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Yadav S, Lee M, Hong YR. Smoking-cessation advice from dental care professionals and its association with smoking status: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2018. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 153:15-22. [PMID: 34688451 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking remains a major contributor to mortality and morbidity. Dental care professionals are positioned to help patients quit smoking. Results of clinical trials have shown the efficacy of dental care professionals' smoking-cessation advice; however, the evidence of its effectiveness in the general population in the United States is limited. The authors examined the association between smoking-cessation advice from dental care professionals and quitting behaviors of adult smokers in the general population. METHODS The authors used an observational study design with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2015 through 2018. The authors included 1,024 respondents 18 years and older who were current or former smokers who quit smoking within the past 12 months and reported a dental visit within the past 12 months. RESULTS Among the study sample, 44.6% received smoking-cessation advice from a dental care professional. The authors found no significant association between smoking-cessation advice and any attempt to quit smoking (as a binary outcome; adjusted odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.80; P = .677). Although respondents who received smoking-cessation advice reported 18% more quit attempts (on a continuous scale; adjusted rate ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.39, P = .05), smoking-cessation advice was not associated with smoking abstinence beyond 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Receiving smoking-cessation advice from a dental care professional was associated with more attempts to quit smoking but not with abstinence of 6 months or longer. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Additional efforts seem to be needed for smoking cessation in dental practices. Implementing enhanced incentive programs or promoting tobacco-use cessation certification in dental education may be an effective strategy to enhance dental professionals' knowledge and skills in providing additional support to their patients.
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Beklen A, Yildirim BG, Mimaroglu M, Yavuz MB. The impact of smoking on oral health and patient assessment of tobacco cessation support from Turkish dentists. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:49. [PMID: 34163316 PMCID: PMC8191570 DOI: 10.18332/tid/136418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dentists are in a critical position to help patients quit smoking. This study analyses the effectiveness of Turkish dentists in smoking cessation as part of routine patient care. METHODS An in-person cross-sectional survey on previous dental visit experiences was completed by 226 patients recruited from the Department of Periodontology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey, from March 2019 to September 2019. The questionnaire included topics on patient's smoking/quit characteristics, experiences on smoking cessation from their dentists, and willingness for the implementation of smoking cessation advice by dentists. RESULTS In all, 38% of the patients were current smokers, 8% were former smokers, and 68% tried to quit previously. Smokers demonstrated consistently higher scores for plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth, than former/non-smokers (p<0.05). Patients' knowledge of adverse effects was high, and the patients presented a positive attitude toward receiving cessation activities from dentists (86.7%). A total of 89% responded positively to be asked about their smoking behavior. However, the dentists' approach for cessation discussions did not go any further than listing the harmful effects. Only 32% of the patients were informed about side effects of smoking and one-third were encouraged to quit. In general, offering smoking cessation advice was relatively infrequent, and the majority of patients tried to quit smoking by themselves (76%) without using any nicotine replacement product (84%). CONCLUSIONS Smoking leads to oral health problems. Dentists in Turkey may ask their patients' about their smoking habits but less frequently offer practical help to quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Beklen
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Burak G Yildirim
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mimaroglu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Muhammet B Yavuz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Chaffee BW, Urata J, Silverstein S, Couch ET. Dental Hygienists' and Dentists' Tobacco Cessation Continuing Education Preferences: Application of a Discrete Choice Method. J Dent Educ 2020; 84:72-80. [PMID: 31977090 DOI: 10.21815/jde.019.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite ample opportunity, dental professionals frequently fall short of connecting tobacco-using patients with effective cessation support, often citing lack of training as a barrier. To inform development of training options, the aim of this study was to quantify the preferences of practicing dental hygienists and dentists in California for continuing dental education (CDE) offerings related to tobacco and patient tobacco cessation. Two statewide surveys of California dental hygienists and dentists were conducted. In addition to providing their own and their practice characteristics, in a discrete choice experiment, participants indicated their preferences between pairs of randomly generated hypothetical tobacco cessation CDE offerings that differed in topic, cost, delivery modality, and duration. Ultimately, 641 dental hygienists (20.5% of the total invited minus those with undeliverable emails, n=3,129) and 654 dentists (8.5% of the total invited minus those with undeliverable emails, n=7,669) responded to at least one of the discrete choice items, and their responses were analyzed. The results showed that each CDE attribute was independently associated with preference. Cost and topic were more strongly associated with preference than were delivery modality and duration. Lower cost, shorter duration courses were generally favored. Alternative tobacco products and patient communication were the most popular topics for participating dental hygienists and dentists, respectively. CDE preferences differed according to participant characteristics: live webinars were the least preferred modality for more experienced dental professionals, and shorter courses were not preferred by dentists in non-urban locations. These findings showed that these dental professionals considered multiple attributes in selecting CDE courses. To reach the broadest audience, CDE providers should offer low-cost options across a range of delivery modalities, such as full-day workshops in rural areas and online webinars for earlier career professionals.
