, 69% of the most significantly down-regulated genes were myelin-related. The down regulation was confirmed by in situ hybridization histochemistry for two strongly down-regulated genes, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (Mog) and ermin (Ermn), and by immunohistochemistry for myelin basic protein. To test for stress-induced changes in myelin integrity, aurophosphate (Black Gold) myelin staining was performed on mPFC sections. Quantitative stereologic analysis showed reduced myelinated fiber length and density. Behavioral analysis confirmed that the 14-day social defeat sessions resulted in induction of depressive-like states measured in social interaction and light/dark tests. The combined data suggest that chronic social defeat induces molecular changes that reduce myelination of the prefrontal cortex, which may be an underlying basis for stress-induced depressive states.
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19
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Liu R, Cao S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Huang Y, Xi G. CD163 Expression in Neurons After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2017; 48:1369-1375. [PMID: 28360115 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CD163, a receptor for hemoglobin, is involved in hemoglobin clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In contrast to microglial/macrophage CD163, neuronal CD163 hemoglobin has not been well studied. This study examined the expression of neuronal CD163 in a pig model of ICH and in vitro rat cortical neurons and the impact of deferoxamine on that expression. METHODS There were 2 parts to this study. In the in vivo part, piglets had injection of autologous blood into the right frontal lobe. The time course of CD163 expression and the effect of deferoxamine on the expression of CD163 after ICH were determined in the grey matter. In the in vitro part, the levels of CD163 and neuronal death and the effect of deferoxamine were examined in rat cortical neurons culture treated with hemoglobin. RESULTS CD163-positive cells were found, and the CD163 protein levels were upregulated in the ipsilateral grey matter after ICH. The CD163 levels peaked at days 1 and 3. The CD163-positive cells were colocated with NeuN-positive, heme oxygenase-2-positive, and terminal deoxynucleatidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. Deferoxamine treatment attenuated ICH-induced CD163 upregulation and significantly reduced both brain CD163 and hemoglobin levels at day 3. Treating neuronal cultures with hemoglobin for 24 hours resulted in CD163 upregulation and increased cell death. Deferoxamine significantly attenuated the hemoglobin-induced neuronal death and CD163 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS CD163 is expressed in neurons and upregulated after ICH. Deferoxamine reduced ICH-induced CD163 upregulation and brain cell death in vivo and hemoglobin-induced CD163 upregulation and neuronal death in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Shenglong Cao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Ya Hua
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Richard F Keep
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Yining Huang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.)
| | - Guohua Xi
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.L., S.C., Y.H., R.F.K., G.X.); and Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (R.L., Y.H.).
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20
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Smith A, McCulloh RJ. Mechanisms of haem toxicity in haemolysis and protection by the haem-binding protein, haemopexin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Missouri-Kansas City; Kansas City MO USA
| | - R. J. McCulloh
- Department of Pediatrics; Children's Mercy Hospital; Kansas City MO USA
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine; Kansas City MO USA
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21
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Codrich M, Bertuzzi M, Russo R, Francescatto M, Espinoza S, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Cesselli D, Beltrami AP, Ascenzi P, Zucchelli S, Persichetti F, Leanza G, Gustincich S. Neuronal hemoglobin affects dopaminergic cells' response to stress. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2538. [PMID: 28055011 PMCID: PMC5386368 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the major protein in erythrocytes and carries oxygen (O2) throughout the body. Recently, Hb has been found synthesized in atypical sites, including the brain. Hb is highly expressed in A9 dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), whose selective degeneration leads to Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we show that Hb confers DA cells' susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and rotenone, neurochemical cellular models of PD. The toxic property of Hb does not depend on O2 binding and is associated with insoluble aggregate formation in the nucleolus. Neurochemical stress induces epigenetic modifications, nucleolar alterations and autophagy inhibition that depend on Hb expression. When adeno-associated viruses carrying α- and β-chains of Hb are stereotaxically injected into mouse SN, Hb forms aggregates and causes motor learning impairment. These results position Hb as a potential player in DA cells' homeostasis and dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Codrich
- Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont ‘A. Avogadro', via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Bertuzzi
- Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Roberta Russo
- Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Margherita Francescatto
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Stefano Espinoza
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Cesselli
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Antonio Paolo Beltrami
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, viale G. Marconi 446, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - Silvia Zucchelli
- Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont ‘A. Avogadro', via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Persichetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont ‘A. Avogadro', via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giampiero Leanza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Fleming 22, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Area of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste 34136, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
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Tripathi AK, Singh N. Prion Protein-Hemin Interaction Upregulates Hemoglobin Synthesis: Implications for Cerebral Hemorrhage and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:107-21. [PMID: 26836195 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hemin is known to induce endocytosis of prion-protein (PrP(C)) from the neuronal plasma membrane, potentially limiting propagation of the disease causing PrP-scrapie (PrP(Sc)) isoform. Hemin is therefore an attractive disease-modifying option for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a human prion disorder with no effective treatment. The hemin-PrP(C) interaction is also of interest in cerebral-hemorrhage (CH), a condition where potentially toxic hemin molecules come in contact with neuronal PrP(C). Interestingly, PrP(C) is upregulated in penumbric neurons surrounding CH and is known to confer neuroprotection in a dose-dependent manner. The underlying mechanism, however, is not clear. Here, we report that hemin binds PrP(C) on diverse cell lines, resulting in its aggregation or degradation in a cell-type specific manner. Surprisingly, the hemin-PrP(C) interaction upregulates Hb synthesis in hematopoietic cells, a response reversed by deleting the hemin-binding octa-peptide repeat region of PrP(C). A similar response is noted in brain organotypic cultures where exposure to hemin induces significantly more α-globin in wild-type (PrP(+/+)) relative to PrP-knock-out (PrP(-/-)) samples. Furthermore, red blood cells and brain tissue from PrP(-/-) mice show significantly less α-globin relative to PrP(+/+) controls, indicating a positive effect of PrP(C) on Hb synthesis under physiological conditions as well. Surprisingly, levels of α-globin are significantly higher in sCJD brain tissue relative to controls, suggesting compensatory upregulation of Hb synthesis by surviving neurons or misregulation in diseased brains. These observations reveal a unique function of PrP(C) that is likely to impact the therapeutic management of CH and sCJD.
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LeBlanc RH, Chen R, Selim MH, Hanafy KA. Heme oxygenase-1-mediated neuroprotection in subarachnoid hemorrhage via intracerebroventricular deferoxamine. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:244. [PMID: 27618864 PMCID: PMC5020472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease that affects over 30,000 Americans per year. Previous animal studies have explored the therapeutic effects of deferoxamine (DFX) via its iron-chelating properties after SAH, but none have assessed the necessity of microglial/macrophage heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1 or Hmox1) in DFX neuroprotection, nor has the efficacy of an intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration route been fully examined. We explored the therapeutic efficacy of systemic and ICV DFX in a SAH mouse model and its effect on microglial/macrophage HO-1. METHODS Wild-type (WT) mice were split into the following treatment groups: SAH sham + vehicle, SAH + vehicle, SAH + intraperitoneal (IP) DFX, and SAH + ICV DFX. For each experimental group, neuronal damage, cognitive outcome, vasospasm, cerebral and hematogenous myeloid