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Ullah Y, Roslee MB, Mitani SM, Khan SA, Jusoh MH. A Survey on Handover and Mobility Management in 5G HetNets: Current State, Challenges, and Future Directions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5081. [PMID: 37299808 PMCID: PMC10255561 DOI: 10.3390/s23115081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fifth-generation (5G) networks offer high-speed data transmission with low latency, increased base station volume, improved quality of service (QoS), and massive multiple-input-multiple-output (M-MIMO) channels compared to 4G long-term evolution (LTE) networks. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the achievement of mobility and handover (HO) in 5G networks due to significant changes in intelligent devices and high-definition (HD) multimedia applications. Consequently, the current cellular network faces challenges in propagating high-capacity data with improved speed, QoS, latency, and efficient HO and mobility management. This comprehensive survey paper specifically focuses on HO and mobility management issues within 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The paper thoroughly examines the existing literature and investigates key performance indicators (KPIs) and solutions for HO and mobility-related challenges while considering applied standards. Additionally, it evaluates the performance of current models in addressing HO and mobility management issues, taking into account factors such as energy efficiency, reliability, latency, and scalability. Finally, this paper identifies significant challenges associated with HO and mobility management in existing research models and provides detailed evaluations of their solutions along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Ullah
- Centre for Wireless Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia;
| | - Mardeni Bin Roslee
- Centre for Wireless Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia;
| | - Sufian Mousa Mitani
- Head of Next Generation Network Research Institute, Telekom Malaysia Research & Development, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia;
| | - Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan-si 31499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mohamad Huzaimy Jusoh
- School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Unversiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia;
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Brilhante DDS, Manjarres JC, Moreira R, de Oliveira Veiga L, de Rezende JF, Müller F, Klautau A, Leonel Mendes L, P de Figueiredo FA. A Literature Survey on AI-Aided Beamforming and Beam Management for 5G and 6G Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094359. [PMID: 37177563 PMCID: PMC10181570 DOI: 10.3390/s23094359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern wireless communication systems rely heavily on multiple antennas and their corresponding signal processing to achieve optimal performance. As 5G and 6G networks emerge, beamforming and beam management become increasingly complex due to factors such as user mobility, a higher number of antennas, and the adoption of elevated frequencies. Artificial intelligence, specifically machine learning, offers a valuable solution to mitigate this complexity and minimize the overhead associated with beam management and selection, all while maintaining system performance. Despite growing interest in AI-assisted beamforming, beam management, and selection, a comprehensive collection of datasets and benchmarks remains scarce. Furthermore, identifying the most-suitable algorithm for a given scenario remains an open question. This article aimed to provide an exhaustive survey of the subject, highlighting unresolved issues and potential directions for future developments. The discussion encompasses the architectural and signal processing aspects of contemporary beamforming, beam management, and selection. In addition, the article examines various communication challenges and their respective solutions, considering approaches such as centralized/decentralized, supervised/unsupervised, semi-supervised, active, federated, and reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi da Silva Brilhante
- Laboratory for Modeling, Analysis, and Development of Networks and Computer Systems (LAND), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joanna Carolina Manjarres
- Laboratory for Modeling, Analysis, and Development of Networks and Computer Systems (LAND), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moreira
- Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences (IEP), Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Rio Paranaíba 38810-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Veiga
- Institute of Systems Engineering and Information Technology, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | - José F de Rezende
- Laboratory for Modeling, Analysis, and Development of Networks and Computer Systems (LAND), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco Müller
- LASSE-5G and IoT Research Group, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Aldebaro Klautau
- LASSE-5G and IoT Research Group, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Luciano Leonel Mendes
- National Institute of Telecommunications (INATEL), Santa Rita do Sapucaí 37540-000, MG, Brazil
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3
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Structure parameter estimation method for microwave device using dimension reduction network. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13042-022-01698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hang F, Xie L, Zhang Z, Guo W, Li H. Artificial intelligence enabled fuzzy multimode decision support system for cyber threat security defense automation. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER VIROLOGY AND HACKING TECHNIQUES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11416-022-00443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Waqas A, Saeed N, Mahmood H, Almutiry M. Distributed Destination Search Routing for 5G and beyond Networks. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020472. [PMID: 35062432 PMCID: PMC8779085 DOI: 10.3390/s22020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fifth-generation and beyond networks target multiple distributed network application such as Internet of Things (IoT), connected robotics, and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). In the absence of a central management unit, the device need to search and establish a route towards the destination before initializing data transmission. In this paper, we proposes a destination search and routing method for distributed 5G and beyond networks. In the proposed method, the source node makes multiple attempts to search for a route towards the destination by expanding disk-like patterns originating from the source node. The source node increases the search area in each attempt, accommodating more nodes in the search process. As a result, the probability of finding the destination increases, which reduces energy consumption and time delay of routing. We propose three variants of routing for high, medium, and low-density network scenarios and analyze their performance for various network configurations. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed solution is better than previously proposed techniques in terms of time latency and reduced energy consumption, making it applicable for 5G and beyond networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Waqas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nasir Saeed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hasan Mahmood
- Department of Electronics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhannad Almutiry
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar 73222, Saudi Arabia;
- Remote Sensing Unit, Northern Border University, Arar 73222, Saudi Arabia
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An Overview of Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for Handover Management in 5G Ultra-Dense Small Cell Networks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fifth generation (5G) wireless technology emerged with marvelous effort to state, design, deployment and standardize the upcoming wireless network generation. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques are well capable to support 5G latest technologies that are expected to deliver high data rate to upcoming use cases and services such as massive machine type communications (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (uRLLC). These services will surely help Gbps of data within the latency of few milliseconds in Internet of Things paradigm. This survey presented 5G mobility management in ultra-dense small cells networks using reinforcement learning techniques. First, we discussed existing surveys then we are focused on handover (HO) management in ultra-dense small cells (UDSC) scenario. Following, this study also discussed how machine learning algorithms can help in different HO scenarios. Nevertheless, future directions and challenges for 5G UDSC networks were concisely addressed.
