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Zhang J, Ma R, Ding X, Huang M, Shen K, Zhao S, Xiao Z, Xiu C. Association among starch storage, metabolism, related genes and growth of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) shoots. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:477. [PMID: 34670492 PMCID: PMC8527747 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both underground rhizomes/buds and above-ground Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) shoots/culms/branches are connected together into a close inter-connecting system in which nutrients are transported and shared among each organ. However, the starch storage and utilization mechanisms during bamboo shoot growth remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal in which organs starch was stored, how carbohydrates were transformed among each organ, and how the expression of key genes was regulated during bamboo shoot growth and developmental stages which should lay a foundation for developing new theoretical techniques for bamboo cultivation. RESULTS Based on changes of the NSC content, starch metabolism-related enzyme activity and gene expression from S0 to S3, we observed that starch grains were mainly elliptical in shape and proliferated through budding and constriction. Content of both soluble sugar and starch in bamboo shoot peaked at S0, in which the former decreased gradually, and the latter initially decreased and then increased as shoots grew. Starch synthesis-related enzymes (AGPase, GBSS and SBE) and starch hydrolase (α-amylase and β-amylase) activities exhibited the same dynamic change patterns as those of the starch content. From S0 to S3, the activity of starch synthesis-related enzyme and starch amylase in bamboo rhizome was significantly higher than that in bamboo shoot, while the NSC content in rhizomes was obviously lower than that in bamboo shoots. It was revealed by the comparative transcriptome analysis that the expression of starch synthesis-related enzyme-encoding genes were increased at S0, but reduced thereafter, with almost the same dynamic change tendency as the starch content and metabolism-related enzymes, especially during S0 and S1. It was revealed by the gene interaction analysis that AGPase and SBE were core genes for the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. CONCLUSIONS Bamboo shoots were the main organ in which starch was stored, while bamboo rhizome should be mainly functioned as a carbohydrate transportation channel and the second carbohydrate sink. Starch metabolism-related genes were expressed at the transcriptional level during underground growth, but at the post-transcriptional level during above-ground growth. It may be possible to enhance edible bamboo shoot quality for an alternative starch source through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Ruixiang Ma
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Xingcui Ding
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China.
| | - Manchang Huang
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Kai Shen
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Zizhang Xiao
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Chengming Xiu
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang Province, China
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100089, China
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Ye HT, Luo SQ, Yang ZN, Wang YS, Ding Q, Wang KF, Yang SX, Wang Y. Endophytic fungi stimulate the concentration of medicinal secondary metabolites in houttuynia cordata thunb. Plant Signal Behav 2021; 16:1929731. [PMID: 34092178 PMCID: PMC8280886 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1929731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi usually establish a symbiotic relationship with the host plant and affect its growth. In order to evaluate the impact of endophytic fungi on the Chinese herbal medicinal plant Houttuynia cordata Thunb., three endophytes isolated from the rhizomes of H. cordata, namely Ilyonectria liriodendra (IL), unidentified fungal sp. (UF), and Penicillium citrinum (PC), were co-cultured individually with H. cordata in sterile soil for 60 days. Analysis of the results showed that the endophytes stimulated the host plant in different ways: IL increased the growth of rhizomes and the accumulation of most of the phenolics and volatiles, UF promoted the accumulation of the medicinal compounds afzelin, decanal, 2-undecanone, and borneol without influencing host plant growth, and PC increased the fresh weight, total leaf area and height of the plants, as well as the growth of the rhizomes, but had only a small effect on the concentration of major secondary metabolites. Our results proved that the endophytic fungi had potential practical value in terms of the production of Chinese herbal medicines, having the ability to improve the yield and accumulation of medicinal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Ye
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
| | - Shi-Qiong Luo
- School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
| | - Zhan-Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
- CONTACT Zhan-Nan Yang Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Yuan-Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
| | - Kai-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
| | - Shun-Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
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Lv J, Bai L, Han X, Xu D, Ding S, Li C, Ge Y, Li J. Effects of 1-MCP treatment on sprouting and preservation of ginger rhizomes during storage at room temperature. Food Chem 2021; 349:129004. [PMID: 33556724 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of 1-MCP on the sprouting and preservation of ginger rhizomes during storage at room temperature. Ginger rhizomes were treated with 1 µL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored at 23 ± 0.2 °C. Our data showed that application of 1-MCP reduced the rate of sprouting during storage compared with the control rhizome. Respiration rate and the reducing sugar content were also reduced following 1-MCP treatment, while the starch content increased. 1-MCP treatment increased the total phenol content and inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. 1-MCP treatment was also associated with a higher ascorbic acid content but a reduced crude fiber content. The generation of superoxide anion free radicals (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower following 1-MCP treatment, while the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were higher compared with the controls. These results suggested that application of 1-MCP could reduce sprouting rates, decrease the accumulation of ROS, and maintain the quality of ginger rhizomes during storage at room temperature. It would be useful to further explore the role and mechanisms of action of ethylene in regulating the sprouting of ginger rhizomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China
| | - Lin Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China
| | - Xuzhou Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China
| | - Dongle Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China
| | - Siyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China
| | - Canying Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China
| | - Yonghong Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China.
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, PR China.
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Huang L, Li M, Cao D, Yang P. Genetic dissection of rhizome yield-related traits in Nelumbo nucifera through genetic linkage map construction and QTL mapping. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 160:155-165. [PMID: 33497846 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a perennial aquatic plant with great value in ornamentation, nutrition, and medicine. Being a storage organ, lotus rhizome is not only used for vegetative reproduction, but also as a popular vegetable in Southeast Asia. Rhizome development, especially enlargement, largely determines its yield and hence becomes one of the major concerns in rhizome lotus breeding and cultivation. To obtain the genetic characteristic of this trait, and discover markers or genes associated with this trait, an F2 population was generated by crossing between temperate and tropical cultivars with contrasting rhizome enlargement. Based on this F2 population and Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) technique, a genetic map was constructed with 1475 bin markers containing 12,113 SNP markers. Six traits associated with rhizome yield were observed over 3 years. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analysis identified 22 QTLs that are associated with at least one of these traits, among which 9 were linked with 3 different intervals. Comparison of the genes located in these three intervals with our previous transcriptomic data showed that light and phytohormone signaling might contribute to the development and enlargement of lotus rhizome. The QTLs obtained here could also be used for marker-assisted breeding of rhizome lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, China; Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Dingding Cao
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China; Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Shen Z, Zhang YH, Zhang L, Li Y, Sun YD, Li ZY. Changes in the distribution of endogenous hormones in Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen' during bamboo shooting. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241806. [PMID: 33306692 PMCID: PMC7732116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the changes in the distribution and regulation of endogenous hormones in Phyllostachys edulis 'Pachyloen' during bamboo shooting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the mass fractions of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and abscisic acid (ABA) in rhizomes, shoots, and maternal bamboo organs during shoot sprouting, shoot growth, and new-bamboo formation. Measurements were compared among bamboo parts and developmental periods. The overall mass fractions of IAA and ABA were significantly higher than those of ZR and GA, driven by differences among bamboo parts and developmental periods. The abundance of each endogenous hormone varied among bamboo parts and developmental periods. During bamboo shooting, ABA had the highest mass fraction in all bamboo parts sampled, followed by IAA, GA, and ZR. Among bamboo parts, rhizomes had more IAA, ZR, and GA than the other parts, but significantly less ABA. Winter shoots had higher ZR: IAA and GA: IAA ratios than rhizomes and maternal bamboo organs. During shoot growth, ABA was the most abundant hormone in rhizomes and maternal bamboo organs, followed by IAA, ZR, and GA. In contrast, IAA was the most abundant hormone in spring shoots, followed by ABA, ZR, and GA. Maternal bamboo organs had a significantly higher ZR: GA ratio, and significantly lower IAA: ABA, ZR: ABA, and GA: ABA ratios than rhizomes. Spring shoots had significantly higher IAA: ABA, ZR: ABA, and GA: ABA ratios than rhizomes and maternal bamboo organs; significantly higher ZR mass fractions, and ZR: GA and ZR: IAA ratios and significantly lower ABA mass fractions than rhizomes; and significantly higher GA: IAA ratio than maternal bamboo organs. During new-bamboo formation, ABA was the most abundant hormone in rhizomes, winter shoots, and maternal bamboo organs, followed by IAA, ZR, and GA. Maternal bamboo organs had significantly lower IAA mass fractions and significantly higher ABA mass fractions than rhizomes and new bamboo tissue. IAA and ABA abundances exhibited an inverse relationship in rhizomes and maternal bamboo organs. GA: ABA and GA: IAA ratios decreased gradually and other hormone ratios exhibited parabolic trends over the bamboo-shooting period, with the highest ratios observed in new bamboo tissues. Overall, the coordination or antagonism among endogenous hormones plays a key regulatory role in bamboo shoot growth. The formation of thick walls in P. edulis 'Pachyloen', one of its major traits, may be partially attributed to the relatively high IAA and ZR and low GA mass fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Shen
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan-hua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-dong Sun
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zu-yao Li