cell populations, cerebral IL-6 concentration, and mitochondrial superoxide anion production were measured. HO-1 co-localization to microglia was measured using confocal images. Trans-wells with WT or HO-1(-/-) microglia and hippocampal neurons were treated with vehicle, red blood cells (RBCs), or RBCs with DFX; neuronal damage, TNF-α concentration, and microglial HO-1 expression were measured. HO-1 conditional knockouts were used to study myeloid, neuronal, and astrocyte HO-1 involvement in DFX-induced neuroprotection and cognitive recovery. RESULTS DFX treatment after SAH decreased cortical damage and improved cognitive outcome after SAH yet had no effect on vasospasm; ICV DFX was most neuroprotective. ICV DFX treatment after SAH decreased cerebral IL-6 concentration and trended towards decreased mitochondrial superoxide anion production. ICV DFX treatment after SAH effected an increase in HO-1 co-localization to microglia. DFX treatment of WT microglia with RBCs in the trans-wells showed decreased neuronal damage; this effect was abolished in HO-1(-/-) microglia. ICV DFX after SAH decreased neuronal damage and improved cognition in Hmox1 (fl/fl) control and Nes (Cre) :Hmox1 (fl/fl) mice, but not LyzM (Cre) :Hmox1 (fl/fl) mice. CONCLUSIONS DFX neuroprotection is independent of vasospasm. ICV DFX treatment provides superior neuroprotection in a mouse model of SAH. Mechanisms of DFX neuroprotection after SAH may involve microglial/macrophage HO-1 expression. Monitoring patient HO-1 expression during DFX treatment for hemorrhagic stroke may help clinicians identify patients that are more likely to respond to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H LeBlanc
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Ruiya Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Magdy H Selim
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Khalid A Hanafy
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02140, USA. .,Division of Neurointensive Care Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02140, USA.
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Pan R, Liu KJ. ZNT-1 Expression Reduction Enhances Free Zinc Accumulation in Astrocytes After Ischemic Stroke. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:257-61. [PMID: 26463958 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excess intracellular zinc has been implicated in ischemic brain cell death. We previously reported that extracellular zinc increases intracellular free zinc level only in hypoxic astrocytes but not in normoxia astrocytes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Zinc transporters ZnTs and ZIPs mediate intracellular zinc efflux and extracellular zinc influx. In the present study, we determined the effect of hypoxia/reoxygenation on ZnT-1 and ZIP-1. Hypoxia/reoxygenation did not change the ZIP-1 level in astrocytes. Remarkably, hypoxia/reoxygenation dramatically decreased ZnT-1 expression, which can be difficult to reverse by the addition of extracellular zinc, although extracellular zinc treatment significantly increased ZnT-1 level at normoxia. These results suggest that hypoxia/reoxygenation blocked zinc efflux, whereas zinc influx may be at a similar level to that in normoxia, providing a novel mechanism for intracellular free zinc accumulation after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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25
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The Effect of Acute and Chronic Social Stress on the Hippocampal Transcriptome in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142195. [PMID: 26556046 PMCID: PMC4640871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychogenic stress contributes to the formation of brain pathology. Using gene expression microarrays, we analyzed the hippocampal transcriptome of mice subjected to acute and chronic social stress of different duration. The longest period of social stress altered the expression of the highest number of genes and most of the stress-induced changes in transcription were reversible after 5 days of rest. Chronic stress affected genes involved in the functioning of the vascular system (Alas2, Hbb-b1, Hba-a2, Hba-a1), injury response (Vwf, Mgp, Cfh, Fbln5, Col3a1, Ctgf) and inflammation (S100a8, S100a9, Ctla2a, Ctla2b, Lcn2, Lrg1, Rsad2, Isg20). The results suggest that stress may affect brain functions through the stress-induced dysfunction of the vascular system. An important issue raised in our work is also the risk of the contamination of brain tissue samples with choroid plexus. Such contamination would result in a consistent up- or down-regulation of genes, such as Ttr, Igf2, Igfbp2, Prlr, Enpp2, Sostdc1, 1500015O10RIK (Ecrg4), Kl, Clic6, Kcne2, F5, Slc4a5, and Aqp1. Our study suggests that some of the previously reported, supposedly specific changes in hippocampal gene expression, may be a result of the inclusion of choroid plexus in the hippocampal samples.
