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Abbasi E, Daliri S. Knockdown resistance (kdr) associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Culex quinquefasciatus): Systematic study of reviews and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011991. [PMID: 39159258 PMCID: PMC11361747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the most important carriers of human pathogens. Using the insecticides is one of the most important methods of combating this vector. But the genetic resistance created in Culex quinquefasciatus led to disruption in the fight against this pest. Consequently, it is necessary to know the level of resistance to fight this vector. Based on this, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of kdr resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. METHODS This study was conducted by systematic review, and meta-analysis on the prevalence of kdr resistance and mortality rate in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticides in the world. All pertinent articles were extracted and analyzed in accordance with this information during an unrestricted search of the scientific databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, biooan.org, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar until the end of November 2023. Statistical analysis of data was done using fixed and random effects model in meta-analysis, I2 index, Cochran's test, and meta-regression by STATA version 17 software. RESULTS Seventy articles were included in the meta-analysis process. Based on the findings, the prevalence of Kdr in Culex quinquefasciatus against organochlorine insecticide was estimated at 63.1%. Moreover, the mortality rate against the insecticide deltamethrin was 46%, DDT 18.5%, permethrin 42.6%, malathion 54.4% and lambdacyhalothrin 53%. CONCLUSION More than half of Cx. quinquefasciatus had Kdr. This vector was relatively resistant to DDT and permethrin insecticides and sensitive to malathion, deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin. In order to prevent the development of resistance to alternative insecticides, it is consequently critical to combat this vector with efficacious insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abbasi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salman Daliri
- Health Deputy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Doumbe-Belisse P, Kopya E, Ngadjeu CS, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Awono-Ambene HP, Wondji CS, Njiokou F, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic of the vectorial system and the entomological inoculation rate. Malar J 2021; 20:364. [PMID: 34493280 PMCID: PMC8424958 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is registering one of the highest urban population growth across the world. It is estimated that over 75% of the population in this region will be living in urban settings by 2050. However, it is not known how this rapid urbanization will affect vector populations and disease transmission. The present study summarizes findings from studies conducted in urban settings between the 1970s and 2020 to assess the effects of urbanization on the entomological inoculation rate pattern and anopheline species distribution. Different online databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Google were screened. A total of 90 publications were selected out of 1527. Besides, over 200 additional publications were consulted to collate information on anopheline breeding habitats and species distribution in urban settings. The study confirms high malaria transmission in rural compared to urban settings. The study also suggests that there had been an increase in malaria transmission in most cities after 2003, which could also be associated with an increase in sampling, resources and reporting. Species of the Anopheles gambiae complex were the predominant vectors in most urban settings. Anopheline larvae were reported to have adapted to different aquatic habitats. The study provides updated information on the distribution of the vector population and the dynamic of malaria transmission in urban settings. The study also highlights the need for implementing integrated control strategies in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Doumbe-Belisse
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - E Kopya
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C S Ngadjeu
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - N Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - A Talipouo
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - L Djamouko-Djonkam
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang Cameroon, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - H P Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - C S Wondji
- Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - F Njiokou
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - C Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination Pour la Lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun. .,Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Manguin S, Foumane V, Besnard P, Fortes F, Carnevale P. Malaria overdiagnosis and subsequent overconsumption of antimalarial drugs in Angola: Consequences and effects on human health. Acta Trop 2017; 171:58-63. [PMID: 28356231 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic blood smear examinations done in health centers of Angola demonstrated a large overdiagnosis of malaria cases with an average rate of errors as high as 85%. Overall 83% of patients who received Coartem® had an inappropriate treatment. Overestimated malaria diagnosis was noticed even when specific symptoms were part of the clinical observation, antimalarial treatments being subsequently given. Then, malaria overdiagnosis has three main consequences, (i) the lack of data reliability is of great concern, impeding epidemiological records and evaluation of the actual influence of operations as scheduled by the National Malaria Control Programme; (ii) the large misuse of antimalarial drug can increase the selective pressure for resistant strain and can make a false consideration of drug resistant P. falciparum crisis; and (iii) the need of strengthening national health centers in term of human, with training in microscopy, and equipment resources to improve malaria diagnosis with a large scale use of rapid diagnostic tests associated with thick blood smears, backed up by a "quality control" developed by the national health authorities. Monitoring of malaria cases was done in three Angolan health centers of Alto Liro (Lobito town) and neighbor villages of Cambambi and Asseque (Benguéla Province) to evaluate the real burden of malaria. Carriers of Plasmodium among patients of newly-borne to 14 years old, with or without fever, were analyzed and compared to presumptive malaria cases diagnosed in these health centers. Presumptive malaria cases were diagnosed six times more than the positive thick blood smears done on the same children. In Alto Liro health center, the percentage of diagnosis error reached 98%, while in Cambambi and Asseque it was of 79% and 78% respectively. The percentage of confirmed malaria cases was significantly higher during the dry (20.2%) than the rainy (13.2%) season. These observations in three peripheral health centers confirmed what has already been noticed in other malaria endemic regions, and highlight the need for an accurate evaluation of the Malaria control programme implemented in Angola.