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Yin X, Yi K, Zhao Y, Hu Y, Li X, He T, Liu J, Cui G. Revealing the full-length transcriptome of caucasian clover rhizome development. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:429. [PMID: 32938399 PMCID: PMC7493993 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) is a strongly rhizomatous, low-crowned perennial leguminous and ground-covering grass. The species may be used as an ornamental plant and is resistant to cold, arid temperatures and grazing due to a well-developed underground rhizome system and a strong clonal reproduction capacity. However, the posttranscriptional mechanism of the development of the rhizome system in caucasian clover has not been comprehensively studied. Additionally, a reference genome for this species has not yet been published, which limits further exploration of many important biological processes in this plant. RESULT We adopted PacBio sequencing and Illumina sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in five tissues, including taproot (T1), horizontal rhizome (T2), swelling of taproot (T3), rhizome bud (T4) and rhizome bud tip (T5) tissues, in the caucasian clover rhizome. In total, we obtained 19.82 GB clean data and 80,654 nonredundant transcripts were analysed. Additionally, we identified 78,209 open reading frames (ORFs), 65,227 coding sequences (CDSs), 58,276 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 6821 alternative splicing (AS) events, 2429 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 4501 putative transcription factors (TFs) from 64 different families. Compared with other tissues, T5 exhibited more DEGs, and co-upregulated genes in T5 are mainly annotated as involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. We also identified betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) as a highly expressed gene-specific to T5. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of transcription factors and physiological indicators were combined to reveal 11 hub genes (MEgreen-GA3), three of which belong to the HB-KNOX family, that are up-regulated in T3. We analysed 276 DEGs involved in hormone signalling and transduction, and the largest number of genes are associated with the auxin (IAA) signalling pathway, with significant up-regulation in T2 and T5. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to our understanding of gene expression across five different tissues and provides preliminary insight into rhizome growth and development in caucasian clover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kun Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yihang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yao Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Taotao He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaxue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guowen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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Shou Y, Zhu Y, Ding Y. Transcriptome analysis of lateral buds from Phyllostachys edulis rhizome during germination and early shoot stages. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:229. [PMID: 32448144 PMCID: PMC7245953 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vegetative growth is an important stage for plants when they conduct photosynthesis, accumulate and collect all resources needed and prepare for reproduction stage. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plant species. The rapid growth of Phyllostachys edulis results from the expansion of intercalary meristem at the basal part of nodes, which are differentiated from the apical meristem of rhizome lateral buds. However, little is known about the major signaling pathways and players involved during this rapid development stage of bamboo. To study this question, we adopted the high-throughput sequencing technology and compared the transcriptomes of Moso bamboo rhizome buds in germination stage and late development stage. RESULTS We found that the development of Moso bamboo rhizome lateral buds was coordinated by multiple pathways, including meristem development, sugar metabolism and phytohormone signaling. Phytohormones have fundamental impacts on the plant development. We found the evidence of several major hormones participating in the development of Moso bamboo rhizome lateral bud. Furthermore, we showed direct evidence that Gibberellic Acids (GA) signaling participated in the Moso bamboo stem elongation. CONCLUSION Significant changes occur in various signaling pathways during the development of rhizome lateral buds. It is crucial to understand how these changes are translated to Phyllostachys edulis fast growth. These results expand our knowledge on the Moso bamboo internodes fast growth and provide research basis for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
| | - Yihua Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing ForestryUniversity, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu China
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Singh RK, Singh P, Li HB, Song QQ, Guo DJ, Solanki MK, Verma KK, Malviya MK, Song XP, Lakshmanan P, Yang LT, Li YR. Diversity of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria associated with sugarcane: a comprehensive study of plant-microbe interactions for growth enhancement in Saccharum spp. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:220. [PMID: 32423383 PMCID: PMC7236179 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen is an essential element for sugarcane growth and development and is generally applied in the form of urea often much more than at recommended rates, causing serious soil degradation, particularly soil acidification, as well as groundwater and air pollution. In spite of the importance of nitrogen for plant growth, fewer reports are available to understand the application and biological role of N2 fixing bacteria to improve N2 nutrition in the sugarcane plant. RESULTS In this study, a total of 350 different bacterial strains were isolated from rhizospheric soil samples of the sugarcane plants. Out of these, 22 isolates were selected based on plant growth promotion traits, biocontrol, and nitrogenase activity. The presence and activity of the nifH gene and the ability of nitrogen-fixation proved that all 22 selected strains have the ability to fix nitrogen. These strains were used to perform 16S rRNA and rpoB genes for their identification. The resulted amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was constructed. Among the screened strains for nitrogen fixation, CY5 (Bacillus megaterium) and CA1 (Bacillus mycoides) were the most prominent. These two strains were examined for functional diversity using Biolog phenotyping, which confirmed the consumption of diverse carbon and nitrogen sources and tolerance to low pH and osmotic stress. The inoculated bacterial strains colonized the sugarcane rhizosphere successfully and were mostly located in root and leaf. The expression of the nifH gene in both sugarcane varieties (GT11 and GXB9) inoculated with CY5 and CA1 was confirmed. The gene expression studies showed enhanced expression of genes of various enzymes such as catalase, phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase, superoxide dismutase, chitinase and glucanase in bacterial-inoculated sugarcane plants. CONCLUSION The results showed that a substantial number of Bacillus isolates have N-fixation and biocontrol property against two sugarcane pathogens Sporisorium scitamineum and Ceratocystis paradoxa. The increased activity of genes controlling free radical metabolism may at least in part accounts for the increased tolerance to pathogens. Nitrogen-fixation was confirmed in sugarcane inoculated with B. megaterium and B. mycoides strains using N-balance and 15N2 isotope dilution in different plant parts of sugarcane. This is the first report of Bacillus mycoides as a nitrogen-fixing rhizobacterium in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Hai-Bi Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Qi-Qi Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Dao-Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Manoj K Solanki
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Post-harvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 7528809, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Krishan K Verma
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Mukesh K Malviya
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Prakash Lakshmanan
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Li-Tao Yang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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9
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Toriba T, Tokunaga H, Nagasawa K, Nie F, Yoshida A, Kyozuka J. Suppression of Leaf Blade Development by BLADE-ON-PETIOLE Orthologs Is a Common Strategy for Underground Rhizome Growth. Curr Biol 2020; 30:509-516.e3. [PMID: 31956025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomes are modified stems that grow horizontally underground in various perennial species, a growth habit that is advantageous for vigorous asexual proliferation. In Oryza longistaminata, a rhizomatous wild relative of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), leaves in the aerial shoots consist of a distal leaf blade and a proximal leaf sheath [1]. Leaf blade formation is, however, suppressed in rhizome leaves. In O. sativa, BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (BOP) genes are the main regulators of proximal-distal leaf patterning [2]. During the juvenile phase of O. sativa, BOP expression is maintained at high levels by the small regulatory RNA microRNA156 (miR156), leading to formation of leaves consisting predominantly of the sheath. Here, we show that in O. longistaminata, high expression of BOPs caused by miR156 was responsible for suppression of the blade in rhizomes and that bop loss-of-function mutants produced leaves consisting of the leaf blade only. Rhizome growth in soil was also hampered in the mutants due to a severe reduction in rhizome tip stiffness. Leaf blade formation is also suppressed in the stolons of Zoysia matrella, a monocot species, and in the rhizomes of Houttuynia cordata, a dicot species, indicating that leaf blade suppression is widely conserved. We also show that strong expression of BOP homologs in both rhizome and stolon leaves rather than in aerial leaves is another conserved feature. We propose that suppression of the leaf blade by BOP is an evolutionary strategy that has been commonly recruited by both rhizomatous and stoloniferous species to establish their unique growth habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyo Toriba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tokunaga
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuma Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Fanyu Nie
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshida
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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10
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Lillo F, Ginocchio R, Ulriksen C, Dovletyarova EA, Neaman A. Evaluation of connected clonal growth of Solidago chilensis as an avoidance mechanism in copper-polluted soils. Chemosphere 2019; 230:303-307. [PMID: 31108441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to metals can be achieved by two strategies, tolerance and avoidance. Although metal tolerance has been broadly studied in terrestrial plants, avoidance has been less considered as a strategy to cope with soil metal pollution. Avoidance may be an effective alternative in herbaceous plants with connected clonal growth in environments having high heterogeneity in soil micro-spatial distribution of available metals and other soil conditions (i.e. organic matter). In this study, we performed a laboratory experiment on clonal growth of Solidago chilensis when exposed to copper-spiked soils (800 mg kg-1) at different depths (0, 2, 5 and 8 cm depth), with (20%) and without addition of organic matter to mimic contrasting microhabitats found at smelter hinterlands (i.e. open bare ground and microhabitats below shrubs). Results showed that plants grown in the 2 cm-depth Cu-spiked soils were able to growth and produce ramets and rhizomes. However, increased Cu uptake of plants determined phytotoxic effects and a reduction in clonal spread in the 5 cm- and 8 cm-depth Cu-spiked soils. Addition of organic matter to the Cu-spiked soil layers allowed clonal spread. Considering that ramet and rhizome production is decreased but not inhibited when copper pollution is restricted to the uppermost soil layer (2 cm depth) and that organic matter eliminated soil copper toxicity allowing normal clonal spread, connected clonal growth may be an effective avoidance mechanism of Solidago chilensis, particularly in environments with high heterogeneity in micro-spatial distribution of metals and organic matter in the soil profile and between microhabitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lillo
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Rosanna Ginocchio
- Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Christopher Ulriksen
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Elvira A Dovletyarova
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Neaman
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile.
