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Feng W, Xue W, Zhao Z, Shi Z, Wang W, Bai Y, Wang H, Qiu P, Xue J, Chen B. Nitrogen fertilizer application rate affects the dynamic metabolism of nitrogen and carbohydrates in kernels of waxy maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1416397. [PMID: 39148609 PMCID: PMC11324447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1416397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Nitrogen (N) plays a pivotal role in the growth, development, and yield of maize. An optimal N application rate is crucial for enhancing N and carbohydrate (C) accumulation in waxy maize grains, which in turn synergistically improves grain weight. Methods A 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of different N application rates on two waxy maize varieties, Jinnuo20 (JN20) and Jindannuo41 (JDN41), during various grain filling stages. The applied N rates were 0 (N0), 120 (N1), 240 (N2), and 360 (N3) kg N ha-1. Results The study revealed that N application significantly influenced nitrogen accumulation, protein components (gliadin, albumin, globulin, and glutelin), carbohydrate contents (soluble sugars, amylose, and amylopectin), and activities of enzymes related to N and C metabolism in waxy maize grains. Notable varietal differences in these parameters were observed. In both varieties, the N2 treatment consistently resulted in the highest values for almost all measured traits compared to the other N treatments. Specifically, the N2 treatment yielded an average increase in grain dry matter of 21.78% for JN20 and 17.11% for JDN41 compared to N0. The application of N positively influenced the activities of enzymes involved in C and N metabolism, enhancing the biosynthesis of grain protein, amylose, and amylopectin while decreasing the accumulation of soluble sugars. This modulation of the C/N ratio in the grains directly contributed to an increase in grain dry weight. Conclusion Collectively, our findings underscore the critical role of N in regulating kernel N and C metabolism, thereby influencing dry matter accumulation in waxy maize grains during the grain filling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Feng
- Sorghum Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuci, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zequn Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhaokang Shi
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Bai
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Haoxue Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Qiu
- Sorghum Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuci, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianfu Xue
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Baoguo Chen
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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2
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Hu Q, Liu J, Chen X, Guzmán C, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Tang H, Qi P, Deng M, Ma J, Chen G, Wei Y, Wang J, Zheng Y, Tu Y, Jiang Q. Multi-omic analysis reveals the effects of interspecific hybridization on the synthesis of seed reserve polymers in a Triticum turgidum ssp. durum × Aegilops sharonensis amphidiploid. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:626. [PMID: 38902625 PMCID: PMC11188524 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat grain endosperm is mainly composed of proteins and starch. The contents and the overall composition of seed storage proteins (SSP) markedly affect the processing quality of wheat flour. Polyploidization results in duplicated chromosomes, and the genomes are often unstable and may result in a large number of gene losses and gene rearrangements. However, the instability of the genome itself, as well as the large number of duplicated genes generated during polyploidy, is an important driving force for genetic innovation. In this study, we compared the differences in starch and SSP, and analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome among Aegilops sharonensis (R7), durum wheat (Z636) and amphidiploid (Z636×R7) to reveal the effects of polyploidization on the synthesis of seed reserve polymers. RESULTS The total starch and amylose content of Z636×R7 was significantly higher than R7 and lower than Z636. The gliadin and glutenin contents of Z636×R7 were higher than those in Z636 and R7. Through transcriptome analysis, there were 21,037, 2197, 15,090 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the three comparison groups of R7 vs Z636, Z636 vs Z636×R7, and Z636×R7 vs R7, respectively, which were mainly enriched in carbon metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR were combined to analyze the expression levels of genes related to storage polymers. It was found that the expression levels of some starch synthase genes, namely AGP-L, AGP-S and GBSSI in Z636×R7 were higher than in R7 and among the 17 DEGs related to storage proteins, the expression levels of 14 genes in R7 were lower than those in Z636 and Z636×R7. According to the classification analysis of all differential metabolites, most belonged to carboxylic acids and derivatives, and fatty acyls were enriched in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, niacin and nicotinamide metabolism, one-carbon pool by folate, etc. CONCLUSION: After allopolyploidization, the expression of genes related to starch synthesis was down-regulated in Z636×R7, and the process of starch synthesis was inhibited, resulting in delayed starch accumulation and prolongation of the seed development process. Therefore, at the same development time point, the starch accumulation of Z636×R7 lagged behind that of Z636. In this study, the expression of the GSe2 gene in Z636×R7 was higher than that of the two parents, which was beneficial to protein synthesis, and increased the protein content. These results eventually led to changes in the synthesis of seed reserve polymers. The current study provided a basis for a greater in-depth understanding of the mechanism of wheat allopolyploid formation and its stable preservation, and also promoted the effective exploitation of high-value alleles.
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Grants
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2023YFH0041 the Sichuan Science and Technology Program, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- 2022-YF05- 00022-SN the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
- the Science & Technology project of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de RabanaEles, Cordoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yong Tu
- School of agricultural science, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan, 615000, China.
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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He Z, Shang X, Zhang T, Yun J. Effect of calcium and magnesium on starch synthesis in maize kernels and its physiological driving mechanism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1332517. [PMID: 38259946 PMCID: PMC10800842 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1332517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The content of kernel starch (STC), which is a fundamental indicator of the nutritional value of maize, is directly correlated with the grain's taste and aroma. Both calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are critical nutrients that play a significant role in the growth and development of maize, as well as in the synthesis of STC. To determine the physiological driving mechanisms of Ca and Mg effects on the accumulation of STC synthesis in maize kernels and the characteristics of their effects on endogenous hormones and enzymes of STC synthesis in maize leaves, our study applied foliar Ca and Mg fertilizers at various levels to maize prior to pollination. (1) The levels of Ca, Mg, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA), and zeatin riboside (ZR) in maize leaves increased and then decreased after the supplementation of Ca and Mg. They peaked on the 32nd day after pollination. In contrast, the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) initially decreased and then increased. Ca and Mg had a negative correlation with ABA and a positive correlation with IAA, GA, and ZR. (2) As the levels of Ca and Mg increased, correspondingly rose the activities of enzymes responsible for STC synthesis and the content of STC and its components. Principally influencing the synthesis of STC were ABA, IAA, uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPG), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and soluble starch synthase (SSS). (3) "IAA-UDPG or GBSS-STC" was the predominant physiological regulation pathway of Ca on kernel STC, whereas "IAA-GBSS-STC" was the dominant physiological regulation pathway of Mg on kernel STC. The regulatory impact of STC by UDPG and GBSS was positive, as were the effects of IAA on UDPG and GBSS. In conclusion, the accumulation of kernel starch was significantly enhanced by Ca and Mg supplementation via the modulation of endogenous hormone levels and key enzyme activities. This research identifies a viable approach to improve the nutritional composition of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoquan He
- School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Xue Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- College of Land Resource and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi, Nanchang, China
| | - Tonghui Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianying Yun