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26
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Smith A, McCulloh RJ. Hemopexin and haptoglobin: allies against heme toxicity from hemoglobin not contenders. Front Physiol 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 26175690 PMCID: PMC4485156 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal here is to describe our current understanding of heme metabolism and the deleterious effects of "free" heme on immunological processes, endothelial function, systemic inflammation, and various end-organ tissues (e.g., kidney, lung, liver, etc.), with particular attention paid to the role of hemopexin (HPX). Because heme toxicity is the impetus for much of the pathology in sepsis, sickle cell disease (SCD), and other hemolytic conditions, the biological importance and clinical relevance of HPX, the predominant heme binding protein, is reinforced. A perspective on the function of HPX and haptoglobin (Hp) is presented, updating how these two proteins and their respective receptors act simultaneously to protect the body in clinical conditions that entail hemolysis and/or systemic intravascular (IVH) inflammation. Evidence from longitudinal studies in patients supports that HPX plays a Hp-independent role in genetic and non-genetic hemolytic diseases without the need for global Hp depletion. Evidence also supports that HPX has an important role in the prognosis of complex illnesses characterized predominantly by the presence of hemolysis, such as SCD, sepsis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and conditions involving IVH and extravascular hemolysis (EVH), such as that generated by extracorporeal circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and from blood transfusions. We propose that quantitating the amounts of plasma heme, HPX, Hb-Hp, heme-HPX, and heme-albumin levels in various disease states may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the above-mentioned conditions, which is crucial to developing targeted plasma protein supplementation (i.e., "replenishment") therapies for patients with heme toxicity due to HPX depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas CityKansas City, MO, USA
| | - Russell J. McCulloh
- Pediatric and Adult Infectious Diseases, Children's Mercy-Kansas CityKansas City, MO, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas CityKansas City, MO, USA
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27
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Stankiewicz AM, Goscik J, Swiergiel AH, Majewska A, Wieczorek M, Juszczak GR, Lisowski P. Social stress increases expression of hemoglobin genes in mouse prefrontal cortex. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:130. [PMID: 25472829 PMCID: PMC4269175 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-014-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to better understand the effects of social stress on the prefrontal cortex, we investigated gene expression in mice subjected to acute and repeated social encounters of different duration using microarrays. RESULTS The most important finding was identification of hemoglobin genes (Hbb-b1, Hbb-b2, Hba-a1, Hba-a2, Beta-S) as potential markers of chronic social stress in mice. Expression of these genes was progressively increased in animals subjected to 8 and 13 days of repeated stress and was correlated with altered expression of Mgp (Mglap), Fbln1, 1500015O10Rik (Ecrg4), SLC16A10, and Mndal. Chronic stress increased also expression of Timp1 and Ppbp that are involved in reaction to vascular injury. Acute stress did not affect expression of hemoglobin genes but it altered expression of Fam107a (Drr1) and Agxt2l1 (Etnppl) that have been implicated in psychiatric diseases. CONCLUSIONS The observed up-regulation of genes associated with vascular system and brain injury suggests that stressful social encounters may affect brain function through the stress-induced dysfunction of the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Joanna Goscik
- Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Artur H Swiergiel
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Alicja Majewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Pomorska, 141/143, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Paweł Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland. .,iPS Cell-Based Disease Modeling Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, 13092, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Walser M, Schiöler L, Oscarsson J, Aberg MAI, Svensson J, Aberg ND, Isgaard J. Different modes of GH administration influence gene expression in the male rat brain. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:181-90. [PMID: 24872576 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous secretion pattern in males of GH is episodic in rats and in humans, whereas GH administration is usually even. Different types of GH administration have different effects on body mass, longitudinal bone growth, and liver metabolism in rodents, whereas possible effects on brain plasticity have not been investigated. In this study, GH was administered as a continuous infusion or as two daily injections in hypophysectomized male rats. Thirteen transcripts previously known to respond to GH in the hippocampus and parietal cortex (cortex) were assessed by RT-PCR. To investigate the effects of type of GH administration on several transcripts with different variations, and categories of transcripts (neuron-, glia-, and GH-related), a mixed model analysis was applied. Accordingly, GH injections increased overall transcript abundance more than GH infusions (21% in the hippocampus, P<0.001 and 10% in the cortex, P=0.09). Specifically, GH infusions and injections robustly increased neuronal hemoglobin beta (Hbb) expression significantly (1.8- to 3.6-fold), and GH injections were more effective than GH infusions in increasing Hbb in the cortex (41%, P=0.02), whereas a 23% difference in the hippocampus was not significant. Also cortical connexin 43 was higher in the group with GH injections than in those with GH infusions (26%, P<0.007). Also, there were differences between GH injections and infusions in GH-related transcripts of the cortex (23%, P=0.04) and glia-related transcripts of the hippocampus (15%, P=0.02). Thus, with the exception of Hbb there is a moderate difference in responsiveness to different modes of GH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Walser