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Ahmadian M, Khami MR, Ahamdi AE, Razeghi S, Yazdani R. Effectiveness of two interactive educational methods to teach tobacco cessation counseling for senior dental students. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:287-292. [PMID: 28932135 PMCID: PMC5594954 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_352_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Nowadays, one of the major health problems in many countries is tobacco use. Dental professionals are in a unique position to promote smoking cessation since they have the opportunity for regular interaction with their patients. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of two educational methods to teach tobacco cessation counseling (TCC) in dental practice for senior dental students. Materials and Methods: In this interventional study, 93 eligible senior dental students from two dental schools in Tehran, Iran were randomly divided into two groups. Two educational programs, role play (RP) and problem-based learning (PBL), with the same aim about TCC in dental practice, were developed and implemented for the two groups. The score of knowledge, attitude, and skill were determined in both groups before and after participation in the course using a questionnaire. The changes in the scores from pre- to post-test were statistically analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA test. Results: Total scores of knowledge, attitude, and skill of the participants showed improvements when compared to scores before training (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P < 0.001, respectively). However, the differences between the two study methods were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggested that TCC training through RP and PBL methods leads to improvement in knowledge, attitude, and skills of dental students in the short-term evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ahmadian
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khami
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Ebn Ahamdi
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Razeghi
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Al-Maweri SA, Al-Soneidar WA, AlMaqtari A, Hunaish A, Al-Sufyani G, Halboub E. Tobacco Cessation Counseling: Attitudes and Practices among Yemeni Dental Professionals. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2018; 33:1088-1093. [PMID: 28324226 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-017-1212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a significant health problem in Yemen and worldwide. Dental practitioners can play a pivotal role in educating their patients on the risk of smoking and motivating them to quit. This study aimed to assess the attitudes towards and practices of tobacco cessation counseling (TCC) among Yemeni dental professionals and to evaluate whether such attitudes and practices are associated with gender, smoking status, and years since graduation. In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered questionnaire containing questions regarding the practice and attitudes towards TCC in dental clinic was used. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. For statistical analysis, Chi-square test was used with a significance level of P < 0.05. Of the 400 distributed questionnaires, 182 were completed and analyzed. 53.3% of the respondents were males and 46.7% were females. Around one fifth of the respondents were smokers. The majority reported that they routinely ask their patients about their tobacco habits (83.5%), and advise against tobacco use (85%). Around half of the respondents believed that tobacco cessation intervention may affect their clinical practice and their income negatively through decreasing number of attending patients and believed that provision of dental treatment is more important than TCC. The majority (92%) believe that health professionals should refrain from tobacco, and 83% agree that TCC should be included in dental school curricula. Recent graduates and non-smokers showed relatively better attitudes and practices. There is an urgent need for continuing educational programs in TCC. Also, inclusion of TCC to dental curriculum is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Sanaa University, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Walid A Al-Soneidar
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Abdulrahman Hunaish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Esam Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Waingade M, Joshi M, Jangam D, Khandare N. Introduction of tobacco cessation counselling in dental curriculum. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ACADEMY OF ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_132_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Tayyib N, Coyer F, Lewis PA. Implementing a pressure ulcer prevention bundle in an adult intensive care. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2016; 37:27-36. [PMID: 27578325 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of pressure ulcers (PUs) in intensive care units (ICUs) is high and numerous strategies have been implemented to address this issue. One approach is the use of a PU prevention bundle. However, to ensure success care bundle implementation requires monitoring to evaluate the care bundle compliance rate, and to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation strategies in facilitating practice change. AIMS The aims of this study were to appraise the implementation of a series of high impact intervention care bundle components directed at preventing the development of PUs, within ICU, and to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies used to enhance the implementation compliance. METHOD An observational prospective study design was used. Implementation strategies included regular education, training, audit and feed-back and the presence of a champion in the ICU. Implementation compliance was measured along four time points using a compliance checklist. RESULTS Of the 60 registered nurses (RNs) working in the critical care setting, 11 participated in this study. Study participants demonstrated a high level of compliance towards the PU prevention bundle implementation (78.1%), with 100% participant acceptance. No significant differences were found between participants' demographic characteristics and the compliance score. There was a significant effect for time in the implementation compliance (Wilks Lambda=0.29, F (3, 8)=6.35, p<0.016), indicating that RNs needed time to become familiar with the bundle and routinely implement it into their practice. PU incidence was not influenced by the compliance level of participants. CONCLUSION The implementation strategies used showed a positive impact on compliance. Assessing and evaluating implementation compliance is critical to achieve a desired outcome (reduction in PU incidence). This study's findings also highlighted that while RNs needed time to familiarise themselves with the care bundle elements, their clinical practice was congruent with the bundle elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Tayyib
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fiona Coyer
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Australia
| | - Peter A Lewis
- School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Omaña-Cepeda C, Jané-Salas E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Chimenos-Küstner E, López-López J. Effectiveness of dentist's intervention in smoking cessation: A review. J Clin Exp Dent 2016; 8:e78-83. [PMID: 26855711 PMCID: PMC4739373 DOI: 10.4317/jced.52693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smoking is one of the main public health problems in developed countries. Despite extensive evidence on the effects of smoking on both oral and general health, the rate of smoking cessation is not promising. Material and Methods To review the evidence on knowledge and programs for smoking cessation developed by dentists, a literature review was carried out on programs for smoking cessation from the dentist’s perspective, as well as a review of behavioral guidelines that have been recently proposed for these interventions. We used the keywords “Tobacco”, “Smoking Prevention”, “Public Health” AND “Dentistry”, to identify controlled studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 1999 and 2014, in Google Scholar, SCOPUS and PubMed. Results Out of 177 studies found, 35 were considered, and these were divided into 2 groups of 20 and 15 articles respectively, according to type of study and inclusion criteria. Conclusions There is considerable scientific evidence describing the programs for smoking cessation used in dentistry, which support their effectiveness. Overall, these are brief behavioral interventions complemented by pharmacological treatment, with the participation of the entire dental team. Key words:Dentistry, nicotine, smoking cessation, tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Omaña-Cepeda
- DDS. School of Dentistry. University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela. Student of Master Degree in Dentistry in Oncologics and Immunocompromised Patients, School of Dentistry, Department of Odontostomatology, University of Barcelona. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Jané-Salas
- MD, DDS, PHD. Department of Odontostomatology. School of Dentistry. University of Barcelona. Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Alberto Estrugo-Devesa
- MD, DDS, PHD. Department of Odontostomatology. School of Dentistry. University of Barcelona. Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Eduardo Chimenos-Küstner
- MD, DDS, PHD. Department of Odontostomatology. School of Dentistry. University of Barcelona. Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - José López-López
- MD, DDS, PHD. Department of Odontostomatology. School of Dentistry. University of Barcelona. Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
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Razavi SM, Zolfaghari B, Doost ME, Tahani B. Attitude and practices among dentists and senior dental students in iran toward tobacco cessation as an effort to prevent oral cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:333-8. [PMID: 25640375 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.1.