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Tang H, Dong H, Guo X, Cheng M, Li M, Chen Q, Yuan Z, Pu Z, Wang J. Identification of candidate gene for the defective kernel phenotype using bulked segregant RNA and exome capture sequencing methods in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1173861. [PMID: 37342127 PMCID: PMC10277647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1173861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a significant source of protein and starch worldwide. The defective kernel (Dek) mutant AK-3537, displaying a large hollow area in the endosperm and shrunken grain, was obtained through ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment of the wheat cultivar Aikang 58 (AK58). The mode of inheritance of the AK-3537 grain Dek phenotype was determined to be recessive with a specific statistical significance level. We used bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq), BSA-based exome capture sequencing (BSE-seq), and the ΔSNP-index algorithm to identify candidate regions for the grain Dek phenotype. Two major candidate regions, DCR1 (Dek candidate region 1) and DCR2, were identified on chromosome 7A between 279.98 and 287.93 Mb and 565.34 and 568.59 Mb, respectively. Based on transcriptome analysis and previous reports, we designed KASP genotyping assays based on SNP variations in the candidate regions and speculated that the candidate gene is TraesCS7A03G0625900 (HMGS-7A), which encodes a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase. One SNP variation located at position 1,049 in the coding sequence (G>A) causes an amino acid change from Gly to Asp. The research suggests that functional changes in HMGS-7A may affect the expression of key enzyme genes involved in wheat starch syntheses, such as GBSSII and SSIIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huixue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojiang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhien Pu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Francesconi S, Ronchetti R, Camaioni E, Giovagnoli S, Sestili F, Palombieri S, Balestra GM. Boosting Immunity and Management against Wheat Fusarium Diseases by a Sustainable, Circular Nanostructured Delivery Platform. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1223. [PMID: 36986912 PMCID: PMC10054448 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR) are managed by the application of imidazole fungicides, which will be strictly limited by 2030, as stated by the European Green Deal. Here, a novel and eco-sustainable nanostructured particle formulation (NPF) is presented by following the principles of the circular economy. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and resistant starch were obtained from the bran of a high amylose (HA) bread wheat and employed as carrier and excipient, while chitosan and gallic acid were functionalized as antifungal and elicitor active principles. The NPF inhibited conidia germination and mycelium growth, and mechanically interacted with conidia. The NPF optimally reduced FHB and FCR symptoms in susceptible bread wheat genotypes while being biocompatible on plants. The expression level of 21 genes involved in the induction of innate immunity was investigated in Sumai3 (FHB resistant) Cadenza (susceptible) and Cadenza SBEIIa (a mutant characterized by high-amylose starch content) and most of them were up-regulated in Cadenza SBEIIa spikes treated with the NPF, indicating that this genotype may possess an interesting genomic background particularly responsive to elicitor-like molecules. Quantification of fungal biomass revealed that the NPF controlled FHB spread, while Cadenza SBEIIa was resistant to FCR fungal spread. The present research work highlights that the NPF is a powerful weapon for FHB sustainable management, while the genome of Cadenza SBEIIa should be investigated deeply as particularly responsive to elicitor-like molecules and resistant to FCR fungal spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Francesconi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ronchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Samuela Palombieri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mariano Balestra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Suitable nitrogen fertilizer application drives the endosperm development and starch synthesis to improve the physicochemical properties of common buckwheat grain. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123837. [PMID: 36842742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on endosperm development, starch component, key enzyme activity and grain quality of common buckwheat were investigated in this study. The results showed that N fertilization significantly enhanced the number and area of endosperm cells, and significant increases were also observed in the contents of amylose, amylopectin and total starch. With increasing N level, the activities of key enzyme significantly increased showing the maximum under the N2 level (180 kg N ha-1), and then decreased under high N level. As N level increased, the ash, crude protein and amylose content varied from 1.36 to 2.25 %, from 7.99 to 15.84 % and from 22.69 to 27.64 %, respectively. The gelatinization enthalpy significantly increased with the range of 3.46-5.66 J/g, while no change was found in crystalline structure of common buckwheat flour. These results indicated that appropriate N application could effectively improve the endosperm development, starch synthesis and accumulation, and grain properties of common buckwheat, with the best effect under the level of 180 kg N ha-1.
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Qiu Q, Tian X, Wu G, Wu J, Fan X, Yuan D. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during single-seed formation of Castanea henryi: regulation of starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:90. [PMID: 36782110 PMCID: PMC9926639 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In seed plants, the ovule is the precursor to the seed. The process of ovule development and differentiation is regulated by multiple factors, including starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. Castanea henryi produces nuts with high nutritional value. However, the high proportion of empty buds restricts the commercial use of the tree. Previous studies have shown that the empty bud phenotype is closely related to ovule abortion. If none of the ovules in the ovary expand rapidly and develop in 7-8 weeks after pollination, an empty bud will form. Therefore, we studied the development and molecular mechanisms underlying single seed formation in C. henryi. RESULTS We found that 49 days after pollination (DAP) is a critical period for the formation of fertile and abortive ovules. The morphology and starch distribution of the fertile and abortive ovules differed significantly at 49 DAP. The fertile ovules were smooth and round in appearance, with a large amount of starch. In contrast, abortive ovules were smaller with only a small amount of starch. The embryo sac of the abortive ovule proceeded to develop abnormally, and the entire ovule lacked starch. We identified 37 candidate genes involved in metabolism with potential roles in the regulation of starch levels. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, one granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene, and two beta-amylase genes could affect starch accumulation. The levels of auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and jasmonic acid in fertile ovules were higher than those in abortive ovules. In addition, the levels of endogenous abscisic acid and salicylic acid in abortive ovules were higher than those in fertile ovules of the same age, consistent with the expression patterns of genes related to the synthesis of abscisic and salicylic acid and signal transduction. We identified and mapped the differentially expressed genes associated with hormone synthesis and signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS These results improve our general understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying single seed development in C. henryi and the phenomenon of empty buds, providing directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | | | - Guolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Juntao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
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Starch Chemical Composition and Molecular Structure in Relation to Physicochemical Characteristics and Resistant Starch Content of Four Thai Commercial Rice Cultivars Differing in Pasting Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030574. [PMID: 36771875 PMCID: PMC9921408 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in starch pasting properties, considered an alternative potential quality classification parameter for rice starches, are directly controlled by the diverse starch molecular composition and structural features. Here, the starch characteristics of four rice cultivars (i.e., RD57, RD29, KDML105, and RD6) differing in pasting properties were assessed, and their relationship was determined. The results revealed that protein and moisture contents and their crystalline type were similar among the four rice starches. However, their molecular compositions and structures (i.e., reducing sugar and amylose contents, amylopectin branch chain-length distributions, granule size and size distribution, and degree of crystallinity) significantly varied among different genotypes, which resulted in distinct swelling, solubility, gelatinization, retrogradation, and hydrolytic resistance properties. The swelling power and gelatinization enthalpy (∆H) were positively correlated with C-type granule and relative crystallinity, but were negatively correlated with amylose content, B-type granule and median particle size (d(0.5)). Conversely, the water solubility and resistant starch content negatively correlated with C-type granule, but positively correlated with amylose content, B-type granule, and d(0.5). The gelatinization onset temperature (To(g)), and retrogradation concluding temperatures (Tc(r)), enthalpy (∆H(r)), and percentage (R%) were positively impacted by the amount of protein, amylose, and B1 chains (DP 13-24), while they were negatively correlated with short A chains (DP 6-12). Collectively, the starch physicochemical and functional properties of these Thai rice starches are attributed to an interplay between compositional and structural features. These results provide decisive and crucial information on rice cultivars' suitability for consumption as cooked rice and for specific industrial applications.