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11
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Yip EC, Tooker JF, Mescher MC, De Moraes CM. Costs of plant defense priming: exposure to volatile cues from a specialist herbivore increases short-term growth but reduces rhizome production in tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima). BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:209. [PMID: 31113387 PMCID: PMC6528222 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By sensing environmental cues indicative of pathogens or herbivores, plants can "prime" appropriate defenses and deploy faster, stronger responses to subsequent attack. Such priming presumably entails costs-else the primed state should be constitutively expressed-yet those costs remain poorly documented, in part due to a lack of studies conducted under realistic ecological conditions. We explored how defence priming in goldenrod (Solidago altissima) influenced growth and reproduction under semi-natural field conditions by manipulating exposure to priming cues (volatile emissions of a specialist herbivore, Eurosta solidaginis), competition between neighbouring plants, and herbivory (via insecticide application). RESULTS We found that primed plants grew faster than unprimed plants, but produced fewer rhizomes, suggesting reduced capacity for clonal reproduction. Unexpectedly, this effect was apparent only in the absence of insecticide, prompting a follow-up experiment that revealed direct effects of the pesticide esfenvalerate on plant growth (contrary to previous reports from goldenrod). Meanwhile, even in the absence of pesticide, priming had little effect on herbivore damage levels, likely because herbivores susceptible to the primed defences were rare or absent due to seasonality. CONCLUSIONS Reduced clonal reproduction in primed plants suggest that priming can entail significant costs for plants. These costs, however, may only become apparent when priming cues fail to provide accurate information about prevailing threats, as was the case in this study. Additionally, our insecticide data indicate that pesticides or their carrier compounds can subtly, but significantly, affect plant physiology and may interact with plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Yip
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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12
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Zhang DM, Zhao WZ, Luo WC. Effect of the population density on belowground bud bank of a rhizomatous clonal plant Leymus secalinus in Mu Us sandy land. J Plant Res 2019; 132:69-80. [PMID: 30610496 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-01080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clonal propagation is the main strategy for clonal plants to adapt to wind-sand habitat, and underground bud bank could reflect the potential ability of clonal propagation. However, the effects of population density on belowground bud bank are unknown, hindering efforts in the process of dune stabilization. We investigated the horizontal density and vertical distribution of belowground bud bank of a typical rhizomatous grass Leymus secalinus, and soil water content in four dune types with different population density (dune type I: 11.2 ± 1.7 no. m-2, type II: 24.2 ± 2.6 no. m-2, type III: 40.0 ± 4.0 no. m-2, and type IV: 53.5 ± 7.2 no. m-2) in Mu Us sandy land. Our results showed that (1) total bud density of population increased markedly with increasing population density, but it did not exhibit significant difference between dune types III and IV, where density was about 130 buds m-2; and tiller bud density of population first increased, then decreased, and reached a maximum in dune type III. (2) Total bud density per individual in dune type III was significantly larger than that in other dune types (P < 0.05), whereas rhizome and tiller bud density per individual did not show significant differences in dune types II, III and IV (P > 0.05). (3) Buds tended to be concentrated at 10-30 cm soil layer in all dune types, and be buried deeper in dune types III and IV than that in dune types I and II. (4) No pronounced relationship was shown between bud density and soil water content in 10-30 cm soil layer with increasing population density. Our results suggest that moderate population density (40.0 ± 4.0 no. m-2) significantly increase the bud bank density of L. secalinus population and individual. Soil water content was not the main factor responsible for the density of L. secalinus bud bank. These results can provide important information for implementation of effective sand fixation measures and species selection for desertification control in semiarid sandy land ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Zhang
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320, Donggang west Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Zhao
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320, Donggang west Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Wei-Cheng Luo
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 320, Donggang west Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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13
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Akter J, Hossain MA, Takara K, Islam MZ, Hou DX. Antioxidant activity of different species and varieties of turmeric (Curcuma spp): Isolation of active compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 215:9-17. [PMID: 30266519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There are >80 species of turmeric (Curcuma spp.) and some species have multiple varieties, for example, Curcuma longa (C. longa) has 70 varieties. They could be different in their chemical properties and biological activities. Therefore, we compared antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of different species and varieties of turmeric namely C. longa [variety: Ryudai gold (RD) and Okinawa ukon], C. xanthorrhiza, C. aromatica, C. amada, and C. zedoaria. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power and 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) oxidation assay. Our results suggested that RD contained significantly higher concentrations of total phenolic (157.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoids (1089.5 mg rutin equivalent/g extract). RD also showed significantly higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50: 26.4 μg/mL), ORAC (14,090 μmol Trolox equivalent/g extract), reducing power absorbance (0.33) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50: 7.4 μg/mL). Therefore, RD was chosen for the isolation of antioxidant compounds using silica gel column, Toyopearl HW-40F column, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Structural identification of the compounds was conducted using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The purified antioxidant compounds were bisabolone-9-one (1), 4-methyllene-5-hydroxybisabola-2,10-diene-9-one (2), turmeronol B (3), 5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-hepten-3-one (4), 3-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-hepten-1,5-dione (5), cyclobisdemethoxycurcumin (6), bisdemethoxycurcumin (7), demethoxycurcumin (8) and curcumin (9). The IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity were 474, 621, 234, 29, 39, 257, 198, 47 and 18 μM and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity were 25.1, 24.4, 20.2, 2.1, 5.1, 17.2, 7.2, 3.3 and 1.5 μM for compound 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Our findings suggested that the RD variety of C. longa, developed by the University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, is a promising source of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmin Akter
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Kensaku Takara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Md Zahorul Islam
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - De-Xing Hou
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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14
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Berković B, Coelho N, Gouveia L, Serrão EA, Alberto F. Individual-based genetic analyses support asexual hydrochory dispersal in Zostera noltei. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199275. [PMID: 30114218 PMCID: PMC6095491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal beyond the local patch in clonal plants was typically thought to result from sexual reproduction via seed dispersal. However, evidence for the separation, transport by water, and re-establishment of asexual propagules (asexual hydrochory) is mounting suggesting other important means of dispersal in aquatic plants. Using an unprecedented sampling size and microsatellite genetic identification, we describe the distribution of seagrass clones along tens of km within a coastal lagoon in Southern Portugal. Our spatially explicit individual-based sampling design covered 84 km2 and collected 3 185 Zostera noltei ramets from 803 sites. We estimated clone age, assuming rhizome elongation as the only mechanism of clone spread, and contrasted it with paleo-oceanographic sea level change. We also studied the association between a source of disturbance and the location of large clones. A total of 16 clones were sampled more than 10 times and the most abundant one was sampled 59 times. The largest distance between two samples from the same clone was 26.4 km and a total of 58 and 10 clones were sampled across more than 2 and 10 km, respectively. The number of extremely large clone sizes, and their old ages when assuming the rhizome elongation as the single causal mechanism, suggests other processes are behind the span of these clones. We discuss how the dispersal of vegetative fragments in a stepping-stone manner might have produced this pattern. We found higher probabilities to sample large clones away from the lagoon inlet, considered a source of disturbance. This study corroborates previous experiments on the success of transport and re-establishment of asexual fragments and supports the hypothesis that asexual hydrochory is responsible for the extent of these clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buga Berković
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Nelson Coelho
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Licínia Gouveia
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ester A. Serrão
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Filipe Alberto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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15
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Bessho-Uehara K, Nugroho JE, Kondo H, Angeles-Shim RB, Ashikari M. Sucrose affects the developmental transition of rhizomes in Oryza longistaminata. J Plant Res 2018; 131:693-707. [PMID: 29740707 PMCID: PMC6488557 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oryza longistaminata, the African wild rice, can propagate vegetatively through rhizomes. Rhizomes elongate horizontally underground as sink organs, however, they undergo a developmental transition that shifts their growth to the surface of the ground to become aerial stems. This particular stage is essential for the establishment of new ramets. While several determinants such as abiotic stimuli and plant hormones have been reported as key factors effecting developmental transition in aerial stem, the cause of this phenomenon in rhizome remains elusive. This study shows that depletion of nutrients, particularly sucrose, is the key stimulus that induces the developmental transition in rhizomes, as indicated by the gradient of sugars from the base to the tip of the rhizome. Sugar treatments revealed that sucrose specifically represses the developmental transition from rhizome to aerial stem by inhibiting the expression of sugar metabolism and hormone synthesis genes at the bending point. Sucrose depletion affected several factors contributing to the developmental transition of rhizome including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and plant hormone balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Bessho-Uehara
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jovano Erris Nugroho
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirono Kondo
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosalyn B Angeles-Shim
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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16
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Whitehead S, Cambridge ML, Renton M. A functional-structural model of ephemeral seagrass growth influenced by environment. Ann Bot 2018; 121:897-908. [PMID: 29370337 PMCID: PMC5906912 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Ephemeral seagrasses that respond rapidly to environmental changes are important marine habitats. However, they are under threat due to human activity and are logistically difficult and expensive to study. This study aimed to develop a new functional-structural environmentally dependent model of ephemeral seagrass, able to integrate our understanding of ephemeral seagrass growth dynamics and assess options for potential management interventions, such as seagrass transplantation. Methods A functional-structural plant model was developed in which growth and senescence rates are mechanistically linked to environmental variables. The model was parameterized and validated for a population of Halophila stipulacea in the Persian Gulf. Key Results There was a good match between empirical and simulated results for the number of apices, net rhizome length or net number of internodes using a 330 d simulation. Simulated data were more variable than empirical data. Simulated structural patterns of seagrass rhizome growth qualitatively matched empirical observations. Conclusions This new model successfully simulates the environmentally dependent growth and senescence rates of our case-study ephemeral seagrass species. It produces numerical and visual outputs that help synthesize our understanding of how the influence of environmental variables on plant functional processes affects overall growth patterns. The model can also be used to assess the potential outcomes of management interventions like seagrass transplantation, thus providing a useful management tool. It is freely available and easily adapted for new species and locations, although validation with more species and environments is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Whitehead
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - M L Cambridge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - M Renton
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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17
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Rohini S, Aswani R, Kannan M, Sylas VP, Radhakrishnan EK. Culturable Endophytic Bacteria of Ginger Rhizome and their Remarkable Multi-trait Plant Growth-Promoting Features. Curr Microbiol 2018; 75:505-511. [PMID: 29218571 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional contribution of endophytic bacteria towards plant growth is highly impressive due to their species diversity and array of probiotic mechanisms. In the study, 96 endophytic bacteria isolated from rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale) were screened for phosphate solubilisation, 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity, nitrogen fixation, ammonia and IAA production. Among these, sixteen endophytes with multiple plant growth-promoting activities were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and all of them showed growth enhancement in Vigna unguiculata var Lola which make the study remarkably significant. The result was a clear indication of consistent, reliable and broad spectrum plant probiotic features of all the selected isolates. However, strain-specific effects on soil parameters represent the unique and distinguishable role of each of the selected isolates in the chemobiology of ginger rhizome. The study provided deeper insight into microbiomics of ginger rhizome with its agricultural promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabu Rohini
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - R Aswani
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - M Kannan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D. Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - V P Sylas
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D. Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - E K Radhakrishnan
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, PD Hills (PO), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 560, India.