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linus Schiöler
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria A I Aberg
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenLaboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N David Aberg
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenLaboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Laboratory of Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment for Public Health and Community MedicineThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenAstraZeneca R&DSE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute for Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Primary Health CareInstitute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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29
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Ascenzi P, Gustincich S, Marino M. Mammalian nerve globins in search of functions. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:268-76. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy; University Roma Tre; Roma Italy
| | | | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science; University Roma Tre; Roma Italy
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Zhang DL, Guan RZ, Huang WS, Xiong J. Isolation and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide derived from hemoglobin alpha in the liver of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:625-631. [PMID: 22951230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized a novel antibacterial peptide, AJHbα, derived from hemoglobin alpha in the liver of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. It with concentration of 11.30 μM exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterium 1 × 10(6) cell ml(-1)Edwardsiella tarda than other two bacteria. The extraction procedure for AJHbα included extraction with acetate acid, ultrafiltration, cation-exchange chromatography on HiTrap™ CM FF, reverse-phase liquid chromatography on Source 5R RPC and C18 RP-HPLC. MALDI-TOF MS suggested that the peptide had an observed molecular weight of 2388.05 Da. Its amino acid sequence determined by Edman degradation was similar to those of hemoglobin alpha chain in other fish by BLAST analysis. A complete N-terminal amino acid sequence of the AJHbα was FAHWPDLGPGSPSVKKHGKVIM corresponding to the cDNA sequence by RACE amplification. Its synthetic peptide had strong antibacterial activities against ten Gram-positive or negative bacteria. To our knowledge, AJHbα was the first identified fragment of hemoglobin alpha chain with strong antibacterial activity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
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31
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Gardner PR. Hemoglobin: a nitric-oxide dioxygenase. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:683729. [PMID: 24278729 PMCID: PMC3820574 DOI: 10.6064/2012/683729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the hemoglobin superfamily efficiently catalyze nitric-oxide dioxygenation, and when paired with native electron donors, function as NO dioxygenases (NODs). Indeed, the NOD function has emerged as a more common and ancient function than the well-known role in O2 transport-storage. Novel hemoglobins possessing a NOD function continue to be discovered in diverse life forms. Unique hemoglobin structures evolved, in part, for catalysis with different electron donors. The mechanism of NOD catalysis by representative single domain hemoglobins and multidomain flavohemoglobin occurs through a multistep mechanism involving O2 migration to the heme pocket, O2 binding-reduction, NO migration, radical-radical coupling, O-atom rearrangement, nitrate release, and heme iron re-reduction. Unraveling the physiological functions of multiple NODs with varying expression in organisms and the complexity of NO as both a poison and signaling molecule remain grand challenges for the NO field. NOD knockout organisms and cells expressing recombinant NODs are helping to advance our understanding of NO actions in microbial infection, plant senescence, cancer, mitochondrial function, iron metabolism, and tissue O2 homeostasis. NOD inhibitors are being pursued for therapeutic applications as antibiotics and antitumor agents. Transgenic NOD-expressing plants, fish, algae, and microbes are being developed for agriculture, aquaculture, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Gardner
- Miami Valley Biotech, 1001 E. 2nd Street, Suite 2445, Dayton, OH 45402, USA