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Zhao Y, Zhao J, Hu M, Sun L, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang P, Ma W, Li H, Gao H, Zhang Y. Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Revealed the Influence of High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits (HMW-GSs) Deficiency on Expression of Storage Substances and the Potential Regulatory Mechanism of HMW-GSs. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020361. [PMID: 36673453 PMCID: PMC9857648 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing quality of wheat is affected by seed storage substances, such as protein and starch. High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) are the major components of wheat seed storage proteins (SSPs); they are also key determinators of wheat end-use quality. However, the effects of HMW-GSs absence on the expression of other storage substances and the regulation mechanism of HMW-GSs are still limited. Previously, a wheat transgenic line LH-11 with complete deletions of HMW-GSs was obtained through introducing an exogenous gene Glu-1Ebx to the wild-type cultivar Bobwhite by transgenic approach. In this study, comparative seed transcriptomics and proteomics of transgenic and non-transgenic lines at different seed developmental stages were carried out to explore the changes in genes and proteins and the underlying regulatory mechanism. Results revealed that a number of genes, including genes related to SSPs, carbohydrates metabolism, amino acids metabolism, transcription, translation, and protein process were differentially enriched. Seed storage proteins displayed differential expression patterns between the transgenic and non-transgenic line, a major rise in the expression levels of gliadins were observed at 21 and 28 days post anthesis (DPA) in the transgenic line. Changes in expressions of low-molecular-weight glutenins (LMW-GSs), avenin-like proteins (ALPs), lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) were also observed. In addition, genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were differentially expressed, which probably leads to a difference in starch component and deposition. A list of gene categories participating in the accumulation of SSPs was proposed according to the transcriptome and proteome data. Six genes from the MYB and eight genes from the NAC transcription families are likely important regulators of HMW-GSs accumulation. This study will provide data support for understanding the regulatory network of wheat storage substances. The screened candidate genes can lay a foundation for further research on the regulation mechanism of HMW-GSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Lijing Sun
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Yelun Zhang
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Qianying Li
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Peinan Wang
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Wujun Ma
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (Y.Z.)
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Su H, Tan C, Liu Y, Chen X, Li X, Jones A, Zhu Y, Song Y. Physiology and Molecular Breeding in Sustaining Wheat Grain Setting and Quality under Spring Cold Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214099. [PMID: 36430598 PMCID: PMC9693015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spring cold stress (SCS) compromises the reproductive growth of wheat, being a major constraint in achieving high grain yield and quality in winter wheat. To sustain wheat productivity in SCS conditions, breeding cultivars conferring cold tolerance is key. In this review, we examine how grain setting and quality traits are affected by SCS, which may occur at the pre-anthesis stage. We have investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in floret and spikelet SCS tolerance. It includes the protective enzymes scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormonal adjustment, and carbohydrate metabolism. Lastly, we explored quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that regulate SCS for identifying candidate genes for breeding. The existing cultivars for SCS tolerance were primarily bred on agronomic and morphophysiological traits and lacked in molecular investigations. Therefore, breeding novel wheat cultivars based on QTLs and associated genes underlying the fundamental resistance mechanism is urgently needed to sustain grain setting and quality under SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Su
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cheng Tan
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ashley Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yulei Zhu
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Youhong Song
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.S.)
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Liao Y, Ali A, Xue Z, Zhou X, Ye W, Guo D, Liao Y, Jiang P, Wu T, Zhang H, Xu P, Chen X, Zhou H, Liu Y, Wang W, Wu X. Disruption of LLM9428/ OsCATC Represses Starch Metabolism and Confers Enhanced Blast Resistance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3827. [PMID: 35409186 PMCID: PMC8998287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalases (CATs) are important self-originating enzymes and are involved in many of the biological functions of plants. Multiple forms of CATs suggest their versatile role in lesion mimic mutants (LMMs), H2O2 homeostasis and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. In the current study, we identified a large lesion mimic mutant9428 (llm9428) from Ethyl-methane-sulfonate (EMS) mutagenized population. The llm9428 showed a typical phenotype of LMMs including decreased agronomic yield traits. The histochemical assays showed decreased cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the leaves of llm9428 compared to its wild type (WT). The llm9428 showed enhanced blast disease resistance and increased relative expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Studies of the sub-cellular structure of the leaf and quantification of starch contents revealed a significant decrease in starch granule formation in llm9428. Genetic analysis revealed a single nucleotide change (C > T) that altered an amino acid (Ala > Val) in the candidate gene (Os03g0131200) encoding a CATALASE C in llm9428. CRISPR-Cas9 targetted knockout lines of LLM9428/OsCATC showed the phenotype of LMMs and reduced starch metabolism. Taken together, the current study results revealed a novel role of OsCATC in starch metabolism in addition to validating previously studied functions of CATs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (A.A.); (Z.X.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (D.G.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (T.W.); (H.Z.); (P.X.); (X.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xianjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (A.A.); (Z.X.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (D.G.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (T.W.); (H.Z.); (P.X.); (X.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Ali I, Ullah S, Iqbal A, Quan Z, Liang H, Ahmad S, Muhammad I, Guo Z, Wei S, Jiang L. Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer promotes the activity of starch metabolism enzymes and the expression of related genes in rice in a dual cropping system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:600. [PMID: 34922452 PMCID: PMC8684189 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse of chemical fertilizer highly influences grain filling rate and quality of rice grain. Biochar is well known for improving plant growth and grain yield under lower chemical fertilization. Therefore field trials were conducted in the early and late seasons of 2019 at Guangxi University, China to investigate the effects of combined biochar (B) and nitrogen (N) application on rice yield and yield components. There were a total of eight treatments: N1B0, 135 kg N ha- 1+ 0 t B ha- 1; N2B0,180 kg N ha- 1+ 0 t B ha- 1; N1B1,135 kg N ha- 1+ 10 t B ha- 1; N1B2,135kg N ha- 1+ 20 t B ha- 1; N1B3,135 kg N ha- 1+ 30 t B ha- 1; N2B1,180 kg N ha- 1+ 10 t B ha- 1; N2B2,180 kg N ha- 1+ 20 t B ha- 1; and N2B3,180 kg N ha- 1+ 30 t B ha- 1. RESULTS Biochar application at 30 t ha- 1combined with low N application (135 kg ha- 1) increased the activity of starch-metabolizing enzymes (SMEs) during the early and late seasons compared with treatments without biochar. The grain yield, amylose concentration, and starch content of rice were increased in plots treated with 30 t B ha-1and low N. RT-qPCR analysis showed that biochar addition combined with N fertilizer application increased the expression of AGPS2b, SSS1, GBSS1, and GBSE11b, which increased the activity of SMEs during the grain-filling period. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the use of 20 to 30 t B ha- 1coupled with 135 kg N ha- 1 is optimal for improving the grain yield and quality of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ali
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhao Quan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - He Liang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ihsan Muhammad
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zixiong Guo