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Soumaila H, Idrissa M, Akgobeto M, Habi G, Jackou H, Sabiti I, Abdoulaye A, Daouda A, Souleymane I, Osse R. Multiple mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae s.l populations in Niger. Med Mal Infect 2017. [PMID: 28648613 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We performed a transversal study to map resistance of malaria vectors (Anopheles mosquitoes) to insecticides in Niger within the frame of the National Malaria Control Program funded by the World Health Organization (WHO). METHOD Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.l were collected from November to December 2013 in seven locations selected on the basis of different patterns of use of insecticides and environment. WHO susceptibility test tubes were used on females Anopheles to detect resistance to insecticides. Eight insecticides were tested. Percentages of knockdown during exposure time to pyrethroids and DDT and mortality after 24hours of observation for all tested insecticides were calculated. PCR and biochemical tests were carried out to identify the species and mechanisms of resistance (Kdr allele frequencies and activity of detoxification enzymes). RESULTS In all sites, Anopheles gambiae s.l was susceptible to bendiocarb and malathion but resistant to the five pyrethroids and DDT (24-hour mortality rate was <90%). The Kdr mutation was present in the molecular form M of Anopheles gambiae with an average frequency of 58%. Biochemical tests showed the activity of various enzyme families (esterase, oxidase, and glutathione s-transferase). CONCLUSION This study showed multiple resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides in Niger. A rigorous management of this resistance is imperative to preserve the efficacy of pyrethroids as it is the only class of insecticides used for insecticide-treated nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Soumaila
- Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Niger.
| | - M Idrissa
- Faculté des sciences et technique (FAST), université Abdou-Moumouni (UAM), Niamey, Niger
| | - M Akgobeto
- Centre de recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Niger
| | - G Habi
- Organisation mondiale de la santé, Niger
| | - H Jackou
- Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Niger
| | - I Sabiti
- Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Niger
| | - A Abdoulaye
- Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Niger
| | - A Daouda
- Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Niger
| | - I Souleymane
- Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme, Niger
| | - R Osse
- Centre de recherche entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Niger
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Carnevale P, Toto JC, Besnard P, Santos MAD, Fortes F, Allan R, Manguin S. Spatio-temporal variations of Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae and their Plasmodium infectivity rates in Lobito, Angola. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:172-179. [PMID: 26047198 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
From 2003 to 2007, entomological surveys were conducted in Lobito town (Benguela Province, Angola) to determine which Anopheles species were present and to identify the vectors responsible for malaria transmission in areas where workers of the Sonamet Company live. Two types of surveys were conducted: (1) time and space surveys in the low and upper parts of Lobito during the rainy and dry periods; (2) a two-year longitudinal study in Sonamet workers' houses provided with long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLIN), "PermaNet," along with the neighboring community. Both species, An. coluzzii (M molecular form) and An. gambiae (S molecular form), were collected. Anopheles coluzzii was predominant during the dry season in the low part of Lobito where larvae develop in natural ponds and temporary pools. However, during the rainy season, An. gambiae was found in higher proportions in the upper part of the town where larvae were collected in domestic water tanks built near houses. Anopheles melas and An. listeri were captured in higher numbers during the dry season and in the low part of Lobito where larvae develop in stagnant brackish water pools. The infectivity rates of An. gambiae s.l. varied from 0.90% to 3.41%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Carnevale
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France, 34394
| | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, BP, Cameroun, 288
| | | | | | | | | | - Sylvie Manguin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR-MD3, Montpellier, France, 34093.