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Kjellqvist S, Maleki S, Olsson T, Chwastyniak M, Branca RMM, Lehtiö J, Pinet F, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P. A combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach shows diverging molecular mechanisms in thoracic aortic aneurysm development in patients with tricuspid- and bicuspid aortic valve. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012. [PMID: 23184916 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.021873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is a pathological local dilatation of the aorta, potentially leading to aortic rupture or dissection. The disease is a common complication of patients with bicuspid aortic valve, a congenital disorder present in 1-2% of the population. Using two dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis proteomics followed by mRNA expression, and alternative splicing analysis of the identified proteins, differences in dilated and nondilated aorta tissues between 44 patients with bicuspid and tricuspid valves was examined. The pattern of protein expression was successfully validated with LC-MS/MS. A multivariate analysis of protein expression data revealed diverging protein expression fingerprints in patients with tricuspid compared with the patients with bicuspid aortic valves. From 302 protein spots included in the analysis, 69 and 38 spots were differentially expressed between dilated and nondilated aorta specifically in patients with tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valve, respectively. 92 protein spots were differentially expressed between dilated and nondilated aorta in both phenotypes. Similarly, mRNA expression together with alternative splicing analysis of the identified proteins also showed diverging fingerprints in the two patient groups. Differential splicing was abundant but the expression levels of differentially spliced mRNA transcripts were low compared with the wild type transcript and there was no correlation between splicing and the number of spots. Therefore, the different spots are likely to represent post-translational modifications. The identification of differentially expressed proteins suggests that dilatation in patients with a tricuspid aortic valve involves inflammatory processes whereas aortic aneurysm in patients with BAV may be the consequence of impaired repair capacity. The results imply that aortic aneurysm formation in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves involve different biological pathways leading to the same phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Kjellqvist
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ma Q, Huang B, Khatibi N, Rolland W, Suzuki H, Zhang JH, Tang J. PDGFR-α inhibition preserves blood-brain barrier after intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 2012; 70:920-31. [PMID: 22190365 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perihematomal edema results from disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by key mediators, such as thrombin, following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR-α), a tyrosine kinase receptor, was found in previous studies to play a role in orchestrating BBB impairment. In the present study, we investigated the role of PDGFR-α following ICH-induced brain injury in mice, specifically investigating its effect on BBB disruption. METHODS Brain injury was induced by autologous arterial blood (30 μl) or thrombin (5 U) injection into mice brains. A PDGFR antagonist (Gleevec) or agonist (PDGF-AA) was administered following ICH. PDGF-AA was injected with a thrombin inhibitor, hirudin, in ICH mice. Thrombin-injected mice were given Gleevec or PDGF-AA neutralizing antibody. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, SB203580, was delivered with PDGF-AA in naïve animals. Postassessment included neurological function tests, brain edema measurement, Evans blue extravasation, immunoprecipitation, western blot, and immunohistology assay. RESULTS PDGFR-α suppression prevented neurological deficits, brain edema, and Evans blue extravasation at 24 to 72 hours following ICH. PDGFR-α activation led to BBB impairment and this was reversed by SB203580 in naïve mice. Thrombin inhibition suppressed PDGFR-α activation and exogenous PDGF-AA increased PDGFR-α activation, regardless of thrombin inhibition. Animals receiving a PDGF-AA-neutralizing antibody or Gleevec showed minimized thrombin injection-induced BBB impairment. INTERPRETATION PDGFR-α signaling may contribute to BBB impairment via p38 MAPK-mediated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation/expression following ICH, and thrombin may be the key upstream orchestrator. The therapeutic interventions targeting the PDGFR-α signaling may be a novel strategy to prevent thrombin-induced BBB impairment following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Hemopexin decreases hemin accumulation and catabolism by neural cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:488-94. [PMID: 22342655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemopexin is a serum, CSF, and neuronal protein that is protective after experimental stroke. Its efficacy in the latter has been linked to increased expression and activity of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, suggesting that it facilitates heme degradation and subsequent release of cytoprotective biliverdin and carbon monoxide. In this study, the effect of hemopexin on the rate of hemin breakdown by CNS cells was investigated in established in vitro models. Equimolar hemopexin decreased hemin breakdown, as assessed by gas chromatography, by 60-75% in primary cultures of murine neurons and glia. Extracellular hemopexin reduced cell accumulation of ⁵⁵Fe-hemin by over 90%, while increasing hemin export or extraction from membranes by fourfold. This was associated with significant reduction in HO-1 expression and neuroprotection. In a cell-free system, hemin breakdown by recombinant HO-1 was reduced over 80% by hemopexin; in contrast, albumin and two other heme-binding proteins had no effect. Although hemopexin was detected on immunoblots of cortical lysates from adult mice, hemopexin knockout per se did not alter HO activity in cortical cells treated with hemin. These results demonstrate that hemopexin decreases the accumulation and catabolism of exogenous hemin by neural cells. Its beneficial effect in stroke models is unlikely to be mediated by increased production of cytoprotective heme breakdown products.