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shangqing Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ligeng Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Genome-wide identification, characteristics and expression of the prolamin genes in Thinopyrum elongatum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:864. [PMID: 34852761 PMCID: PMC8638145 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolamins, unique to Gramineae (grasses), play a key role in the human diet. Thinopyrum elongatum (syn. Agropyron elongatum or Lophopyrum elongatum), a grass of the Triticeae family with a diploid E genome (2n = 2x = 14), is genetically well-characterized, but little is known about its prolamin genes and the relationships with homologous loci in the Triticeae species. Results In this study, a total of 19 α-gliadin, 9 γ-gliadin, 19 ω-gliadin, 2 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), and 5 low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes were identified in the Th. elongatum genome. Micro-synteny and phylogenetic analysis revealed dynamic changes of prolamin gene regions and genetic affinities among Th. elongatum, Triticum aestivum, T. urartu and Aegilops tauschii. The Th. elongatum genome, like the B subgenome of T. aestivum, only contained celiac disease epitope DQ8-glia-α1/DQ8.5-glia-α1, which provided a theoretical basis for the low gluten toxicity wheat breeding. The transcriptome data of Th. elongatum exhibited differential expression in quantity and pattern in the same subfamily or different subfamilies. Dough rheological properties of T. aestivum-Th. elongatum disomic substitution (DS) line 1E(1D) showed higher peak height values than that of their parents, and DS6E(6D) exhibited fewer α-gliadins, which indicates the potential usage for wheat quality breeding. Conclusions Overall, this study provided a comprehensive overview of the prolamin gene family in Th. elongatum, and suggested a promising use of this species in the generation of improved wheat breeds intended for the human diet. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08088-x.
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Zhang J, Ma R, Ding X, Huang M, Shen K, Zhao S, Xiao Z, Xiu C. Association among starch storage, metabolism, related genes and growth of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) shoots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:477. [PMID: 34670492 PMCID: PMC8527747 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both underground rhizomes/buds and above-ground Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) shoots/culms/branches are connected together into a close inter-connecting system in which nutrients are transported and shared among each organ. However, the starch storage and utilization mechanisms during bamboo shoot growth remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal in which organs starch was stored, how carbohydrates were transformed among each organ, and how the expression of key genes was regulated during bamboo shoot growth and developmental stages which should lay a foundation for developing new theoretical techniques for bamboo cultivation. RESULTS Based on changes of the NSC content, starch metabolism-related enzyme activity and gene expression from S0 to S3, we observed that starch grains were mainly elliptical in shape and proliferated through budding and constriction. Content of both soluble sugar and starch in bamboo shoot peaked at S0, in which the former decreased gradually, and the latter initially decreased and then increased as shoots grew. Starch synthesis-related enzymes (AGPase, GBSS and SBE) and starch hydrolase (α-amylase and β-amylase) activities exhibited the same dynamic change patterns as those of the starch content. From S0 to S3, the activity of starch synthesis-related enzyme and starch amylase in bamboo rhizome was significantly higher than that in bamboo shoot, while the NSC content in rhizomes was obviously lower than that in bamboo shoots. It was revealed by the comparative transcriptome analysis that the expression of starch synthesis-related enzyme-encoding genes were increased at S0, but reduced thereafter, with almost the same dynamic change tendency as the starch content and metabolism-related enzymes, especially during S0 and S1. It was revealed by the gene interaction analysis that AGPase and SBE were core genes for the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. CONCLUSIONS Bamboo shoots were the main organ in which starch was stored, while bamboo rhizome should be mainly functioned as a carbohydrate transportation channel and the second carbohydrate sink. Starch metabolism-related genes were expressed at the transcriptional level during underground growth, but at the post-transcriptional level during above-ground growth. It may be possible to enhance edible bamboo shoot quality for an alternative starch source through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Ruixiang Ma
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Xingcui Ding
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China.
| | - Manchang Huang
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Kai Shen
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Zizhang Xiao
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Chengming Xiu
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
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Jiang Z, Chen Q, Chen L, Yang H, Zhu M, Ding Y, Li W, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Li G. Efficiency of Sucrose to Starch Metabolism Is Related to the Initiation of Inferior Grain Filling in Large Panicle Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:732867. [PMID: 34589107 PMCID: PMC8473919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The poor grain-filling initiation often causes the poor development of inferior spikelets (IS) which limits the yield potential of large panicle rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, it remains unclear why IS often has poor grain-filling initiation. In addressing this problem, this study conducted a field experiment involving two large panicle rice varieties, namely CJ03 and W1844, in way of removing the superior spikelets (SS) during flowering to force enough photosynthate transport to the IS. The results of this study showed that the grain-filling initiation of SS was much earlier than the IS in CJ03 and W1844, whereas the grain-filling initiation of IS in W1844 was evidently more promoted compared with the IS of CJ03 by removing spikelets. The poor sucrose-unloading ability, i.e., carbohydrates contents, the expression patterns of OsSUTs, and activity of CWI, were highly improved in IS of CJ03 and W1844 by removing spikelets. However, there was a significantly higher rise in the efficiency of sucrose to starch metabolism, i.e., the expression patterns of OsSUS4 and OsAGPL1 and activities of SuSase and AGPase, for IS of W1844 than that of CJ03. Removing spikelets also led to the changes in sugar signaling of T6P and SnRK1 level. These changes might be related to the regulation of sucrose to starch metabolism. The findings of this study suggested that poor sucrose-unloading ability delays the grain-filling initiation of IS. Nonetheless, the efficiency of sucrose to starch metabolism is also strongly linked with the grain-filling initiation of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuli Chen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyi Yang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Meichen Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganghua Li
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China
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Genome-wide analysis of RING-type E3 ligase family identifies potential candidates regulating high amylose starch biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:11461. [PMID: 34075092 PMCID: PMC8169666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In ubiquitin-mediated post-translational modifications, RING finger families are emerged as important E3 ligases in regulating biological processes. Amylose and amylopectin are two major constituents of starch in wheat seed endosperm. Studies have been found the beneficial effects of high amylose or resistant starch on health. The ubiquitin-mediated post-translational regulation of key enzymes for amylose/amylopectin biosynthesis (GBSSI and SBEII) is still unknown. In this study, the genome-wide analysis identified 1272 RING domains in 1255 proteins in wheat, which is not reported earlier. The identified RING domains classified into four groups—RING-H2, RING-HC, RING-v, RING-G, based on the amino acid residues (Cys, His) at metal ligand positions and the number of residues between them with the predominance of RING-H2 type. A total of 1238 RING protein genes were found to be distributed across all 21 wheat chromosomes. Among them, 1080 RING protein genes were identified to show whole genome/segmental duplication within the hexaploid wheat genome. In silico expression analysis using transcriptome data revealed 698 RING protein genes, having a possible role in seed development. Based on differential gene expression and correlation analysis of 36 RING protein genes in diverse (high and low) amylose mutants and parent, 10 potential RING protein genes found to be involved in high amylose biosynthesis and significantly associated with two starch biosynthesis genes; GBSSI and SBEIIa. Characterization of mutant lines using next-generation sequencing method identified unique mutations in 698 RING protein genes. This study signifies the putative role of RING-type E3 ligases in amylose biosynthesis and this information will be helpful for further functional validation and its role in other biological processes in wheat.