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Abstract
Fifth-generation (5G) technology will play a vital role in future wireless networks. The breakthrough 5G technology will unleash a massive Internet of Everything (IoE), where billions of connected devices, people, and processes will be simultaneously served. The services provided by 5G include several use cases enabled by the enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-reliable low-latency communication. Fifth-generation networks potentially merge multiple networks on a single platform, providing a landscape for seamless connectivity, particularly for high-mobility devices. With their enhanced speed, 5G networks are prone to various research challenges. In this context, we provide a comprehensive survey on 5G technologies that emphasize machine learning-based solutions to cope with existing and future challenges. First, we discuss 5G network architecture and outline the key performance indicators compared to the previous and upcoming network generations. Second, we discuss next-generation wireless networks and their characteristics, applications, and use cases for fast connectivity to billions of devices. Then, we confer physical layer services, functions, and issues that decrease the signal quality. We also present studies on 5G network technologies, 5G propelling trends, and architectures that help to achieve the goals of 5G. Moreover, we discuss signaling techniques for 5G massive multiple-input and multiple-output and beam-forming techniques to enhance data rates with efficient spectrum sharing. Further, we review security and privacy concerns in 5G and standard bodies’ actionable recommendations for policy makers. Finally, we also discuss emerging challenges and future directions.
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Wang K, Wang X, Zhang T, Cheng Y. Few-shot learning with deep balanced network and acceleration strategy. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13042-021-01373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Macro cells’ (MCs) densification with small cells (SCs) is one of the promising solutions to cope with the increasing demand for higher data rates in 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Unfortunately, the interference that arises between these densely deployed SCs and their elevated power consumption have caused huge problems facing the 5G HetNets. In this paper, a new soft frequency reuse (SFR) scheme is proposed to minimize the interference and elevate the network throughput. The proposed scheme is based on on/off switching the SCs according to their interference contribution rate (ICR) values. It solves the interference problem of the densely deployed SCs by dividing the cell region into center and edge zones. Moreover, SCs on/off switching tackles the elevated power consumption problem and enhances the power efficiency of the 5G network. Furthermore, our paper tackles the irregular nature problem of 5G HetNets and compares between two different proposed shapes for the center zone of the SC: circular, and irregular shapes. Additionally, the optimum radius of the center zone, which maximizes the total system data rate, is obtained. The results show that the proposed scheme surpasses the traffic and the random on/off switching schemes, as it decreases the outage probability and enhances the total system data rate and power efficiency. Moreover, the results demonstrate the close performance of both the irregular and circular shapes for the center zone.
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Hsu MF, Lin SJ. A BSC-based network DEA model equipped with computational linguistics for performance assessment and improvement. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13042-021-01331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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The Role of 5G Technologies in a Smart City: The Case for Intelligent Transportation System. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13095188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A smart city is an urban area that collects data using various electronic methods and sensors. Smart cities rely on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and aim to improve the quality of services by managing public resources and focusing on comfort, maintenance, and sustainability. The fifth generation (5G) of wireless mobile communication enables a new kind of communication network to connect everyone and everything. 5G will profoundly impact economies and societies as it will provide the necessary communication infrastructure required by various smart city applications. Intelligent Transporting System (ITS) is one of the many smart city applications that can be realized via 5G technology. The paper aims to discuss the impact and implications of 5G on ITS from various dimensions. Before this, the paper presents an overview of the technological context and the economic benefits of the 5G and how key vertical industries will be affected in a smart city, i.e., energy, healthcare, manufacturing, entertainment, and automotive and public transport. Afterward, 5G for ITS is introduced in more detail.
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Hu N, Tian Z, Lu H, Du X, Guizani M. A multiple-kernel clustering based intrusion detection scheme for 5G and IoT networks. INT J MACH LEARN CYB 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13042-020-01253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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