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D'Onofrio N, Prattichizzo F, Martino E, Anastasio C, Mele L, La Grotta R, Sardu C, Ceriello A, Marfella R, Paolisso G, Balestrieri ML. MiR-27b attenuates mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation in endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102681. [PMID: 37003179 PMCID: PMC10090437 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-27b is highly expressed in endothelial cells (EC) but its function in this context is poorly characterized. This study aims to investigate the effect of miR-27b on inflammatory pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, and mitochondrial oxidative imbalances in immortalized human aortic endothelial cells (teloHAEC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) exposed to TNF-α. Treatment with TNF-α downregulates the expression of miR-27b in all EC lines, promotes the activation of inflammatory pathways, induces mitochondrial alteration and reactive oxygen species accumulation, fostering the induction of intrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, miR-27b mimic counteracts the TNF-α-related cytotoxicity and inflammation, as well as cell cycle arrest and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis, restoring mitochondria redox state, function, and membrane polarization. Mechanistically, hsa-miR-27b-3p targets the 3'untranslated regions of FOXO1 mRNA to downregulate its expression, blunting the activation of the Akt/FOXO1 pathway. Here, we show that miR-27b is involved in the regulation of a broad range of functionally intertwined phenomena in EC, suggesting its key role in mitigating mithochondrial oxidative stress and inflammation, most likely through targeting of FOXO1. Overall, results reveal for the first time that miR-27b could represent a possible target for future therapies aimed at improving endothelial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia D'Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Elisa Martino
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Camilla Anastasio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Mele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luciano Armanni 5, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Celestino Sardu
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia, 80138, Naples, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia, 80138, Naples, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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Effect of Quercetin on Injury to Indomethacin-Treated Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111134. [PMID: 34833010 PMCID: PMC8623736 DOI: 10.3390/life11111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat inflammation and pain and even to prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease. They have become widely used because of their effectiveness, especially among athletes performing high-intensity training. Indomethacin is used for pain management in sports medicine and is highly effective and versatile. However, several clinical studies have reported that indomethacin induces acute renal damage. In the present study, we determined that indomethacin reduced human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner by triggering apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrated the effect of quercetin on indomethacin-treated HEK293 cells by inactivating the caspase-3 and caspase-9 signals. Furthermore, quercetin reduced ROS production and increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in indomethacin-treated HEK293 cells. Our results indicate that quercetin can interrupt the activated caspase and mitochondrial pathway induced by indomethacin in HEK293 cells and affect apoptotic mRNA expression. Quercetin can protect against indomethacin-induced HEK293 cell apoptosis by regulating abnormal ΔΨm and apoptotic mRNA expression.
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The Potential Role of Polyphenols in Modulating Mitochondrial Bioenergetics within the Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Models. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092791. [PMID: 34068459 PMCID: PMC8125960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are naturally derived compounds that are increasingly being explored for their various health benefits. In fact, foods that are rich in polyphenols have become an attractive source of nutrition and a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate the untoward effects of metabolic disorders. The last decade has seen a rapid increase in studies reporting on the bioactive properties of polyphenols against metabolic complications, especially in preclinical models. Various experimental models involving cell cultures exposed to lipid overload and rodents on high fat diet have been used to investigate the ameliorative effects of various polyphenols against metabolic anomalies. Here, we systematically searched and included literature reporting on the impact of polyphenols against metabolic function, particularly through the modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics within the skeletal muscle. This is of interest since the skeletal muscle is rich in mitochondria and remains one of the main sites of energy homeostasis. Notably, increased substrate availability is consistent with impaired mitochondrial function and enhanced oxidative stress in preclinical models of metabolic disease. This explains the general interest in exploring the antioxidant properties of polyphenols and their ability to improve mitochondrial function. The current review aimed at understanding how these compounds modulate mitochondrial bioenergetics to improve metabolic function in preclinical models on metabolic disease.