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Lv X, Ding Y, Long M, Liang W, Gu X, Liu Y, Wen X. Effect of Foliar Application of Various Nitrogen Forms on Starch Accumulation and Grain Filling of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Under Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645379. [PMID: 33841473 PMCID: PMC8030621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Foliar nitrogen (N) fertilizer application at later stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth is an effective method of attenuating drought stress and improving grain filling. The influences or modes of action of foliar application of various nitrogen forms on wheat growth and grain filling need further research. The objective of this study was to examine the regulatory effects of various forms of foliar nitrogen [NO3 -, NH4 +, and CO(NH2)2] on wheat grain filling under drought stress and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. The relative effects of each nitrogen source differed in promoting grain filling. Foliar NH4 +-N application notably prolonged the grain filling period. In contrast, foliar application of CO(NH2)2 and NO3 --N accelerated the grain filling rate and regulated levels of abscisic acid (ABA), z-riboside (ZR), and ethylene (ETH) in wheat grains. Analysis of gene expression revealed that CO(NH2)2 and NO3 --N upregulated the genes involved in the sucrose-starch conversion pathway, promoting the remobilization of carbohydrates and starch synthesis in the grains. Besides, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were increased, whereas the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) declined under foliar nitrogen application (especially NH4 +-N). Under drought stress, enhancement of carbohydrate remobilization and sink strength became key factors in grain filling, and the relative differences in the effects of three N forms became more evident. In conclusion, NH4 +-N application improved the antioxidant enzyme system and delayed photoassimilate transportation. On the other hand, foliar applications of NO3 --N and CO(NH2)2 enhanced sink capacity and alleviated drought stress injury in wheat.
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18
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Removal of superior wheat kernels promotes filling of inferior kernels by changing carbohydrate metabolism and sink strength. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Zhong X, Lin N, Ding J, Yang Q, Lan J, Tang H, Qi P, Deng M, Ma J, Wang J, Chen G, Lan X, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling indicates the putative mechanism underlying enhanced grain size in a wheat mutant. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:54. [PMID: 33489673 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain size is an important trait for crops. The endogenous hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) play key roles in grain size and mass. In this study, we identified an ethyl methylsulfonate (EMS) mutant wheat line, SM482gs, with increased grain size, 1000-grain weight, and protein content, but decreased starch content, compared with the levels in the wild type (WT). Comparative transcriptomic analysis of SM482gs and WT at four developmental stages [9, 15, 20, and 25 days post-anthesis (DPA)] revealed a total of 264, 267, 771, and 1038 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at these stages. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analysis showed that some DEGs from the comparison at 15 DPA were involved in the pathway of "brassinosteroid biosynthesis," and eight genes involved in BR biosynthesis and signal transduction were significantly upregulated in SM482gs during at least one stage. This indicated that the enhanced BR signaling in SM482gs might have contributed to its increased grain size via network interactions. The expression of seed storage protein (SSP)-encoding genes in SM482gs was upregulated, mostly at 15 and 20 DPA, while most of the starch synthetase genes showed lower expression in SM482gs at all stages, compared with that in WT. The expression patterns of starch synthase genes and seed storage protein-encoding genes paralleled the decreased level of starch and increased storage protein content of SM482gs, which might be related to the increased seed weight and wrinkled phenotype. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02579-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Na Lin
- College of Sichuan Tea, Yibin University, Yibin, 64400 Sichuan China
| | - Jinjin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Jingyu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Mei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
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20
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Zhang W, Zhao Y, Li L, Xu X, Yang L, Luo Z, Wang B, Ma S, Fan Y, Huang Z. The Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Low Temperatures During the Booting Stage on Starch Synthesis and Yields in Wheat Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:684784. [PMID: 34305982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.684784/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures (LT) in spring can have a major impact on the yields of wheat in winter. Wheat varieties with different cold sensitivities (the cold-tolerant Yannong 19 variety and the cold-sensitive Yangmai 18 variety) were used to study the responses of the wheat grain starch synthesis and dry material accumulation to short-term LT during the booting stage. The effects of short-term LT on the activities of key wheat grain starch synthesis enzymes, starch content and grain dry-matter accumulation were determined by exposing the wheat to simulated LT of from -2 to 2°C. Short-term LT stress caused a decrease in the fullness of the wheat grains along with decreased activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC2.7.7.27), soluble starch synthase (SSS, EC2.4.1.21), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC2.4.1.21), and starch branching enzyme (SBE, EC2.4.1.18) at different spike positions during the filling stage. The rate of grain starch accumulation and starch content decreased with decreasing temperatures. Also, the duration of grain filling increased, the mean and the maximum filling rates were reduced and the quality of the grain dry-matter decreased. The number of grains per spike and the thousand-grain weight of the mature grains also decreased. Our data showed that short-term LT stress at the booting stage caused a decrease in the activities of key starch synthesis enzymes at the grain-filling stage. These changes reduced the accumulation of starch, decreased the filling rate, and lowered the accumulation of grain dry matter to ultimately decrease grain yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shangyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenglai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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21
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Zhang W, Zhao Y, Li L, Xu X, Yang L, Luo Z, Wang B, Ma S, Fan Y, Huang Z. The Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Low Temperatures During the Booting Stage on Starch Synthesis and Yields in Wheat Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:684784. [PMID: 34305982 PMCID: PMC8300962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.684784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures (LT) in spring can have a major impact on the yields of wheat in winter. Wheat varieties with different cold sensitivities (the cold-tolerant Yannong 19 variety and the cold-sensitive Yangmai 18 variety) were used to study the responses of the wheat grain starch synthesis and dry material accumulation to short-term LT during the booting stage. The effects of short-term LT on the activities of key wheat grain starch synthesis enzymes, starch content and grain dry-matter accumulation were determined by exposing the wheat to simulated LT of from -2 to 2°C. Short-term LT stress caused a decrease in the fullness of the wheat grains along with decreased activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC2.7.7.27), soluble starch synthase (SSS, EC2.4.1.21), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC2.4.1.21), and starch branching enzyme (SBE, EC2.4.1.18) at different spike positions during the filling stage. The rate of grain starch accumulation and starch content decreased with decreasing temperatures. Also, the duration of grain filling increased, the mean and the maximum filling rates were reduced and the quality of the grain dry-matter decreased. The number of grains per spike and the thousand-grain weight of the mature grains also decreased. Our data showed that short-term LT stress at the booting stage caused a decrease in the activities of key starch synthesis enzymes at the grain-filling stage. These changes reduced the accumulation of starch, decreased the filling rate, and lowered the accumulation of grain dry matter to ultimately decrease grain yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shangyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenglai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on South Yellow and Huai River Valley, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei, China
- Department of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenglai Huang
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22