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18
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Palmer NA, Saathoff AJ, Scully ED, Tobias CM, Twigg P, Madhavan S, Schmer M, Cahoon R, Sattler SE, Edmé SJ, Mitchell RB, Sarath G. Seasonal below-ground metabolism in switchgrass. Plant J 2017; 92:1059-1075. [PMID: 29030891 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a perennial, polyploid, C4 warm-season grass is among the foremost herbaceous species being advanced as a source of biomass for biofuel end uses. At the end of every growing season, the aerial tissues senesce, and the below-ground rhizomes become dormant. Future growth is dependent on the successful over-wintering of the rhizomes. Although the importance of rhizome health to overall year-upon-year plant productivity has been long recognized, there is limited information on seasonal changes occurring during dormancy at both the transcriptome and metabolite levels. Here, global changes in transcriptomes and metabolites were investigated over two growing seasons in rhizomes harvested from field-grown plants. The objectives were: (a) synthesize information on cellular processes that lead to dormancy; and (b) provide models that could account for major metabolic pathways present in dormant switchgrass rhizomes. Overall, metabolism during dormancy appeared to involve discrete but interrelated events. One was a response to abscisic acid that resulted in dehydration, increases in osmolytes and upregulation of autophagic processes, likely through the target of rapamycin complex and sucrose non-fermentative-related kinase-based signaling cascades. Another was a recalibration of energy transduction through apparent reductions in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increases in substrate level generation of ATP and reducing equivalents, and recycling of N and possibly CO2 through refixation. Lastly, transcript abundances indicated that cold-related signaling was also occurring. Altogether, these data provide a detailed overview of rhizome metabolism, especially during dormancy, which can be exploited in the future to improve winter survival in switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Aaron J Saathoff
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Christian M Tobias
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849, USA
| | | | - Marty Schmer
- Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Rebecca Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Serge J Edmé
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Robert B Mitchell
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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Pérez-Flores P, Valencia-Cantero E, Altamirano-Hernández J, Pelagio-Flores R, López-Bucio J, García-Juárez P, Macías-Rodríguez L. Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-96 isolated from maize (Zea mays) rhizoplane increases growth and auxin content in Arabidopsis thaliana via emission of volatiles. Protoplasma 2017; 254:2201-2213. [PMID: 28405774 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria stimulate plant growth and development via different mechanisms. In this study, we characterized the effect of volatiles from Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-96 isolated from the maize rhizosphere on root and shoot development, and auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytostimulation occurred after 4 days of interaction between M4-96 and Arabidopsis grown on opposite sides of divided Petri plates, as revealed by enhanced primary root growth, root branching, leaf formation, and shoot biomass accumulation. Analysis of indole-3-acetic acid content revealed two- and threefold higher accumulation in the shoot and root of bacterized seedlings, respectively, compared to uninoculated plants, which was correlated with increased expression of the auxin response marker DR5::GUS. The auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid inhibited primary root growth and lateral root formation in axenically grown seedlings and antagonized the plant growth-promoting effects of M4-96. Analysis of bacterial volatile compounds revealed the presence of four classes of compounds, including ten ketones, eight alcohols, one aldehyde, and two hydrocarbons. However, the abundance of ketones and alcohols represented 88.73 and 8.05%, respectively, of all airborne signals detected, with acetoin being the main compound produced. Application of acetoin had a different effect from application of volatiles, suggesting that either the entire pool or acetoin acting in concert with another unidentified compound underlies the strong phytostimulatory response. Taken together, our results show that B. methylotrophicus M4-96 generates bioactive volatiles that increase the active auxin pool of plants, stimulate the growth and formation of new organs, and reprogram root morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pérez-Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Valencia-Cantero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Josué Altamirano-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Perla García-Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Arreghini S, de Cabo L, Serafini R, de Iorio AF. Effect of the combined addition of Zn and Pb on partitioning in sediments and their accumulation by the emergent macrophyte Schoenoplectus californicus. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:8098-8107. [PMID: 28144860 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands usually provide a natural mechanism that diminishes the transport of toxic compounds to other compartments of the ecosystem by immobilization and accumulation in belowground tissues and/or soil. This study was conducted to assess the ability of Schoenoplectus californicus growing in natural marsh sediments, with zinc and lead addition, to tolerate and accumulate these metals, taking account of the metal distribution in the sediment fractions. The Zn and Pb were mainly found in available (exchangeable) and potentially available (bound to organic matter) forms, respectively. The absorption of Zn and Pb by plants increased in sediments with added metals. Both metals were largely retained in roots (translocation factor < 1). Lead rhizome concentrations only increased significantly in treatments with high doses of metal independently of added Zn. The addition of Zn increased its concentration in roots and shoots significantly, while its concentration in rhizomes only increased when both metals were added together. Zinc concentration in shoots did not reach the toxic level for plants. Zinc and Pb concentrations in roots were high, but they were not sufficient to reduce biomass growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Arreghini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura de Cabo
- CONICET-Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Av. A. Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Serafini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Fabrizio de Iorio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liu G, Yang X, Xu J, Zhang M, Hou Q, Zhu L, Huang Y, Xiong A. Morphological observation, RNA-Seq quantification, and expression profiling: novel insight into grafting-responsive carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelon grafted onto pumpkin rootstock. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:216-227. [PMID: 28040679 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Watermelon is an important and economical horticultural crop in China, where ~20% of the plants are grafted. The development of grafted watermelon fruit involves a diverse range of gene interactions that results in dynamic changes in fruit. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying grafting-induced fruit quality change are unclear. In the present study, we measured the lycopene content by high-performance liquid chromatography and used RNA-Seq (quantification) to perform a genome-wide transcript analysis of fruits from watermelon grafted onto pumpkin rootstock (pumpkin-grafted watermelon, PGW), self-grafted watermelon (SGW), and non-grafted watermelon (NGW). The results showed variation in the lycopene content in the flesh of PGW fruits, first increasing and then decreasing in the four stages, which was different from the trend in the flesh of NGW and SGW fruits. The transcriptome profiling data provided new information on the grafting-induced gene regulation of lycopene biosynthesis during fruit growth and development. The expression levels of 33 genes from 8 gene families (GGPS, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYb, LCYe, and CHY) related to lycopene biosynthesis, which play critical roles in fruit coloration and contribute significantly to fruit phytonutrient values, were monitored during the four periods of fruit development in watermelon. Compared with those of NGW and SGW, 14 genes were differentially expressed in PGW during fruit development, suggesting that these genes possibly help to mediate lycopene biosynthesis in grafted watermelon fruit. Our work provides some novel insights into grafting-responsive carotenoid metabolism and its potential roles during PGW fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xingping Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qian Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lingli Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Mishra P, Balaji APB, J S S, Paari AL, Kezhiah M, Tyagi BK, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Stability assessment of hydro dispersive nanometric permethrin and its biosafety study towards the beneficial bacterial isolate from paddy rhizome. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:24970-24982. [PMID: 27672046 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanopesticides such as nanopermethrin can serve as an alternative to conventional pesticides causing eco-toxicity. The nanoformulation of this pyrethroid pesticide was carried out by solvent evaporation of pesticide-loaded microemulsion. The Z average for the nanopermethrin dispersion in paddy field water was found to be 169.2 ± 0.75 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.371 that exhibits uniform dispersion. Further, the nanopermethrin (NP) dispersion exhibited an effective stability in the paddy field water for a duration of 48 h with a Z average of 177.3 ± 1.2 nm and a zeta potential of -30.7 ± 0.9 mV. The LC50 of the nanopermethrin against Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the field condition was found to be 0.051 μg/mL. In addition to the stability assessment, the biosafety of the nanopermethrin was commenced on the beneficial bacterial isolate Enterobacter ludwigii (VITSPR1) considered as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. The toxic effect of nanopesticide was compared to its bulk counterpart, i.e. bulk permethrin (BP) at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, and the nanopesticide was found to be potentially safe. The results of biomarker enzymatic assays (lipid peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lactate dehydrogenase) displayed insignificant (p < 0.05) toxicity of NP towards the bacterial cells compared to BP. The live-dead cell staining and SEM analysis illustrated negligible toxicity of NP towards the bacteria. The non-toxic behaviour of the NP towards the non-target species was studied which displayed the eco-safe property of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Mishra
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - A P B Balaji
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Swathy J S
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Aruna L Paari
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Merlyn Kezhiah
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - B K Tyagi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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Yoshida A, Terada Y, Toriba T, Kose K, Ashikari M, Kyozuka J. Analysis of Rhizome Development in Oryza longistaminata, a Wild Rice Species. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:2213-2220. [PMID: 27516415 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual propagation in plants. A wide range of plants develop rhizomes, modified stems that grow underground horizontally, as a means of vegetative reproduction. In rhizomatous species, despite their distinct developmental patterns, both rhizomes and aerial shoots derive from axillary buds. Therefore, it is of interest to understand the basis of rhizome initiation and development. Oryza longistaminata, a wild rice species, develops rhizomes. We analyzed bud initiation and growth of O. longistaminata rhizomes using various methods of morphological observation. We show that, unlike aerial shoot buds that contain a few leaves only, rhizome buds initiate several leaves and bend to grow at right angles to the original rhizome. Rhizomes are maintained in the juvenile phase irrespective of the developmental phase of the aerial shoot. Stem elongation and reproductive transition are tightly linked in the aerial shoots, but are uncoupled in the rhizome. Our findings indicate that developmental programs operate independently in the rhizomes and aerial shoots. Temporal modification of the developmental pathways that are common to rhizomes and aerial shoots may be the source of developmental plasticity. Furthermore, the creation of new developmental systems appears to be necessary for rhizome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yoshida
- CREST, Strategic Basic Research Program, JST, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