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Foumane Ngane V, Allico Djaman J, Culeux C, Piette N, Carnevale P, Besnard P, Fortes F, Basco LK, Tahar R. Molecular epidemiology of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Benguela province, Angola. Malar J 2015; 14:113. [PMID: 25889865 PMCID: PMC4374507 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria situation has been worsening in Angola, partly due to armed conflict until the recent past and drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria transmission is heterogeneous within the country, and data on drug-resistant malaria in different parts of the country are incomplete. The aim of the present study was to evaluate resistance to 4-aminoquinolines and antifolate drugs in P. falciparum isolates collected in Benguela province, central Angola, using molecular markers. Methods Fingerprick capillary blood was collected from asymptomatic children aged less than 15 years old during a household survey in and around Balombo town in 2010–2011. Samples were screened for P. falciparum by nested PCR. Molecular markers (P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase [pfdhfr], P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase [pfdhps], P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter [pfcrt], and P. falciparum multidrug-resistance gene 1 [pfmdr1]) were sequenced to determine the key codons associated with drug resistance. Results A total of 60 blood samples were positive for P. falciparum. Most isolates with successful PCR amplification had mutant pfdhfr alleles, with either double mutant AICNI (69%) or triple mutant AIRNI (21%) haplotypes. A16V, S108T, and I164L substitutions were not found. Many of the isolates were carriers of either SGKAA (60%) or AGKAA (27%) pfdhps haplotype. K540E substitution was absent. There were only two pfcrt haplotypes: wild-type CVMNK (11%) and mutant CVIET (89%). Wild-type pfmdr1 NYSND haplotype was found in 19% of the isolates, whereas single mutant pfmdr1 YYSND and NFSND haplotypes occurred in 48% and 11%, respectively. Double mutant pfmdr1 haplotypes (YFSND and YYSNY) occurred rarely. Conclusions The results suggest that the high prevalence of mutant pfcrt CVIET haplotype is in agreement with low clinical efficacy of chloroquine observed in earlier studies and that the double pfdhfr mutant AICNI and single pfdhps mutant SGKAA are currently the predominant haplotypes associated with antifolate resistance in Benguela province. The hallmark of clinical resistance observed in East Africa, i.e. triple pfdhfr mutant haplotype (AIRNI) and double pfdhps mutant haplotype (SGEAA), was absent. These molecular findings need to be further evaluated in parallel with clinical studies, in particular with the efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnant women and artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Foumane Ngane
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B. P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Joseph Allico Djaman
- Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie Biochimique, Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (Cocody), 22 BP 582, Abidjan, 22, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Département de Biochimie, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 490, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Cécile Culeux
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Piette
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Carnevale
- Malaria Control Programme, Société nationale de métallurgie (Sonamet), rua 1 de Dezembro, caixa postal 479, Lobito, Provincia de Benguela, Angola.
| | - Patrick Besnard
- Malaria Control Programme, Société nationale de métallurgie (Sonamet), rua 1 de Dezembro, caixa postal 479, Lobito, Provincia de Benguela, Angola.
| | - Filomeno Fortes
- Plano National Contra Malaria, Ministry of Health, Luanda, Angola.
| | - Leonardo K Basco
- Unité de Recherche 198-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.
| | - Rachida Tahar
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270, Paris, France.
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Mourou JR, Coffinet T, Jarjaval F, Cotteaux C, Pradines E, Godefroy L, Kombila M, Pagès F. Malaria transmission in Libreville: results of a one year survey. Malar J 2012; 11:40. [PMID: 22321336 PMCID: PMC3310827 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Gabon, vector transmission has been poorly studied. Since the implementation of the Roll Back malaria recommendations, clinical studies have shown a decline in the burden of malaria in Libreville, the capital city of Gabon. To better understand the transmission dynamic in Libreville, an entomological survey was conducted in five districts of the city. Methods Mosquitoes were sampled by human landing collection during 1 year in five districts of Libreville: Alibandeng, Beauséjour, Camp des Boys and Sotega. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically and by molecular methods. The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoïte indices were measured by ELISA, and the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were calculated for all areas. Molecular assessments of pyrethroid knock down resistance (kdr) and of insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance were conducted. Results A total of 57,531 mosquitoes were caught during 341 person-nights (161 person-nights indoor and 180 person-nights outdoor) among which, 4,223 were Anopheles gambiae s.l. The average Human Biting Rate fell from 15.5 bites per person during the rainy season to 4.7 during the dry season. The An. gambiae complex population was composed of An. gambiae s.s molecular form S (99.5%), Anopheles melas (0.3%) and An. gambiae s.s. form M (0.2%). Thirty-three out of 4,223 An. gambiae s.l. were found to be infected by P. falciparum (CSP index = 0.78%). The annual EIR was estimated at 33.9 infected bites per person per year ranging from 13 in Alibandeng to 88 in Sotega. No insensitive AChE mutation was identified but both kdr-w and kdr-e mutations were present in An. gambiae molecular form S with a higher frequency of the kdr-w allele (76%) than the kdr-e allele (23.5%). Conclusion Malaria transmission in Libreville occurred mainly during the rainy season but also during the dry season in the five districts. Transmission level is high and seems to be very heterogeneous in the town. Interestingly, the highest EIR was recorded in the most central and urbanized quarter and the lowest in a peripheral area. The decrease of transmission usually seen from peri-urban areas to urban centers is probably more dependent of the socio-economic level of a quarter than of its location in the city. Urban malaria control programmes need to consider the socio economic level of an area rather than the location in the city in order to determine the areas most favourable to malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Romain Mourou
- UMR 6236, Unité d'entomologie médicale, IRBA antenne Marseille, GSBDD Marseille Aubagne, 111 avenue de la corse BP 40026, 13568 Marseille Cedex 2, France
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