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral health professionals are responsible in Iran for providing a brief tobacco cessation program to smoker patients. The aim of this study was to assess Iranian dental student and dentist practice, knowledge and attitudes toward smoking cessation programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to 150 dentists working in Isfahan-Iran and 60 dental students. Some questions were developed based on the expected 5A tobacco cessation protocol. Statements on attitudes focused on professional responsibility towards smoking cessation and its effectiveness. Chi-square, ANOVA, and t test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The cessation program in dental settings covers a small group of patients (18%). Some 69.1% (n=96) of dentists reported asking their patients about tobacco use, 64% (n=83) advising their patients to quit, 33.8% (n=47) assessing their patients willingness to quit and 20% (n=28) reported helping their patients in changing their behavior. A far lower percentage reported active involvement in arranging assistance for smokers to quit (4.3%, n=5). Some 22% of students and 26% of dentists disagreed that the tobacco cessation programs should be as part of dentists' professional responsibility and 70% of them were willing to follow the protocol of tobacco cessation for patients. CONCLUSIONS Iranian dentist performance regarding tobacco cessation is weak. Dentists and students indicated their lack of knowledge as the major reason for non-adherence to the protocol. Therefore, planning to encourage dentist to follow the protocol needs continuous educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohammad Razavi
- Dental Implants Research Center, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran E-mail :
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Singleton JA, Carrico RM, Myers JA, Scott DA, Wilson RW, Worth CT. Tobacco Cessation Treatment Education for Dental Students Using Standardized Patients. J Dent Educ 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2014.78.6.tb05743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth M. Carrico
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Medicine; University of Louisville
| | - John A. Myers
- Child Health Services Research Unit; Department of Pediatrics; University of Louisville
| | - David A. Scott
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease; Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation; University of Louisville
| | - Richard W. Wilson
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences; University of Louisville
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Hanioka T, Ojima M, Kawaguchi Y, Hirata Y, Ogawa H, Mochizuki Y. Tobacco interventions by dentists and dental hygienists. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Carson KV, Verbiest MEA, Crone MR, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Assendelft WJJ, Smith BJ. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:CD000214. [PMID: 22592671 PMCID: PMC10088066 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000214.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death world wide. There is good evidence that brief interventions from health professionals can increase smoking cessation attempts. A number of trials have examined whether skills training for health professionals can lead them to have greater success in helping their patients who smoke. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of training health care professionals in the delivery of smoking cessation interventions to their patients, and to assess the additional effects of training characteristics such as intervention content, delivery method and intensity. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialised Register, electronic databases and the bibliographies of identified studies were searched and raw data was requested from study authors where needed. Searches were updated in March 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials in which the intervention was training of health care professionals in smoking cessation. Trials were considered if they reported outcomes for patient smoking at least six months after the intervention. Process outcomes needed to be reported, however trials that reported effects only on process outcomes and not smoking behaviour were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Information relating to the characteristics of each included study for interventions, participants, outcomes and methods were extracted by two independent reviewers. Studies were combined in a meta-analysis where possible and reported in narrative synthesis in text and table. MAIN RESULTS Of seventeen included studies, thirteen found no evidence of an effect for continuous smoking abstinence following the intervention. Meta-analysis of 14 studies for point prevalence of smoking produced a statistically and clinically significant effect in favour of the intervention (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.55, p= 0.004). Meta-analysis of eight studies that reported continuous abstinence was also statistically significant (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.03, p= 0.03).Healthcare professionals who had received training were more likely to perform tasks of smoking cessation than untrained controls, including: asking patients to set a quit date (p< 0.0001), make follow-up appointments (p< 0.00001), counselling of smokers (p< 0.00001), provision of self-help material (p< 0.0001) and prescription of a quit date (p< 0.00001). No evidence of an effect was observed for the provision of nicotine gum/replacement therapy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Training health professionals to provide smoking cessation interventions had a measurable effect on the point prevalence of smoking, continuous abstinence and professional performance. The one exception was the provision of nicotine gum or replacement therapy, which did not differ between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Carson
- Clinical Practice Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
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