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Ding Z, Fu L, Tie W, Yan Y, Wu C, Dai J, Zhang J, Hu W. Highly dynamic, coordinated, and stage-specific profiles are revealed by a multi-omics integrative analysis during tuberous root development in cassava. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7003-7017. [PMID: 32777039 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important starchy root crop that provides food for millions of people worldwide, but little is known about the regulation of the development of its tuberous root at the multi-omics level. In this study, the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome were examined in parallel at seven time-points during the development of the tuberous root from the early to late stages of its growth. Overall, highly dynamic and stage-specific changes in the expression of genes/proteins were observed during development. Cell wall and auxin genes, which were regulated exclusively at the transcriptomic level, mainly functioned during the early stages. Starch biosynthesis, which was controlled at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, was mainly activated in the early stages and was greatly restricted during the late stages. Two main branches of lignin biosynthesis, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, also functioned during the early stages of development at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Metabolomic analysis further supported the stage-specific roles of particular genes/proteins. Metabolites related to lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis showed high abundance during the early stages, those related to lipids exhibited high abundance at both the early and middle stages, while those related to amino acids were highly accumulated during the late stages. Our findings provide a comprehensive resource for broadening our understanding of tuberous root development and will facilitate future genetic improvement of cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Ding
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunlai Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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23
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Ran L, Yu X, Li Y, Zou J, Deng J, Pan J, Xiong F. Analysis of development, accumulation and structural characteristics of starch granule in wheat grain under nitrogen application. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3739-3750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Miao H, Sun P, Liu Q, Liu J, Jia C, Zhao D, Xu B, Jin Z. Molecular identification of the key starch branching enzyme-encoding gene SBE2.3 and its interacting transcription factors in banana fruits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:101. [PMID: 32637129 PMCID: PMC7326998 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Starch branching enzyme (SBE) has rarely been studied in common starchy banana fruits. For the first time, we report here the molecular characterization of seven SBE (MaSBE) and six SBE (MbSBE) genes in the banana A- and B-genomes, respectively, which could be classified into three distinct subfamilies according to genome-wide identification. Systematic transcriptomic analysis revealed that six MaSBEs and six MbSBEs were expressed in the developing banana fruits of two different genotypes, BaXi Jiao (BX, AAA) and Fen Jiao (FJ, AAB), among which MaSBE2.3 and MbSBE2.3 were highly expressed. Transient silencing of MaSBE2.3 expression in banana fruit discs led to a significant decrease in its transcription, which coincides with significant reductions in total starch and amylopectin contents compared to those of empty vector controls. The suggested functional role of MaSBE2.3 in banana fruit development was corroborated by its transient overexpression in banana fruit discs, which led to significant enhancements in total starch and amylopectin contents. A number of transcription factors, including three auxin response factors (ARF2/12/24) and two MYBs (MYB3/308), that interact with the MaSBE2.3 promoter were identified by yeast one-hybrid library assays. Among these ARFs and MYBs, MaARF2/MaMYB308 and MaARF12/MaARF24/MaMYB3 were demonstrated via a luciferase reporter system to upregulate and downregulate the expression of MaSBE2.3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, Hainan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 571101 Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Ali I, He L, Ullah S, Quan Z, Wei S, Iqbal A, Munsif F, Shah T, Xuan Y, Luo Y, Tianyuan L, Ligeng J. Biochar addition coupled with nitrogen fertilization impacts on soil quality, crop productivity, and nitrogen uptake under double‐cropping system. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Saif Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Zhao Quan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Shangqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Fazal Munsif
- Department of Agronomy Faculty of Crop Production Sciences University of Agriculture Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Tariq Shah
- Department of Agronomy Faculty of Crop Production Sciences University of Agriculture Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Ying Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Yuqiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Li Tianyuan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
| | - Jiang Ligeng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming Systems College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning China
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26
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Zhang S, Guo H, Irshad A, Xie Y, Zhao L, Xiong H, Gu J, Zhao S, Ding Y, Liu L. The synergistic effects of TaAGP.L-B1 and TaSSIVb-D mutations in wheat lead to alterations of gene expression patterns and starch content in grain development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223783. [PMID: 31603940 PMCID: PMC6788705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is synthesized from a series of reactions catalyzed by enzymes. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) initiates the synthesis pathway and synthesizes ADP-glucose, the substrate of starch synthase (SS), of which SSIV is an isoform. Mutations of the AGPase subunit and SSIV-coding genes affect starch content and cause variation in the number of granules. Here, we pyramided the functional mutation alleles of the AGPase subunit gene TaAGP.L-B1 and the SSIV-coding gene TaSSIVb-D to elucidate their synergistic effects on other key starch biosynthesis genes and their impact on starch content. Both the TaAGP.L-B1 and TaSSIVb-D genes were expressed in wheat grain development, and the expression level of TaAGP.L-B1 was higher than that of TaSSIVb-D. The TaAGP.L-B1 gene was downregulated in the agp.L-B1 single and agp.L-B1/ssIV-D double mutants at 12 to 18 days after flowering (DAF). TaSSIVb-D expression was significantly reduced at 6 DAF in both ssIV-D single and double mutants. In the agp.L-B1/ssIV-D double mutant, TaGBSSII was upregulated, while TaAGPSS, TaSSI, and TaSBEII were downregulated. Under the interaction of these genes, the total starch and amylopectin contents were significantly decreased in agp.L-B1 and agp.L-B1/ssIV-D mutants. The results suggested that the mutations of TaAGP.L-B1 and TaSSIVb-D genes resulted in variation in the expression patterns of the other four starch synthetic genes and led to a reduction in starch and amylopectin contents. These mutants could be used further as germplasm for resistant starch analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Ahsan Irshad
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Linshu Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Ding
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Luxiang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Tappiban P, Smith DR, Triwitayakorn K, Bao J. Recent understanding of starch biosynthesis in cassava for quality improvement: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fahy B, Siddiqui H, David LC, Powers SJ, Borrill P, Uauy C, Smith AM. Final grain weight is not limited by the activity of key starch-synthesising enzymes during grain filling in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5461-5475. [PMID: 30165455 PMCID: PMC6255701 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since starch is by far the major component of the mature wheat grain, it has been assumed that variation in the capacity for starch synthesis during grain filling can influence final grain weight. We investigated this assumption by studying a total of 54 wheat genotypes including elite varieties and landraces that were grown in two successive years in fields in the east of England. The weight, water content, sugars, starch, and maximum catalytic activities of two enzymes of starch biosynthesis, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, were measured during grain filling. The relationships between these variables and the weights and starch contents of mature grains were analysed. Final grain weight showed few or no significant correlations with enzyme activities, sugar levels, or starch content during grain filling, or with starch content at maturity. We conclude that neither sugar availability nor enzymatic capacity for starch synthesis during grain filling significantly influenced final grain weight in our field conditions. We suggest that final grain weight may be largely determined by developmental processes prior to grain filling. Starch accumulation then fills the grain to a physical limit set by developmental processes. This conclusion is in accord with those from previous studies in which source or sink strength has been artificially manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Fahy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Laure C David
