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Bechtel TD, Hershelman J, Ghoshal M, McLandsborough L, Gibbons JG. Chemical mutagenesis of Listeria monocytogenes for increased tolerance to benzalkonium chloride shows independent genetic underpinnings and off-target antibiotic resistance. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305663. [PMID: 39028728 PMCID: PMC11259264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a potentially fatal foodborne pathogen commonly found in food processing facilities, creates a significant economic burden that totals more than $2 billion annually in the United States due to outbreaks. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), including benzalkonium chloride (BAC), are among the most widely used sanitizers to inhibit the growth and spread of L. monocytogenes from food processing facilities. However, resistance to QACs has been increasing in L. monocytogenes and different genetic mechanisms conferring resistance have been discovered. Here, we used ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to chemically mutagenize the BAC-susceptible strain, L. monocytogenes FSL-N1-304. We isolated two mutants with increased tolerance to BAC compared to the parental strain. Next, we assessed the off-target effect of increased tolerance to BAC by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a diverse set of antibiotics, revealing that mut-1 and mut-2 displayed significantly increased resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics compared to the parental strain. A hemolysis assay was then used to investigate a potential correlation between BAC tolerance and virulence. Interestingly, mut-1 and mut-2 both exhibited significantly higher hemolysis percentage than the parental strain. We then sequenced the genomes of the parental strain and both mutants to identify mutations that may be involved in the increased resistance to BAC. We identified 3 and 29 mutations in mut-1 and mut-2, respectively. mut-1 contained nonsynonymous mutations in dagK (a diacylglycerol kinase), lmo2768 (a permease-encoding gene), and lmo0186 (resuscitation promoting factor). mut-2 contained a nonsense mutation in the nucleotide excision repair enzyme UvrABC system protein B encoding gene, uvrB, which likely accounts for the higher number of mutations observed. Transcriptome analysis in the presence of BAC revealed that genes related to the phosphotransferase system and internalins were up-regulated in both mutants, suggesting their significance in the BAC stress response. These two mutants provide insights into alternative mechanisms for increased BAC tolerance and could further our understanding of how L. monocytogenes persists in the food processing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. Bechtel
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Julia Hershelman
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Mrinalini Ghoshal
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Lynne McLandsborough
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - John G. Gibbons
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
- Organismic & Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
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Zhao D, Zhang Y, Jin Z, Bai R, Wang J, Wu L, He Y. Benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride Effectively Reduce Spore Germination of Ginger Soft Rot Pathogens: Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:8. [PMID: 38248918 PMCID: PMC10816859 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginger soft rot is a serious soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, resulting in reduced crop yields. The application of common chemical fungicides is considered to be an effective method of sterilization, and therefore, they pose a serious threat to the environment and human health due to their high toxicity. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and benzethonium chloride (BEC) are two popular quaternary ammonium salts with a wide range of fungicidal effects. In this study, we investigated the fungicidal effects of BAC and BEC on soft rot disease of ginger as alternatives to common chemical fungicides. Two soft rot pathogens of ginger were successfully isolated from diseased ginger by using the spread plate method and sequenced as F. solani and F. oxysporum using the high-throughput fungal sequencing method. We investigated the fungicidal effects of BAC and BEC on F. solani and F. oxysporum, and we explored the antifungal mechanisms. Almost complete inactivation of spores of F. solani and F. oxysporum was observed at 100 mg/L fungicide concentration. Only a small amount of spore regrowth was observed after the inactivation treatment of spores of F. solani and F. oxysporum in soil, which proved that BAC and BEC have the potential to be used as an alternative to common chemical fungicides for soil disinfection of diseased ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruxiao Bai
- Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizers, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizers, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizers, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832000, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Sola EA, Bourilhón P, Manzo RM, Frisón LN. Antifungal action of quaternary ammonium compounds against environmental molds isolated from food industries. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Araujo Sola
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ) Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Priscila Bourilhón
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ) Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Ricardo Martín Manzo