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Deferoxamine Affects Heat Shock Protein Expression in Heart after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Aged Rats. INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE RESEARCH 2011; 111:197-200. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Chen Z, Xi G, Mao Y, Keep RF, Hua Y. Effects of progesterone and testosterone on ICH-induced brain injury in rats. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 111:289-93. [PMID: 21725770 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that progesterone reduces brain injury, whereas testosterone increases lesion size after ischemic stroke. This study examined the effects of progesterone and testosterone on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an injection of 100 μL autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia. Progesterone (16 mg/kg), testosterone (15 mg/kg) or vehicle was given intraperitoneally 2 h after ICH. Behavioral tests were performed, and the rats were killed after 24 h for brain edema measurement. Perihematomal brain edema was reduced in progesterone-treated rats compared to vehicle-treated rats (p<0.05). Progesterone also improved functional outcome following ICH (p<0.05). Testosterone treatment did not affect perihematomal edema formation, but resulted in lower forelimb placing score (p<0.05). In conclusion, progesterone can reduce brain edema and improve functional outcome, whereas testosterone may have a deleterious effect after ICH in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Hu H, Yamashita S, Hua Y, Keep RF, Liu W, Xi G. Thrombin-induced neuronal protection: role of the mitogen activated protein kinase/ribosomal protein S6 kinase pathway. Brain Res 2010; 1361:93-101. [PMID: 20846511 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have found that intracerebral pretreatment with a low dose of thrombin (thrombin preconditioning, TPC) reduces infarct volume and attenuates brain edema after focal cerebral ischemia. In this study, we examined whether TPC protects against the neuronal death induced by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), and whether the protection is through thrombin receptors and the p44/42 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK)/ribosomal protein S6 kinases (p70 S6K) pathway. Expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) mRNA was detected in cultured primary rat neurons and thrombin upregulated PAR-1 and PAR-4 mRNA expression. TPC reduced OGD-induced neuronal death (e.g. dead cells: 52.5 ± 5.4% vs. 72.3 ± 7.2% in the control group, n=6, p<0.01). Agonists of PAR-1 and PAR-4 mimicked the effects of thrombin and reduced OGD-induced neuronal death. Pretreatment with thrombin or PAR agonists induced the upregulation of activated p44/42 MAPK and p70S6K (Thr 421/Ser 424). PD98059, an inhibitor of p44/42 MAPK kinase, blocked thrombin-induced upregulation of activated p44/42 MAPK and p70S6K. It also reduced TPC-induced neuronal protection (e.g. dead cells: 68.2 ± 5.2% vs. 56.9 ± 4.6% in vehicle+TPC group, n=6, p<0.05). These results suggest that TPC-induced ischemic tolerance is through activation of thrombin receptors and the p44/42 MAPK/p70S6K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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