- present address: RIKEN, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Terada
- University of Tsukuba, Institute of Applied Physics, Tsukuba, 305-8573 Japan
| | - Taiyo Toriba
- CREST, Strategic Basic Research Program, JST, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Katsumi Kose
- University of Tsukuba, Institute of Applied Physics, Tsukuba, 305-8573 Japan
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- CREST, Strategic Basic Research Program, JST, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- Nagoya University, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- CREST, Strategic Basic Research Program, JST, Tokyo, 102-0076 Japan
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
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Ma X, Xu Q, Meyer WA, Huang B. Hormone regulation of rhizome development in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) associated with proteomic changes controlling respiratory and amino acid metabolism. Ann Bot 2016; 118:481-94. [PMID: 27443301 PMCID: PMC4998981 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rhizomes are underground stems with meristematic tissues capable of generating shoots and roots. However, mechanisms controlling rhizome formation and growth are yet to be completely understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether rhizome development could be regulated by cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellic acids (GAs), and determine underlying mechanisms of regulation of rhizome formation and growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) by a CK or GA through proteomic and transcript analysis. METHODS A rhizomatous genotype of tall fescue ('BR') plants were treated with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP, a synthetic cytokinin) or GA3 in hydroponic culture in growth chambers. Furthermore, comparative proteomic analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were performed to investigate proteins and associated metabolic pathways imparting increased rhizome number by BAP and rhizome elongation by GA3 KEY RESULTS: BAP stimulated rhizome formation while GA3 promoted rhizome elongation. Proteomic analysis identified 76 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) due to BAP treatment and 37 DEPs due to GA3 treatment. Cytokinin-related genes and cell division-related genes were upregulated in the rhizome node by BAP and gibberellin-related and cell growth-related genes in the rhizome by GA3 CONCLUSIONS: Most of the BAP- or GA-responsive DEPs were involved in respiratory metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Transcription analysis demonstrated that genes involved in hormone metabolism, signalling pathways, cell division and cell-wall loosening were upregulated by BAP or GA3 The CK and GA promoted rhizome formation and growth, respectively, by activating metabolic pathways that supply energy and amino acids to support cell division and expansion during rhizome initiation and elongation in tall fescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqing Ma
- College of Agro-grassland Science Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - William A Meyer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Siczek A, Lipiec J. Impact of Faba Bean-Seed Rhizobial Inoculation on Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere Soil during Growing Season. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050784. [PMID: 27213363 PMCID: PMC4881600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation of legume seeds with Rhizobium affects soil microbial community and processes, especially in the rhizosphere. This study aimed at assessing the effect of Rhizobium inoculation on microbial activity in the faba bean rhizosphere during the growing season in a field experiment on a Haplic Luvisol derived from loess. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds were non-inoculated (NI) or inoculated (I) with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and sown. The rhizosphere soil was analyzed for the enzymatic activities of dehydrogenases, urease, protease and acid phosphomonoesterase, and functional diversity (catabolic potential) using the Average Well Color Development, Shannon-Weaver, and Richness indices following the community level physiological profiling from Biolog EcoPlate™. The analyses were done on three occasions corresponding to the growth stages of: 5–6 leaf, flowering, and pod formation. The enzymatic activities were higher in I than NI (p < 0.05) throughout the growing season. However, none of the functional diversity indices differed significantly under both treatments, regardless of the growth stage. This work showed that the functional diversity of the microbial communities was a less sensitive tool than enzyme activities in assessment of rhizobial inoculation effects on rhizosphere microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siczek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Soil and Plant System, P.O. Box 201, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Lipiec
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Soil and Plant System, P.O. Box 201, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
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26
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Nirmal Babu K, Divakaran M, Pillai GS, Sumathi V, Praveen K, Raj RP, Akshita HJ, Ravindran PN, Peter KV. Protocols for In Vitro Propagation, Conservation, Synthetic Seed Production, Microrhizome Production, and Molecular Profiling in Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1391:387-401. [PMID: 27108332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial but cultivated as annual, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It is a native of India and South East Asia. The tuberous rhizomes or underground stems of turmeric are used from antiquity as condiments, a dye and as an aromatic stimulant in several medicines. Turmeric is an important crop in India and it is used as a spice, food preservative, coloring agent, cosmetic as well as for its medicinal properties. Propagation is done vegetatively with rhizome bits as seed materials. It is plagued by rhizome rot diseases most of which are mainly spread through infected seed rhizomes. Micropropagation will help in production of disease-free seed. Sexual reproduction is rare in turmeric, making recombinant breeding very difficult. In vitro technology can thus become the preferred choice and it can be utilized for multiplication, conservation of genetic resources, generating variability, gene transfer, molecular tagging, and their utility in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nirmal Babu
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673012, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Geetha S Pillai
- Centre for Medicinal Plants Research, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal, Kerala, India
| | - V Sumathi
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673012, Kerala, India
| | - K Praveen
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673012, Kerala, India
| | - Rahul P Raj
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673012, Kerala, India
| | - H J Akshita
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673012, Kerala, India
| | - P N Ravindran
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673012, Kerala, India
| | - K V Peter
- World Noni Research Foundation, Chennai, 600020, India
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Ow YX, Vogel N, Collier CJ, Holtum JAM, Flores F, Uthicke S. Nitrate fertilisation does not enhance CO2 responses in two tropical seagrass species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23093. [PMID: 26976685 PMCID: PMC4792133 DOI: 10.1038/srep23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrasses are often considered "winners" of ocean acidification (OA); however, seagrass productivity responses to OA could be limited by nitrogen availability, since nitrogen-derived metabolites are required for carbon assimilation. We tested nitrogen uptake and assimilation, photosynthesis, growth, and carbon allocation responses of the tropical seagrasses Halodule uninervis and Thalassia hemprichii to OA scenarios (428, 734 and 1213 μatm pCO2) under two nutrients levels (0.3 and 1.9 μM NO3(-)). Net primary production (measured as oxygen production) and growth in H. uninervis increased with pCO2 enrichment, but were not affected by nitrate enrichment. However, nitrate enrichment reduced whole plant respiration in H. uninervis. Net primary production and growth did not show significant changes with pCO2 or nitrate by the end of the experiment (24 d) in T. hemprichii. However, nitrate incorporation in T. hemprichii was higher with nitrate enrichment. There was no evidence that nitrogen demand increased with pCO2 enrichment in either species. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, nutrient increases to levels approximating present day flood plumes only had small effects on metabolism. This study highlights that the paradigm of increased productivity of seagrasses under ocean acidification may not be valid for all species under all environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. X. Ow
- College of Marine and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townville MC Queensland 4810, Australia
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Blk S3, #02-05, 117543, Singapore
| | - N. Vogel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townville MC Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - C. J. Collier
- College of Marine and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - J. A. M. Holtum
- College of Marine and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - F. Flores
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townville MC Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - S. Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townville MC Queensland 4810, Australia
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28
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Singh N, Srivastava S, Sharma A. Identification and analysis of miRNAs and their targets in ginger using bioinformatics approach. Gene 2016; 575:570-576. [PMID: 26392033 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of endogenous small RNAs derived from the non-protein coding genes. miRNA regulates the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and plays an important role in plant development. Zingiber officinale is an important medicinal plant having numerous therapeutic properties. Its bioactive compound gingerol and essential oil posses important pharmacological and physiological activities. In this study, we used a homology search based computational approach for identifying miRNAs in Z. officinale. A total of 16 potential miRNA families (miR167, miR407, miR414, miR5015, miR5021, miR5644, miR5645, miR5656, miR5658, miR5664, miR827, miR838, miR847, miR854, miR862 and miR864) were predicted in ginger. Phylogenetic and conserved analyses were performed for predicted miRNAs. Thirteen miRNA families were found to regulate 300 target transcripts and play an important role in cell signaling, reproduction, metabolic process and stress. To understand the miRNA mediated gene regulatory control and to validate miRNA target predictions, a biological network was also constructed. Gene ontology and pathway analyses were also done. miR5015 was observed to regulate the biosynthesis of gingerol by inhibiting phenyl ammonia lyase (PAL), a precursor enzyme in the biosynthesis of gingerol. Our results revealed that most of the predicted miRNAs were involved in the regulation of rhizome development. miR5021, miR854 and miR838 were identified to regulate the rhizome development and the essential oil biosynthesis in ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015 UP, India
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015 UP, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015 UP, India.
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29
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Nirmal Babu K, Samsudeen K, Divakaran M, Pillai GS, Sumathi V, Praveen K, Ravindran PN, Peter KV. Protocols for In Vitro Propagation, Conservation, Synthetic Seed Production, Embryo Rescue, Microrhizome Production, Molecular Profiling, and Genetic Transformation in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1391:403-26. [PMID: 27108333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginger is a rhizomatous plant that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial but cultivated as annual, with crop duration of 7-10 months. Ginger is native to India and Tropical South Asia. The tuberous rhizomes or underground stems of ginger are used as condiment, an aromatic stimulant, and food preservative as well as in traditional medicine. Ginger is propagated vegetatively with rhizome bits as seed material. Cultivation of ginger is plagued by rhizome rot diseases, most of which are mainly spread through infected seed rhizomes. Micropropagation will help in production of disease-free planting material. Sexual reproduction is absent in ginger, making recombinant breeding very impossible. In vitro technology can thus become the preferred choice as it can be utilized for multiplication, conservation of genetic resources, generating variability, gene transfer, molecular tagging, and their utility in crop improvement of these crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nirmal Babu
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673 012, Kerala, India.