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ) Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) Santa Fe Argentina
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Laura Noemí Frisón
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ) Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) Santa Fe Argentina
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Kumar RK, Singh NK, Balakrishnan S, Parker CW, Raman K, Venkateswaran K. Metabolic modeling of the International Space Station microbiome reveals key microbial interactions. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:102. [PMID: 35791019 PMCID: PMC9258157 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided insights into the persistence and succession of microbes aboard the International Space Station (ISS), notably the dominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the interactions between the various microbes aboard the ISS and how they shape the microbiome remain to be clearly understood. In this study, we apply a computational approach to predict possible metabolic interactions in the ISS microbiome and shed further light on its organization. RESULTS Through a combination of a systems-based graph-theoretical approach, and a constraint-based community metabolic modeling approach, we demonstrated several key interactions in the ISS microbiome. These complementary approaches provided insights into the metabolic interactions and dependencies present amongst various microbes in a community, highlighting key interactions and keystone species. Our results showed that the presence of K. pneumoniae is beneficial to many other microorganisms it coexists with, notably those from the Pantoea genus. Species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were often found to be the most beneficial for the survival of other microorganisms in the ISS microbiome. However, K. pneumoniae was found to exhibit parasitic and amensalistic interactions with Aspergillus and Penicillium species, respectively. To prove this metabolic prediction, K. pneumoniae and Aspergillus fumigatus were co-cultured under normal and simulated microgravity, where K. pneumoniae cells showed parasitic characteristics to the fungus. The electron micrography revealed that the presence of K. pneumoniae compromised the morphology of fungal conidia and degenerated its biofilm-forming structures. CONCLUSION Our study underscores the importance of K. pneumoniae in the ISS, and its potential positive and negative interactions with other microbes, including potential pathogens. This integrated modeling approach, combined with experiments, demonstrates the potential for understanding the organization of other such microbiomes, unravelling key organisms and their interdependencies. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachita K Kumar
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sanjaay Balakrishnan
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Ceth W Parker
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Karthik Raman
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA.
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Kumar RK, Singh NK, Balakrishnan S, Parker CW, Raman K, Venkateswaran K. Metabolic modeling of the International Space Station microbiome reveals key microbial interactions. MICROBIOME 2022. [PMID: 35791019 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.03.458819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided insights into the persistence and succession of microbes aboard the International Space Station (ISS), notably the dominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the interactions between the various microbes aboard the ISS and how they shape the microbiome remain to be clearly understood. In this study, we apply a computational approach to predict possible metabolic interactions in the ISS microbiome and shed further light on its organization. RESULTS Through a combination of a systems-based graph-theoretical approach, and a constraint-based community metabolic modeling approach, we demonstrated several key interactions in the ISS microbiome. These complementary approaches provided insights into the metabolic interactions and dependencies present amongst various microbes in a community, highlighting key interactions and keystone species. Our results showed that the presence of K. pneumoniae is beneficial to many other microorganisms it coexists with, notably those from the Pantoea genus. Species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were often found to be the most beneficial for the survival of other microorganisms in the ISS microbiome. However, K. pneumoniae was found to exhibit parasitic and amensalistic interactions with Aspergillus and Penicillium species, respectively. To prove this metabolic prediction, K. pneumoniae and Aspergillus fumigatus were co-cultured under normal and simulated microgravity, where K. pneumoniae cells showed parasitic characteristics to the fungus. The electron micrography revealed that the presence of K. pneumoniae compromised the morphology of fungal conidia and degenerated its biofilm-forming structures. CONCLUSION Our study underscores the importance of K. pneumoniae in the ISS, and its potential positive and negative interactions with other microbes, including potential pathogens. This integrated modeling approach, combined with experiments, demonstrates the potential for understanding the organization of other such microbiomes, unravelling key organisms and their interdependencies. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachita K Kumar
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sanjaay Balakrishnan
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Ceth W Parker
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Karthik Raman
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA.