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Ma D, Huang X, Hou J, Ma Y, Han Q, Hou G, Wang C, Guo T. Quantitative analysis of the grain amyloplast proteome reveals differences in metabolism between two wheat cultivars at two stages of grain development. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:768. [PMID: 30355308 PMCID: PMC6201562 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world’s most important grain crops. The amyloplast, a specialized organelle, is the major site for starch synthesis and storage in wheat grain. Understanding the metabolism in amyloplast during grain development in wheat cultivars with different quality traits will provide useful information for potential yield and quality improvement. Results Two wheat cultivars, ZM366 and YM49–198 that differ in kernel hardness and starch characteristics, were used to examine the metabolic changes in amyloplasts at 10 and 15 days after anthesis (DAA) using label-free-based proteome analysis. We identified 523 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between 10 DAA and 15 DAA, and 229 DEPs between ZM366 and YM49–198. These DEPs mainly participate in eight biochemical processes: carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, stress/defense, transport, energetics-related, signal transduction, protein synthesis/assembly/degradation, and nucleic acid-related processes. Among these proteins, the DEPs showing higher expression levels at 10 DAA are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, stress/defense, and nucleic acid related processes, whereas DEPs with higher expression levels at 15 DAA are mainly carbohydrate metabolism, energetics-related, and transport-related proteins. Among the DEPs between the two cultivars, ZM366 had more up-regulated proteins than YM49–198, and these are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acid-related processes, and transport. Conclusions The results of our study indicate that wheat grain amyloplast has the broad metabolic capability. The DEPs involved in carbohydrate metabolism, nucleic acids, stress/defense, and transport processes, with grain development and cultivar differences, are possibly responsible for different grain characteristics, especially with respect to yield and quality-related traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5174-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Ma
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China. .,The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Junfeng Hou
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qiaoxia Han
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Gege Hou
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tiancai Guo
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Abstract
Waxy wheat has unique end-use properties; however, its production is limited due mainly to its low grain yield compared with non-waxy wheat. In order to increase its grain yield, it is critical to understand the eco-physiological differences in grain filling between the waxy and non-waxy wheat. In this study, two waxy wheat and two non-waxy wheat cultivars were used to investigate the differences in starch-associated enzymes processes, sucrose and starch dynamics, yield components, and the final grain yield. The results indicated that the mean total grain starch and amylose content, the average 1000-kernel weight and grain yield of the waxy wheat were lower than those of the non-waxy wheat at maturity. The amylose content was significantly and positively correlated with the activity of GBSS (r = 0.80, p < 0.01). Significant positive correlation also exists among activities of AGPase, SSS, GBSS, and SBE, except for GBSS-SBE. In summary, our study has revealed that the reduced conversion of sucrose to starch in the late grain filling stage is the main cause for the low kernel weight and total starch accumulation of the waxy wheat. The reduced conversion also appears to be a factor contributing to the lower grain yield of the waxy wheat.
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Zhang R, Li C, Fu K, Li C, Li C. Phosphorus Alters Starch Morphology and Gene Expression Related to Starch Biosynthesis and Degradation in Wheat Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2252. [PMID: 29375614 PMCID: PMC5770358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential plant macronutrient which profoundly affects the yield and quality of wheat starch. In this study, scanning electron microscopy showed that P fertilizer amount (0, 46, and 92 kg P ha-1) had no significant effect on the shape of starch granules in wheat (cv. Xindong 20) grain. However, confocal laser scanning microscopy with 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde and methanolic merbromin stains indicated that P amount influenced the microstructure of the starch granules. Starch granules from the 46 kg P ha-1 treatment released significantly more reducing sugars than those from the 0 and 92 kg P ha-1 treatments during digestion with alpha-amylase and amyloglucosidase digestion. Phosphorus application (especially the 46 kg P ha-1 treatments) significantly increased the relative expression of genes related to starch synthesis (especially during early to mid-grain filling) and starch degradation (especially during mid- and late grain filling). Phosphorus application also increased the transcript abundance of amylase genes at the periphery of the endosperm. We propose that P application, especially the 46 kg P ha-1 treatment, enhanced channels in wheat starch granules. These channels facilitated the transport of substances required for starch biosynthesis, thus increasing starch accumulation in wheat endosperm. These results provide insight into the potential mechanisms through which P influences the microstructure and biosynthesis of wheat starch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chunyan Li
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Zheng XG, Qi JC, Hui HS, Lin LH, Wang F. Starch accumulation in hulless barley during grain filling. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:30. [PMID: 28710720 PMCID: PMC5511127 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch consists of two types of molecules: amylose and amylopectin. The objective of this study was increase understanding about mechanisms related to starch accumulation in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain by measuring temporal changes in (i) grain amylose and amylopectin content, (ii) starch synthase activity, and (iii) the relative expressions of key starch-related genes. RESULTS The amylopectin/amylose ratio gradually declined in both Beiqing 6 and Kunlun 12. In both cultivars, the activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) increased steadily during grain filling, reaching their maximums 20-25 days after anthesis. The activities of SSS and SBE were greater in Ganken 5 than in either Beiqing 6 or Kunlun 12. The expression of GBSS I was greater in Beiqing 6 and Kunlun 12 than in Ganken 5. In contrast, the expression of SSS I, SSS II and SBE I was greater in Ganken 5 than in Beiqing 6 and Kunlun 12. The peak in GBSS I expression was later than that of SSS I, SSS II, SBE IIa and SBE IIb. The GBSS I transcript in Kunlun 12 was expressed on average 90 times more than the GBSS II transcript. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that SBE and SSS may control starch synthesis at the transcriptional level, whereas GBSS I may control starch synthesis at the post transcriptional level. GBSS I is mainly responsible for amylose synthesis whereas SSS I and SBE II are mainly responsible for amylopectin synthesis in amyloplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-guang Zheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun-cang Qi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hong-shan Hui
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Li-hao Lin
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Amylopectin small chain glucans form structure fingerprint that determines botanical origin of starch. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 158:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Cornejo-Ramírez YI, Ramírez-Reyes F, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Rosas-Burgos EC, Martínez-Cruz O, Carvajal-Millán E, Cárdenas-López JL, Torres-Chavez PI, Osuna-Amarillas PS, Borboa-Flores J, Wong-Corral FJ. Starch Debranching Enzyme Activity and Its Effects on Some Starch Physicochemical Characteristics in Developing Substituted and Complete Triticales (XTriticosecaleWittmack). Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-02-15-0034-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaeel I. Cornejo-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Cinco-Moroyoqui
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Ema C. Rosas-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Oliviert Martínez-Cruz
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentos y Desarrollo, Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83304, Mexico
| | - José L. Cárdenas-López
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Patricia I. Torres-Chavez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Pablo S. Osuna-Amarillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Unidad Académica Navojoa, Carretera Navojoa-Huatabampo km 5, Navojoa, Sonora, C.P. 85874, Mexico