| | - K Samsudeen
- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, 671124, Kerala, India
| | | | - Geetha S Pillai
- Centre for Medicinal Plants Research, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal, Kerala, India
| | - V Sumathi
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673 012, Kerala, India
| | - K Praveen
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673 012, Kerala, India
| | - P N Ravindran
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, 673 012, Kerala, India
| | - K V Peter
- World Noni Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 020, India
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30
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Duman F, Urey E, Koca FD. Temporal variation of heavy metal accumulation and translocation characteristics of narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:17886-17896. [PMID: 26162443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate seasonal heavy metal accumulation and translocation characteristics of the narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia L.). Sediment and plant samples were taken seasonally from six different locations identified for this purpose, and Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd concentrations as well as accumulation factor (AF) and translocation factor (TF) values were determined. It was noted that the metal concentrations in the plant roots, rhizomes, and leaves differed seasonally. The metals mainly accumulated in the plant roots, and Zn was the element that accumulated the most in the plant roots, rhizomes, and leaves. The highest Zn concentration was observed to be 56.47 μg g(-1) in the rhizome sample from the summer. In all the seasons, the AF value of Cd was observed to be above 1. In addition, the TF value was below 1 for all elements in every season. While the element having lowest uptake and translocation ratio was Cr, and the highest uptake and translocation ratio was found for Cd. The AF and TF values suggest that the plant would be most appropriate for use in phytostabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Duman
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Erkan Urey
- Institute of Science and Technology, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatih Dogan Koca
- Institute of Science and Technology, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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31
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Li X, Wu Z, Liu Z, Hou X, Badgery W, Guo H, Zhao Q, Hu N, Duan J, Ren W. Contrasting Effects of Long-Term Grazing and Clipping on Plant Morphological Plasticity: Evidence from a Rhizomatous Grass. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141055. [PMID: 26506228 PMCID: PMC4624235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of plant morphological plasticity in response to grazing and clipping of semiarid grassland can provide insight into the process of disturbance-induced decline in grassland productivity. In recent studies there has been controversy regarding two hypotheses: 1) grazing avoidance; and 2) growth limiting mechanisms of morphological plasticity in response to defoliation. However, the experimental evidence presented for the memory response to grazing and clipping of plants has been poorly reported. This paper reports on two experiments that tested these hypotheses in field and in a controlled environment, respectively. We examined the effects of long-term clipping and grazing on the functional traits and their plasticity for Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev (the dominate species) in the typical-steppe grassland of Inner Mongolia, China. There were four main findings from these experiments. (i) The majority of phenotypic traits of L. chinensis tended to significantly miniaturize in response to long-term field clipping and grazing. (ii) The significant response of morphological plasticity with and without grazing was maintained in a hydroponic experiment designed to remove environmental variability, but there was no significant difference in L. chinensis individual size traits for the clipping comparison. (iii) Plasticity indexes of L. chinensis traits in a controlled environment were significantly lower than under field conditions indicating that plants had partial and slight memory effect to long-term grazing. (iv) The allometry of various phenotypic traits, indicated significant trade-offs between leaf and stem allocation with variations in plant size induced by defoliation, which were maintained only under grazing in the hydroponic controlled environment experiment. Taken together, our findings suggest that the morphological plasticity of L. chinensis induced by artificial clipping was different with that by livestock grazing. The miniaturization of plant size in long-term grazed grassland may reflect retained characteristics of dwarf memory for adaptation to long-term grazing by large herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Li
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Zinian Wu
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Hou
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Warwick Badgery
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, New South Wales, 2800, Australia
| | - Huiqin Guo
- College of Life sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Qingshan Zhao
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Hu
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Duan
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
| | - Weibo Ren
- National Forage Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010010, P.R. China
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32
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Cheng L, Zhen Y, Chen M, Huang LQ. [Research progress on enlargement of medicinal resources of Paridis Rhizome]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2015; 40:3121-3124. [PMID: 26790278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, as an important raw material of Chinese traditional patent medicines, Paridis Rhizome is in great demand, which led to its price increases. In order to protect the wild resources and satisfy market demand of Paridis rhizome, the researches in various directions were conducted, involved its chemical composition, pharmacological action, clinical application, resource investigation, artificial cultivation, etc. Herein, the chemical studies of genus Paridis Rhizome, aerial parts of Paridis Rhizome gummy and starchy Paridis Rhizome, and the studies of endophyte in Paridis Rhizome were reviewed and analyzed in order to explore the substitutes of Paridis Rhizome, and provide the reference for the enlargement of medicinal resources of Paridis Rhizome. It manifests that the steroidal saponins, the important chemical compositions in Paridis Rhizome were tested in genus Paridis Rhizome, aerial parts of Paridis Rhizome, gummy Paridis Rhizome and the endophyte in Paridis Rhizome. However, the further experimental studies and clinical verification works should be carried out to confirm the final substitute.
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33
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Mirmazloum I, Ladányi M, György Z. Changes in the Content of the Glycosides, Aglycons and their Possible Precursors of Rhodiola rosea during the Vegetation Period. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10:1413-1416. [PMID: 26434130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical participants in the biosynthetic pathway of salidroside and cinnamyl alcohol glycosides were studied from seven Rhodiola rosea L. individuals originating from a wild population. Plants were grown in a phytotron and samples were taken at 3 weekly intervals during the vegetation period. Based on HPLC analysis, all the key compounds to which roseroot medicinal property is attributed were detected, with salidrosde being the most dominant, followed by its aglycone, tyrosol. The contents of all compounds were 2-3 times more in the rhizomes than in roots. The highest content of salidroside, tyrosol, rosarin, rosavin and cinnamyl alcohol was recorded in rhizomes and at the beginning of shoot elongation. The seven roseroot individuals showed a very high deviation in their chemical content at each sampling time. Our statistical analysis showed that the trend of salidroside accumulation in the rhizome was the most similar in all studied plants. These results have important implications for choosing a reasonable harvest time to obtain the maximum phytochemical content and a better understanding of active compounds formation in R. rosea L.
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34
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Zhang N, Zhang JW, Yang YH, Li XY, Lin JX, Li ZL, Cheng LY, Wang JF, Mu CS, Wang AX. Effects of lead contamination on the clonal propagative ability of Phragmites australis (common reed) grown in wet and dry environments. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2015; 17:893-903. [PMID: 25683495 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Clonal propagation is important for the survival and maintenance of the common reed Phragmites australis. Pot culture experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of lead (Pb) concentration (0, 500, 1500, 3000, 4500 mg·kg(-1) ) and water stress on the clonal reproductive ability of this species. The Pb concentration found in plant organs, in decreasing order, was roots >shoots >rhizomes. There was a negative relationship between the growth of clonal propagative modules (excluding axillary shoot buds) and Pb concentrations, which caused a decrease in biomass, rhizome growth and number of axillary and apical rhizome buds. Daughter axillary shoots exhibited a tolerance strategy, with no significant change in their number; the axillary and apical rhizome buds, daughter apical rhizome shoots and rhizomes exhibited compensatory growth during the late stage of Pb (excluding 4500 mg·kg(-1) ) treatment in a wet environment. Pb applications above 500 mg·kg(-1) reduced these parameters significantly in the drought treatment, except for the number of axillary shoot buds, which did not change. Our results indicate that clonal propagative resistance to Pb contamination can occur via tolerance strategies, compensatory growth and a Pb allocation strategy, enabling these reeds to maintain population stability in wet environments. However, clonal modular growth and reproductive ability were inhibited significantly by the interaction between drought and Pb, which would cause a decline in P. australis populations in a dry environment. Lead concentrations of 4500 and 500 mg·kg(-1) in soils might meet or exceed the Pb tolerance threshold of clonally propagated reeds in wet and dry environments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - J W Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Y H Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - X Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, China
| | - J X Lin
- Alkali Soil Nature Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Z L Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - L Y Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - J F Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - C S Mu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - A X Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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35
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Yang CZ, Liu XF, Cai DL, Fan SM. [Investigation on resource and quality assessment of Cibotii Rhizoma]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2015; 40:1919-1924. [PMID: 26390648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study is aimed to understand the resource and the current situation of the use of Cibotii Rhizoma and provide the basis for protecting and utilization. The method of literature survey, field survey and quality assessment were applied in the study. The results showed that all the Cibotii Rhizoma came from wild resource and was mainly founded in Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Zhejiang, etc. It contains over 5 000 000 kg in the area which total is about 7 000 hm2. The annual output is over 850 000 kg. At present, there is no cultivated resources. Based on the investigation and market sampling analysis from various regions, the results showed that the quality of the collected crude drugs conformed with the regulations of the Chinese pharmacopoeia. However the qualification rate of decoction pieces of Cibotii Rhizoma in market was only 56.4%. At present, the resource of Cibotii Rhizoma could meet the needs of medinal uses. It is important to protect the wild resource which is less and less because of the environmental factors. It also need to make a standard of processing method to ensure the safety, and solve quality problem of the decoction pieces.