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Brockmueller A, Sameri S, Liskova A, Zhai K, Varghese E, Samuel SM, Büsselberg D, Kubatka P, Shakibaei M. Resveratrol's Anti-Cancer Effects through the Modulation of Tumor Glucose Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020188. [PMID: 33430318 PMCID: PMC7825813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The prevention and treatment of cancer is an ongoing medical challenge. In the context of personalized medicine, the well-studied polyphenol resveratrol could complement classical tumor therapy. It may affect key processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, proliferation, metastasis, glucose metabolism, and apoptosis in various cancers because resveratrol acts as a multi-targeting agent by modulating multiple signal transduction pathways. This review article focuses on resveratrol’s ability to modify tumor glucose metabolism and its associated therapeutic capacity. Resveratrol reduces glucose uptake and glycolysis by affecting Glut1, PFK1, HIF-1α, ROS, PDH, and the CamKKB/AMPK pathway. It also inhibits cell growth, invasion, and proliferation by targeting NF-kB, Sirt1, Sirt3, LDH, PI-3K, mTOR, PKM2, R5P, G6PD, TKT, talin, and PGAM. In addition, resveratrol induces apoptosis by targeting integrin, p53, LDH, and FAK. In conclusion, resveratrol has many potentials to intervene in tumor processes if bioavailability can be increased and this natural compound can be used selectively. Abstract Tumor cells develop several metabolic reprogramming strategies, such as increased glucose uptake and utilization via aerobic glycolysis and fermentation of glucose to lactate; these lead to a low pH environment in which the cancer cells thrive and evade apoptosis. These characteristics of tumor cells are known as the Warburg effect. Adaptive metabolic alterations in cancer cells can be attributed to mutations in key metabolic enzymes and transcription factors. The features of the Warburg phenotype may serve as promising markers for the early detection and treatment of tumors. Besides, the glycolytic process of tumors is reversible and could represent a therapeutic target. So-called mono-target therapies are often unsafe and ineffective, and have a high prevalence of recurrence. Their success is hindered by the ability of tumor cells to simultaneously develop multiple chemoresistance pathways. Therefore, agents that modify several cellular targets, such as energy restriction to target tumor cells specifically, have therapeutic potential. Resveratrol, a natural active polyphenol found in grapes and red wine and used in many traditional medicines, is known for its ability to target multiple components of signaling pathways in tumors, leading to the suppression of cell proliferation, activation of apoptosis, and regression in tumor growth. Here, we describe current knowledge on the various mechanisms by which resveratrol modulates glucose metabolism, its potential as an imitator of caloric restriction, and its therapeutic capacity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Saba Sameri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838678 Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-892-1807-2624; Fax: +49-892-1807-2625
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Zambrano A, Molt M, Uribe E, Salas M. Glut 1 in Cancer Cells and the Inhibitory Action of Resveratrol as A Potential Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133374. [PMID: 31324056 PMCID: PMC6651361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important hallmark in cancer cells is the increase in glucose uptake. GLUT1 is an important target in cancer treatment because cancer cells upregulate GLUT1, a membrane protein that facilitates the basal uptake of glucose in most cell types, to ensure the flux of sugar into metabolic pathways. The dysregulation of GLUT1 is associated with numerous disorders, including cancer and metabolic diseases. There are natural products emerging as a source for inhibitors of glucose uptake, and resveratrol is a molecule of natural origin with many properties that acts as antioxidant and antiproliferative in malignant cells. In the present review, we discuss how GLUT1 is involved in the general scheme of cancer cell metabolism, the mechanism of glucose transport, and the importance of GLUT1 structure to understand the inhibition process. Then, we review the current state-of-the-art of resveratrol and other natural products as GLUT1 inhibitors, focusing on those directed at treating different types of cancer. Targeting GLUT1 activity is a promising strategy for the development of drugs aimed at treating neoplastic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angara Zambrano
- Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 0000000, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Matías Molt
- Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 0000000, Chile
| | - Elena Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Mónica Salas
- Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 0000000, Chile.