| | - Jesús Borboa-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Wong-Corral
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
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You C, Zhu H, Xu B, Huang W, Wang S, Ding Y, Liu Z, Li G, Chen L, Ding C, Tang S. Effect of Removing Superior Spikelets on Grain Filling of Inferior Spikelets in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1161. [PMID: 27547210 PMCID: PMC4974274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Large-panicle rice cultivars often fail to reach their yield potential due to the poor grain filling of inferior spikelets (IS). Thus, it is important to determine the causes of poor IS grain filling. In this study, we attempted to identify whether inferior grain filling of large panicles is restricted by superior spikelets (SS) and their physiological mechanism. SS were removed from two homozygous japonica rice strains (W1844 and WJ165) during flowering in an attempt to force photosynthate transport to the IS. We measured the effects of SS removal on seed setting rate, grain weight, grain filling rate, sucrose content, as well as hormone levels, activities of key enzymes, and expression of genes involved in sucrose to starch metabolism in rice IS during grain filling. The results showed that SS removal improved IS grain filling by increasing the seed setting rate, grain weight, sucrose content, and hormone levels. SS removal also enhanced the activities of key enzymes and the expression levels of genes involved in sucrose to starch metabolism. These results suggest that sucrose and several hormones act as signal substances and play a vital role in grain filling by regulating enzyme activities and gene expression. Therefore, IS grain filling is restricted by SS, which limit assimilate supply and plant hormones, leading to poor grain filling of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui You
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
| | - Honglei Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
| | - Beibei Xu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
| | - Wenxiao Huang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohua Wang,
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing, China
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing, China
| | - Ganghua Li
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
| | - She Tang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of AgricultureNanjing, China
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Wang Z, Xu Y, Chen T, Zhang H, Yang J, Zhang J. Abscisic acid and the key enzymes and genes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in rice spikelets in response to soil drying during grain filling. PLANTA 2015; 241:1091-107. [PMID: 25589060 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid mediates the effect of post-anthesis soil drying on grain filling through regulating the activities of key enzymes and expressions of genes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in rice spikelets. This study investigated if abscisic acid (ABA) would mediate the effect of post-anthesis soil drying on grain filling through regulating the key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in rice (Oryza sativa L.) spikelets. Two rice cultivars were field-grown. Three treatments, well-watered (WW), moderate soil drying (MD), and severe soil drying (SD), were imposed from 6 days after full heading until maturity. When compared with those under the WW, grain filling rate, grain weight, and sink activity, in terms of the activities and gene expression levels of sucrose synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme, in inferior spikelets were substantially increased under the MD, whereas they were markedly decreased in both superior and inferior spikelets under the SD. The two cultivars showed the same tendencies. Both MD and SD increased ABA content and expression levels of its biosynthesis genes in spikelets, with more increase under the SD than the MD. ABA content was significantly correlated with grain filling rate and sink activities under both WW and MD, while the correlations were not significant under the SD. Application of a low concentration ABA to WW plants imitated the results under the MD, and applying with a high concentration ABA showed the effect of the SD. The results suggest that ABA plays a vital role in grain filling through regulating sink activity and functions in a dose-dependent manner. An elevated ABA level under the MD enhances, whereas a too high level of ABA under the SD decreases, sink activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Miao H, Sun P, Liu W, Xu B, Jin Z. Identification of genes encoding granule-bound starch synthase involved in amylose metabolism in banana fruit. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88077. [PMID: 24505384 PMCID: PMC3913707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is responsible for amylose synthesis, but the role of GBSS genes and their encoded proteins remains poorly understood in banana. In this study, amylose content and GBSS activity gradually increased during development of the banana fruit, and decreased during storage of the mature fruit. GBSS protein in banana starch granules was approximately 55.0 kDa. The protein was up-regulated expression during development while it was down-regulated expression during storage. Six genes, designated as MaGBSSI-1, MaGBSSI-2, MaGBSSI-3, MaGBSSI-4, MaGBSSII-1, and MaGBSSII-2, were cloned and characterized from banana fruit. Among the six genes, the expression pattern of MaGBSSI-3 was the most consistent with the changes in amylose content, GBSS enzyme activity, GBSS protein levels, and the quantity or size of starch granules in banana fruit. These results suggest that MaGBSSI-3 might regulate amylose metabolism by affecting the variation of GBSS levels and the quantity or size of starch granules in banana fruit during development or storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Peiguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (ZJ)
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (ZJ)
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Isolation of differentially expressed genes in wheat caryopses with contrasting starch granule size. Open Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn order to identify genes responsible for starch granule initiation during early development of wheat caryopsis, nine winter wheat breeding lines were studied. Two breeding lines, which are the most diverse in A-type granule size (26.85 µm versus 23.65 µm) were chosen for further differential gene expression analysis in developing caryopses at 10 and 15 days post-anthesis (DPA). cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) analysis resulted in 384 transcript-derived fragments, out of which 18 were identified as being differentially expressed. Six differentially expressed genes, together with the six well-known starch biosynthesis genes, were chosen for semi-quantitative gene expression analysis in developing wheat caryopses at 10 and 15 DPA. This study provides genomic information on 18 genes differentially expressed at early stages of wheat caryopses development and reports on the identification of genes putatively involved in the production of large A-type granules. These genes are targets for further validation on their role in starch granule synthesis control and provide the basis for the development of DNA marker tools in winter wheat breeding for enhanced starch quality.
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Kang GZ, Xu W, Liu GQ, Peng XQ, Guo TC. Comprehensive analysis of the transcription of starch synthesis genes and the transcription factor RSR1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm. Genome 2012; 56:115-22. [PMID: 23517321 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA sequences of 26 starch synthesis genes were identified in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and their transcript levels were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR to assess the function of individual genes and the regulatory mechanism in wheat endosperm. The expression patterns of 26 genes in wheat endosperm were classified into three groups. The genes in group 1 were richly expressed in the early stage of grain development and may be involved in the construction of fundamental cell machinery, synthesis of glucan primers, and initiation of starch granules. The genes in group 2 were highly expressed during the middle and late stages of grain development, and their expression profiles were similar to the accumulation rate of endosperm starch; these genes are presumed to play a crucial role in starch production. The genes in group 3 were scantily expressed throughout the grain development period and might be associated with transitory starch synthesis. Transcripts of the negative transcription factor TaRSR1 were high at the early and late stages of grain development but low during the middle stage. The expression pattern of TaRSR1 was almost opposite to those of the group 2 starch synthesis genes, indicating that TaRSR1 might negatively regulate the expression of many endosperm starch synthesis genes during grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhang Kang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat; the Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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