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Kong W, Kim C, Goff VH, Zhang D, Paterson AH. Genetic analysis of rhizomatousness and its relationship with vegetative branching of recombinant inbred lines of Sorghum bicolor × S. propinquum. Am J Bot 2015; 102:718-24. [PMID: 26022486 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Rhizomes, subterranean stems that grow horizontally, are a storage organ that is highly associated with overwintering and regrowth. This quantitative study aimed to discover genetic determinants of rhizomatousness, an important trait related to perenniality and invasiveness. METHODS A population of 161 individuals of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) derived from morphologically distinct parents, Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum propinquum, which segregates for rhizomatousness, was phenotyped and genetically mapped. KEY RESULTS Seven genomic regions influenced rhizomatousness in this population; four were "consensus" regions that correspond with previously detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in an F2 population of the same pedigree and with different levels of vegetative branching. Because rhizomatousness is a plastic trait that is greatly influenced by environment, overlap between regions discovered in the RIL and F2 populations validates the position and effect of QTLs. Correspondence with regions influencing vegetative branching indicates that some genes and biochemical pathways may influence both vegetative branching and rhizomatousness, while genes influencing only one trait may confer divergent aspects of development of these organs. CONCLUSIONS Identifying genes conferring rhizomatousness and understanding their functions may provide opportunities to regulate plant growth for diverse applications. Increasing rhizomatousness may promote the productivity and perenniality of many grasses, especially biomass-dedicated crops, while decreasing rhizomatousness may improve monocarpic grain production and offer means to control many noxious weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Kong
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, 111 Riverbend Rd, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, 111 Riverbend Rd, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Valorie H Goff
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, 111 Riverbend Rd, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, 111 Riverbend Rd, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Andrew H Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, 111 Riverbend Rd, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
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El-Hawaz RF, Bridges WC, Adelberg JW. In vitro growth of Curcuma longa L. in response to five mineral elements and plant density in fed-batch culture systems. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118912. [PMID: 25830292 PMCID: PMC4382179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant density was varied with P, Ca, Mg, and KNO3 in a multifactor experiment to improve Curcuma longa L. micropropagation, biomass and microrhizome development in fed-batch liquid culture. The experiment had two paired D-optimal designs, testing sucrose fed-batch and nutrient sucrose fed-batch techniques. When sucrose became depleted, volume was restored to 5% m/v sucrose in 200 ml of modified liquid MS medium by adding sucrose solutions. Similarly, nutrient sucrose fed-batch was restored to set points with double concentration of treatments’ macronutrient and MS micronutrient solutions, along with sucrose solutions. Changes in the amounts of water and sucrose supplementations were driven by the interaction of P and KNO3 concentrations. Increasing P from 1.25 to 6.25 mM increased both multiplication and biomass. The multiplication ratio was greatest in the nutrient sucrose fed-batch technique with the highest level of P, 6 buds/vessel, and the lowest level of Ca and KNO3. The highest density (18 buds/vessel) produced the highest fresh biomass at the highest concentrations of KNO3 and P with nutrient sucrose fed-batch, and moderate Ca and Mg concentrations. However, maximal rhizome dry biomass required highest P, sucrose fed-batch, and a moderate plant density. Different media formulations and fed-batch techniques were identified to maximize the propagation and storage organ responses. A single experimental design was used to optimize these dual purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia F. El-Hawaz
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - William C. Bridges
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Adelberg
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pandotra P, Viz B, Ram G, Gupta AP, Gupta S. Multi-elemental profiling and chemo-metric validation revealed nutritional qualities of Zingiber officinale. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 114:222-31. [PMID: 24953004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginger rhizome is a valued food, spice and an important ingredient of traditional systems of medicine of India, China and Japan. An Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) based multi-elemental profiling was performed to assess the quantitative complement of elements, nutritional quality and toxicity of 46 ginger germplasms, collected from the north western Himalayan India. The abundance of eighteen elements quantified in the acid digested rhizomes was observed to be K>Mg>Fe>Ca>Na>Mn>Zn>Ba>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>Co>Se>As>Be>Cd. Toxic element, Hg was not detected in any of the investigated samples. Chemometric analyses showed positive correlation among most of the elements. No negative correlation was observed in any of the metals under investigation. UPGMA based clustering analysis of the quantitative data grouped all the 46 samples into three major clusters, displaying 88% similarity in their metal composition, while eighteen metals investigated grouped into two major clusters. Quantitatively, all the elements analyzed were below the permissible limits laid down by World Health Organization. The results were further validated by cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to understand the ionome of the ginger rhizome. The study suggested raw ginger to be a good source of beneficial elements/minerals like Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn and will provide platform for understanding the functional and physiological status of ginger rhizome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Pandotra
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Bhavana Viz
- Quality Control & Quality Assurance, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Gandhi Ram
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ajai Prakash Gupta
- Quality Control & Quality Assurance, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Suphla Gupta
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu & Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi 110001, India.
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Jiang QQ, Gao WY, Shi YP, Li X, Wang HY. Comparison of starches from five plants of Sect. Stenophora Uline and Sect. Lasiophyton Uline of Dioscorea grown in China. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:836-842. [PMID: 25355080 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioscorea resources with vital medicinal and functional values are abundant in south-west regions of China, especially in Sichuan Province. However, the resource in this region has received less attention compared with that of the north. D. zingiberensis, D. collettii, D. kamoonensis cv. Emei and Jinfo, and D. melanophyma from Sichuan Province and Chongqing City were studied with regard to the most abundant carbohydrate (starch) to search for new medicinal and food resources. RESULTS The starches were small round granules or small oval granules and large elongated granules, except D. zingiberensis starch granules, which were disc-like in shape. D. zingiberensis and D. collettii starches showed higher values in total starch content, water-binding capacity and infrared ratio of absorbance bands at 1047/1035 and 1047/1022 cm⁻¹. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis demonstrated a higher gelatinisation temperature required more energy during the gelatinisation process. D. zingiberensis and D. collettii starches showed higher resistant starch content of 724.0 and 693.2 g kg⁻¹, respectively, with lower hydrolysis index and estimation of glycaemic index. All the starches exhibited an A-type pattern except D. melanophyma starch, which showed a C-type pattern evaluated by X-ray diffraction. CONCLUSION These results showed that the starches with their low hydrolysis index values possessed potential values as healthy food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Libik-Konieczny M, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Desel C, Michalec-Warzecha Ż, Miszalski Z, Konieczny R. The localization of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species in in vitro-cultured Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. hypocotyls discloses their differing roles in rhizogenesis. Protoplasma 2015; 252:477-87. [PMID: 25172434 PMCID: PMC4335093 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated how reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the regulation of rhizogenesis from hypocotyls of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. cultured on a medium containing 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The increase of NADPH oxidase activity was correlated with an increase of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and induction of mitotic activity in vascular cylinder cells, leading to root formation from cultured hypocotyls. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, inhibited H2O2 production and blocked rhizogenesis. Ultrastructural studies revealed differences in H2O2 localization between the vascular cylinder cells and cortex parenchyma cells of cultured explants. We suggest that NADPH oxidase is responsible for H2O2 level regulation in vascular cylinder cells, while peroxidase (POD) participates in H2O2 level regulation in cortex cells. Blue formazan (NBT) precipitates indicating superoxide radical (O2 (•-)) accumulation were localized within the vascular cylinder cells during the early stages of rhizogenesis and at the tip of root primordia, as well as in the distal and middle parts of newly formed organs. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining of H2O2 was more intense in vascular bundle cells and in cortex cells. In newly formed roots, H2O2 was localized in vascular tissue. Adding DPI to the medium led to a decrease in the intensity of NBT and DAB staining in cultured explants. Accumulation of O2 (•-) was then limited to epidermis cells, while H2O2 was accumulated only in vascular tissue. These results indicate that O2 (•-) is engaged in processes of rhizogenesis induction involving division of competent cells, while H2O2 is engaged in developmental processes mainly involving cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Libik-Konieczny
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21 St., 30-239, Kraków, Poland,
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Wu K, Zhang X, Sun S, Wang X. Factors affecting the accumulation of curcumin in microrhizomes of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:740794. [PMID: 25722985 PMCID: PMC4333182 DOI: 10.1155/2015/740794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Curcuminoids, and mainly curcumin, are potential therapeutic agents for the prevention of various diseases; however, little is known about the factors that influence their accumulation in Curcuma species. In this study, the effects of factors such as sucrose concentration, different ratios of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and light quality on the accumulation of curcumin and other curcuminoids in Curcuma aromatica were investigated. Microrhizomes grown on media containing 3% sucrose produced more curcumin and other curcuminoids than those grown on higher concentrations. Moreover, when compared to other ratios of 6-BA and NAA, microrhizomes induced on 3% sucrose media supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA produced more curcumin and other curcuminoids; however, the amount was less than in microrhizomes grown on 3% sucrose alone. We determined that a 5% sucrose medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L of 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L of NAA enhanced the levels of curcumin and curcuminoids and that exposure to red light further increased production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Shulan Sun
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
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Barbera AC, Borin M, Cirelli GL, Toscano A, Maucieri C. Comparison of carbon balance in Mediterranean pilot constructed wetlands vegetated with different C4 plant species. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:2372-2383. [PMID: 24743957 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions and carbon (C) budgets in a horizontal subsurface flow pilot-plant constructed wetland (CW) with beds vegetated with Cyperus papyrus L., Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, and Mischantus × giganteus Greef et Deu in the Mediterranean basin (Sicily) during the 1st year of plant growing season. At the end of the vegetative season, M. giganteus showed the higher biomass accumulation (7.4 kg m(-2)) followed by C. zizanioides (5.3 kg m(-2)) and C. papyrus (1.8 kg m(-2)). Significantly higher emissions of CO2 were detected in the summer, while CH4 emissions were maximum during spring. Cumulative CO2 emissions by C. papyrus and C. zizanioides during the monitoring period showed similar trends with final values of about 775 and 1,074 g m(-2), respectively, whereas M. giganteus emitted 3,395 g m(-2). Cumulative CH4 bed emission showed different trends for the three C4 plant species in which total gas release during the study period was for C. papyrus 12.0 g m(-2) and ten times higher for M. giganteus, while C. zizanioides bed showed the greatest CH4 cumulative emission with 240.3 g m(-2). The wastewater organic carbon abatement determined different C flux in the atmosphere. Gas fluxes were influenced both by plant species and monitored months with an average C-emitted-to-C-removed ratio for C. zizanioides, C. papyrus, and M. giganteus of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.9, respectively. The growing season C balances were positive for all vegetated beds with the highest C sequestered in the bed with M. giganteus (4.26 kg m(-2)) followed by C. zizanioides (3.78 kg m(-2)) and C. papyrus (1.89 kg m(-2)). To our knowledge, this is the first paper that presents preliminary results on CO2 and CH4 emissions from CWs vegetated with C4 plant species in Mediterranean basin during vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Barbera
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, DISPA, University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia, 5-95123, Catania, Italy
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Shriram V, Nanekar V, Kumar V, Kavi Kishor PB. In vitro regeneration and ploidy level analysis of Eulophia ochreata Lindl. Indian J Exp Biol 2014; 52:1112-1121. [PMID: 25434107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Various parameters including explant-type, medium compositions, use of phytohormones and additives were optimized for direct and indirect regeneration of E. ochreata, a medicinal orchid under threat. Protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs) proved to be the best explants for shoot initiation, proliferation and callus induction. Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing 2.5 mg L(-1) 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1.0 mg L(-1) kinetin (Kin) and additives (adenine sulfate, arginine, citric acid, 30 mg L(-1) each and 50 mg L(-1) ascorbic acid) was optimal for shoot multiplication (12.1 shoots and 7.1 PLBs per explant with synchronized growth), which also produced callus. Shoot number was further increased with three successive subcultures on same media and approximately 40 shoots per explant were achieved after 3 cycles of 30 days each. Additives and casein hydrolysate (CH) showed advantageous effects on indirect shoot regeneration via protocorm-derived callus. Optimum indirect regeneration was achieved on MS containing additives, 500 mg L(-1) CH, 2.5 mg L(-1) BAP and 1.0 mg L(-1) Kin with 30 PLBs and 6 shoots per callus mass (approximately 5 mm size). The shoots were rooted (70% frequency) on one by fourth-MS medium containing 2.0 mg L(-1) indole-3-butyric acid, 200 mg L(-1) activated charcoal and additives. The rooted plantlets were hardened and transferred to greenhouse with 63% survival rate. Flow-cytometry based DNA content analysis revealed that the ploidy levels were maintained in in vitro regenerated plants. This is the first report for in vitro plant regeneration in E. ochreata.