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Zhang J, Knight R, Wang Y, Sawyer TW, Martyniuk CJ, Langlois VS. Hair follicle miRNAs: a novel biomarker for primary blast Induced-Mild traumatic brain injury. Biomarkers 2018; 24:166-179. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1531929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Rosalinda Knight
- Canadian River Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Yushan Wang
- Suffield Research Centre, Defence Research and Development Canada, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas W. Sawyer
- Suffield Research Centre, Defence Research and Development Canada, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada
| | | | - Valérie S. Langlois
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Garrido-Armas M, Corona JC, Escobar ML, Torres L, Ordóñez-Romero F, Hernández-Hernández A, Arenas-Huertero F. Paraptosis in human glioblastoma cell line induced by curcumin. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 51:63-73. [PMID: 29723631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenol compound extracted from Curcuma longa plant, is a molecule with pleiotropic effects that suppresses transformation, proliferation and metastasis of malignant tumors. Curcumin can cause different kinds of cell death depending of its concentration on the exposed cell type. Here we show that exposure of the glioblastoma cell line A172 to curcumin at 50 μM, the IC50, causes morphological change characteristic of paraptosis cell-death. Vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and low membrane potential of the mitochondria were constantly found in the exposed cells. Furthermore, changes in expression of the ER Stress Response (ERSR) genes IRE1 and ATF6, and the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-27a, miR-222, miR-449 was observed after exposure to curcumin. AKT-Insulin and p53-BCL2 networks were predicted being modulated by the affected miRNAs. Furthermore, AKT protein levels reduction was confirmed. Our data, strongly suggest that curcumin exerts its cell-death properties by affecting the integrity of the reticulum, leading to paraptosis in the glioblastoma cells. These data unveils the versatility of curcumin to control cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Av. Dr. Márquez 162. Colonia Doctores, C.P. 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maria Luisa Escobar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510. Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leda Torres
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700, Letra C, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04530 Ciudad de México, México
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Lee H, Tak H, Park SJ, Jo YK, Cho DH, Lee EK. microRNA-200a-3p enhances mitochondrial elongation by targeting mitochondrial fission factor. BMB Rep 2018; 50:214-219. [PMID: 28148392 PMCID: PMC5437966 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.4.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play pivotal roles in the ATP production, apoptosis and generation of reactive oxygen species. Although dynamic regulation of mitochondria morphology is a critical step to maintain cellular homeostasis, the regulatory mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we identified miR-200a-3p as a novel regulator of mitochondrial dynamics by targeting mitochondrial fission factor (MFF). We demonstrated that the ectopic expression of miR-200a-3p enhanced mitochondrial elongation, mitochondrial ATP synthesis, mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate. These results indicate that miR-200a-3p positively regulates mitochondrial elongation by downregulating MFF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hyosun Tak
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17014, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jo
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17014, Korea
| | - Dong Hyung Cho
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17014, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Kumar A, Rimando AM, Levenson AS. Resveratrol and pterostilbene as a microRNA-mediated chemopreventive and therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1403:15-26. [PMID: 28662290 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that deregulation of the epigenetic machinery comprising the microRNA (miRNA) network is a critical factor in the progression of various diseases, including cancer. Concurrently, dietary phytochemicals are being intensively studied for their miRNA-mediated health-beneficial properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antioxidative, and anticancer properties. Available experimental data have suggested that dietary polyphenols may be effective miRNA-modulating chemopreventive and therapeutic agents. Moreover, noninvasive detection of changes in miRNA expression in liquid biopsies opens enormous possibilities for their clinical utilization as novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers. In our published studies, we identified resveratrol-regulated miRNA profiles in prostate cancer. Resveratrol downregulated the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-targeting members of the oncogenic miR-17 family of miRNAs, which are overexpressed in prostate cancer. We have functionally validated the miRNA-mediated ability of resveratrol and its potent analog pterostilbene to rescue the tumor suppressor activity of PTEN in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings implicate the use of resveratrol and its analogs as an attractive miRNA-mediated chemopreventive and therapeutic strategy in prostate cancer and the use of circulating miRNAs as potential predictive biomarkers for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Agnes M Rimando
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Anait S Levenson
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York
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10
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Wang W, Zhuang Q, Ji K, Wen B, Lin P, Zhao Y, Li W, Yan C. Identification of miRNA, lncRNA and mRNA-associated ceRNA networks and potential biomarker for MELAS with mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41639. [PMID: 28139706 PMCID: PMC5282567 DOI: 10.1038/srep41639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers in the field of mitochondrial biology are increasingly unveiling of the complex mechanisms between mitochondrial dysfunction and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, roles of ncRNAs underlying mitochondrial myopathy remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to elucidate the regulating networks of dysregulated ncRNAs in Mitochondrial myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS) with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) A3243G mutation, which might make contributions to the unveiling of the complex mechanisms underlying mitochondrial myopathy and, possibly, new tools applicable to clinical practice. Through high-throughput technology followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and bioinformatics analyses, for the first time, we found that the dysregulated muscle miRNAs and lncRNAs between 20 MELAS patients with mtDNA A3243G mutation and 20 controls formed complex regulation networks and participated in immune system, signal transduction, translation, muscle contraction and other pathways in discovery and training phase. Then, selected ncRNAs were validated in muscle and serum in independent validation cohorts by qRT-PCR. Finally, ROC curve analysis indicated reduced serum miR-27b-3p had the better diagnosis value than lactate and might serve as a novel, noninvasive biomarker for MELAS. Follow-up investigation is warranted to better understand roles of ncRNAs in mitochondrial myopathy pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianqian Zhuang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Kunqian Ji
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Wen
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Disorders and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Brain Science Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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