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Yan Y, Tan L, Li H, Chen B, Huang J, Zhao Y, Wang J, Ou J. Photodynamic inactivation of planktonic Staphylococcus aureus by sodium magnesium chlorophyllin and its effect on the storage quality of lettuce. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:761-771. [PMID: 34048001 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a fast and effective non-heat sterilization technology. This study established an efficient blue light-emitting diode (LED) PDI with the photosensitizer sodium magnesium chlorophyllin (SMC) to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus in food. The antibacterial mechanisms were determined by evaluating DNA integrity, protein changes, morphological alteration, and the potency of PDI to eradicate S. aureus on lettuce was evaluated. Results showed that planktonic S. aureus could not be clearly observed on the medium after treatment with 5.0 μmol/L SMC for 10 min (1.14 J/cm2). Bacterial cell DNA and protein were susceptible to SMC-mediated PDI, and cell membranes were found to be disrupted. Moreover, SMC-mediated PDI effectively reduced 8.31 log CFU/mL of S. aureus on lettuce under 6.84 J/cm2 radiant exposure (30 min) with 100 μmol/L SMC, and PDI displayed a potent ability to restrain the weight loss as well as retard the changes of color difference of the lettuce during 7 day storage. The study will enrich our understanding of the inactivation of S. aureus by PDI, allowing for the development of improved strategies to eliminate bacteria in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lijun Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huihui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiaming Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.
| | - Jie Ou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Beetroot Extracts against Alternaria alternata Mycotoxins on Potato Crop. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria species, mainly air-borne fungi, affect potato plants, causing black spots symptoms. Morphological identification, pathogenicity assessment, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular identification confirmed that all isolates were Alternaria alternata. The annotated sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MN592771–MN592777. HPLC analysis revealed that the fungal isolates KH3 (133,200 ng/g) and NO3 (212,000 ng/g) produced higher levels of tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), respectively. Beet ethanol extract (BEE) and beet methanol extract (BME) at different concentrations were used as antimycotoxins. BME decreased the production of mycotoxins by 66.99–99.79%. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.39%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In comparison, the most effective AME reduction rate (99.79%) was shown in the NO3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BME treatment. In the same way, BEE application resulted in 95.60–99.91% mycotoxin reduction. The highest TeA reduction rate (99.91%) was reported in the KH3 isolate with 150 µg/mL BEE treatment, while the greatest AME reduction rate (99.68%) was shown in the Alam1 isolate with 75 µg/mL BEE treatment. GC-MS analysis showed that the main constituent in BME was the antioxidant compound 1-dodecanamine, n,n-dimethyl with a peak area of 43.75%. In contrast, oxirane, methyl- (23.22%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (10.72%); and n-hexadecanoic acid (7.32%) were the main components in BEE found by GC-MS. They are probably antimicrobial molecules and have an effect on the mycotoxin in general. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the antimycotoxigenic activity of beet extracts against A. alternata mycotoxins-contaminated potato crops in Egypt, aimed to manage and save the environment.
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Zhang X, Wu J, Xu C, Lu N, Gao Y, Xue Y, Li Z, Xue C, Tang Q. Inactivation of microbes on fruit surfaces using photodynamic therapy and its influence on the postharvest shelf-life of fruits. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2020; 26:696-705. [PMID: 32380848 DOI: 10.1177/1082013220921330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the disinfection effect of curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy on the contact surfaces of fresh fruit was investigated. Our results showed that the optimum concentration of curcumin and the energy density required were 0.5 μM and 7.2 J/cm2, respectively. Photodynamic therapy showed an excellent disinfection rate for the fresh fruits with a reduction of more than 80% in the total bacteria and coliform counts. The photodynamic therapy inhibited species that belonged to the categories of gram-negative and facultative anaerobic bacteria, except for two species of the Trichoderma fungus. Importantly, photodynamic therapy prolonged the shelf-life of grapes for two days at room temperature. Therefore, photodynamic therapy should be commercialized as a high efficiency and non-thermal sterilization technology for use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, PR China
| | - Juan Wu
- Innovation Center for Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Na Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, PR China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, PR China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, PR China
| | - Qingjuan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, PR China
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Yang H. Efficacy of low concentration neutralised electrolysed water and ultrasound combination for inactivating Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pichia pastoris GS115 and Aureobasidium pullulans 2012 on stainless steel coupons. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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