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Silva GEA, Ramos FT, de Faria AP, França MGC. Seeds' physicochemical traits and mucilage protection against aluminum effect during germination and root elongation as important factors in a biofuel seed crop (Ricinus communis). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:11572-9. [PMID: 25028322 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We determined the length, volume, dry biomass, and density in seeds of five castor bean cultivars and verified notable physicochemical trait differences. Seeds were then subjected to different toxic aluminum (Al) concentrations to evaluate germination, relative root elongation, and the role of root apices' rhizosphere mucilage layer. Seeds' physicochemical traits were associated with Al toxicity responses, and the absence of Al in cotyledons near to the embryo was revealed by Al-hematoxylin staining, indicating that Al did not induce significant germination reduction rates between cultivars. However, in the more sensitive cultivar, Al was found around the embryo, contributing to subsequent growth inhibition. After this, to investigate the role of mucilage in Al tolerance, an assay was conducted using NH4Cl to remove root mucilage before or after exposure to different Al concentrations. Sequentially, the roots were stained with hematoxylin and a quantitative analysis of staining intensity was obtained. These results revealed the significant contribution of the mucilage layer to Al toxicity responses in castor bean seedlings. Root growth elongation under Al toxicity confirmed the role of the mucilage layer, which jointly indicated the differential Al tolerance between cultivars and an efficient Al-exclusion mechanism in the tolerant cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Eustáquio Alves Silva
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Yu D, Zhang N, Lin J, Zhang J, Tang J, Wang J, Mu C. The influence of precipitation regimes and elevated CO2 on photosynthesis and biomass accumulation and partitioning in seedlings of the rhizomatous perennial grass Leymus chinensis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103633. [PMID: 25093814 PMCID: PMC4122356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leymus chinensis is a dominant, rhizomatous perennial C3 species in the grasslands of Songnen Plain of Northern China, and its productivity has decreased year by year. To determine how productivity of this species responds to different precipitation regimes, elevated CO2 and their interaction in future, we measured photosynthetic parameters, along with the accumulation and partitioning of biomass. Plants were subjected to combinations of three precipitation gradients (normal precipitation, versus normal ± 40%) and two CO2 levels (380 ± 20 µmol mol(-1),760 ± 20 µmol mol(-1)) in controlled-environment chambers. The net photosynthetic rate, and above-ground and total biomass increased due to both elevated CO2 and increasing precipitation, but not significantly so when precipitation increased from the normal to high level under CO2 enrichment. Water use efficiency and the ratio of root: total biomass increased significantly when precipitation was low, but decreased when it was high under CO2 enrichment. Moreover, high precipitation at the elevated level of CO2 increased the ratio between stem biomass and total biomass. The effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis and biomass accumulation was higher at the low level of precipitation than with normal or high precipitation. The results suggest that at ambient CO2 levels, the net photosynthetic rate and biomass of L. chinensis increase with precipitation, but those measures are not further affected by additional precipitation when CO2 is elevated. Furthermore, CO2 may partly compensate for the negative effect of low precipitation on the growth and development of L. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dafu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jixiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Nature Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunsheng Mu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Li L, Wei SL, Wang WQ, Shi H, Toda S, Guo ZZ, Ren GX. [Wild-tending techniques study on Glycyrrhiza uralensis--effect of irrigation and rhizome length on survival ratio, yield and quality]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:2863-2867. [PMID: 25423823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed at studying the effects of irrigation and rhizome length on the survival of ratio, yield and quality of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in wild tending condition. Employed the split-block design to carry out the field experiment, sampled with the quadrat method to measured the relative growth indexes and to estimate the yield, used the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatog- raphy ) method to measure the glycyrrhizin in the rhizome and adventitious root of the G. uralensis in this study. The quantity of the adventitious roots and the survival ratio were increased significantly as the length of the rhizome increased (P < 0.01), but the length of the rhizome had no remarkable effect on the content of glycyrrhizin. The average content of the glycyrrhizin in the adventitious root and rhizome could reach 3.03% and 2.12% after 3-year wild tending, respectively, and this results indicated that the quality of the glycyrrhiza using this method was much better than that from cultured glycyrrhiza with the reproducing method of seeding. so using the rhizome as reproductive material to produce the glycyrrhiza under the wild tending condition could get the high quality glycyrrhiza quick- ly and steadily, this phenomenon could be explained by the Hypothesis of synthetic inertia of the medicinal components from the wild material of G. uralensis. But the maximum yield with this method was just more than 945 kg x hm(-2) in this study. So the further work of how to increase the yield in the practical application with the method found in this study need to be done in the next research.
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Guo J, Feng R, Ding Y, Wang R. Applying carbon dioxide, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium and EDTA can enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of ryegrass in a soil polluted with zinc, arsenic, cadmium and lead. J Environ Manage 2014; 141:1-8. [PMID: 24762567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the use of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Burkholderia sp. D54 (PGPR) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to enhance the phytoextraction efficiency of ryegrass in response to multiple heavy metal (or metalloid)-polluted soil containing zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). All of the single or combined CO2, PGPR and EDTA treatments promoted ryegrass growth. The stimulation of ryegrass growth by CO2 and PGPR could primarily be attributed to the regulation of photosynthesis rather than decreased levels of Zn, As and Cd in the shoots. Most treatments seemed to reduce the Zn, As and Cd contents in the shoots, which might be associated with enhanced shoot biomass, thus causing a "dilution effect" regarding their levels. The combined treatments seemed to perform better than single treatments in removing Zn, As, Cd and Pb from soil, judging from the larger biomass and relatively higher total amounts (TAs) of Zn, As, Cd and Pb in both the shoots and roots. Therefore, we suggest that the CO2 plus PGPR treatment will be suitable for removing Zn, As, Cd and Pb from heavy metal (or metalloid)-polluted soils using ryegrass as a phytoremediation material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkang Guo
- Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Renwei Feng
- Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Yongzhen Ding
- Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Zhao X, Shen J, Chang KJ, Kim SH. Comparative analysis of antioxidant activity and functional components of the ethanol extract of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) from various growing regions. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:6227-35. [PMID: 24932940 DOI: 10.1021/jf501644t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The variations in antioxidant activity and concentration of functional components in the ethanol extracts of lotus seeds and rhizomes based on the growing region and dryness were investigated. Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and concentration of several specific flavonoids and alkaloids in the ethanol extracts of lotus were measured. Antioxidant activity and its correlative total phenolic content varied characteristically depending on the growing region and dryness. High-perfomance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the ethanol extracts of lotus seeds from Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City), raw rhizomes from Korea (Siheung), and dried rhizomes from Japan (Nigata) had the greatest specific flavonoid content. The ethanol extracts of seeds from China (Hubei), raw rhizomes from Japan (Nigata), and dried rhizomes from Korea (Siheung) had the greatest specific alkaloid content. Astragaline, rutin, isoquercetin, nuciferine, dauricine, isoliensinine, and neferine were identified in lotus rhizomes for the first time in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University , Incheon 402-751, Korea
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Li QM, Yang WY, Tang XM, Zhang M, Zhou XJ, Shu GM, Zhao JN, Fang QM. [Dynamic accumulation regulation of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxyeurcumin in three strains of curcuma longae rhizome]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:2000-2004. [PMID: 25272830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper is aimed to study the dynamic accumulation regulation of curcumin (Cur), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxyeurcumin (BDMC) in three strains of Curcuma longa, and provide scientific references for formalized cultivation, timely harvesting, quality control and breeding cultivation of C. longa. The accumulation regulation of the three curcumin derivatives was basically the same in rhizome of three strains. The relative contents decreased along with plant development growing, while the accumulation per hectare increased with plant development growing. The accumulation of curcuminoids per hectare could be taken as the assessment standard for the best harvest time of C. longa. A3 was the best strain in terms of Cur and BDMC content.
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Zhu MX, Yan LH. [Resource investigation on rare and endangered She medicine Tetrastigma hemsleyanum in Zhejiang Province]. Zhong Yao Cai 2014; 37:766-770. [PMID: 25335281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the resource of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum which was rare and endangered plant in She nationality in Zhejiang Province. METHODS Using literature method, survey method, plots method and line method, the resource situation of artificial planting and wild resource in Zhejiang Province were investigated. RESULTS It was a scarce and precious medicinal herb that wild resource was rare and endangered. There were artificial planting area about 104.55 hm2 which expected to produce 173.91 tons in Zhejiang Province. CONCLUSION In the wild,it is relatively harsh to environmental requirements for growth. Generally speaking, it takes 3 - 5 years growth period to achieve the medicinal value. The wild resource is scarce and the market demand is increasing, which brings about artificial planting to develop rapidly.
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