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Liu J, Zhao N, Su SH, Gao Y, Qi B. Anti-Arthritic Effect of Edaravone Against Complete Freund Adjuvant Induced Arthritis via Osteoclast Differentiation and HIF-1α-VEGF-ANG-1 Axis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:519-534. [PMID: 36845667 PMCID: PMC9946814 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s391606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone dysfunction is a crucial problem that occurs during rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease. Osteoclast plays a significant role in bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation and its enhancement of bone destruction. Edaravone remarkably exhibited free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of the current investigation is to comfort the inhibitory effect of Edaravone (ED) against complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) rat model via inhibition of angiogenesis and inflammation. Methods Subcutaneous injection of CFA (1%) was used to induce arthritis; the rats were divided into different groups and received the oral administration of ED. Paw edema, body weight, and arthritis score were regularly estimated. Biochemical parameters were estimated, respectively. We also estimate the level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), angiopoietin 1 (ANG-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We also checked into how ED affected the differentiation of osteoclasts utilising a co-culture system with monocytes and synovial fibroblasts in arthritis rats. Results ED treatment significantly (P<0.001) suppressed the arthritis score and paw edema and improved the body weight. ED treatment significantly (P<0.001) altered the antioxidant parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines: inflammatory mediator nuclear kappa B factor (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), respectively. Furthermore, ED treatment significantly (P<0.001) suppressed the level of ANG-1, HIF-1α, and VEGF, respectively. The results suggest that ED suppressed osteoclast differentiation and also decreased the level of cytokines and osteopontin (OPN), receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B Ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) in the co-culture supernatant of monocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Conclusion Edaravone could mitigate CFA via inhibiting angiogenesis and inflammatory reactions, which may be linked with the HIF-1α-VEGF-ANG-1 axis and also enhance the bone destruction of murine arthritis via suppression of osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Micro Burn Plastic Surgery, 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Han Su
- Department of Internal Medicine-Neurology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Bo Qi, Department of Orthopaedics, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, 650000, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Bioactive compounds, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Tamarindus indica Linn. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9432. [PMID: 35676439 PMCID: PMC9178027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTamarindus indica is one of the tropical medicinal plants that has been attributed curative potential of numerous diseases by many rural dwellers. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial activities and also to determine the various chemical constituents responsible for its pharmacological activities. The methanol extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer to determine the volatile compounds present. The antioxidant activities were performed using DPPH and FRAP method and the antibacterial activity was tested against some common pathogens by macro broth dilution method. The GCMS analysis shows the presence of 37 compounds, out of which 14 had their peak area percentages ≥ 1% and only two compounds had no reported pharmacological activities. Most of the bioactive compounds including 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (31.06%)-3-O-Methyl-d-glucose (16.31%), 1,6-anhydro-β-D-Glucopyranose (9.95%), 5-methyl-Furancarboxaldehyde (3.2%), Triethylenediamine (1.17%), 1-(2-furanyl)-1-Propcanone (2.18%), Methyl 2-furoate (3.14%), Levoglucosenone (3.21%), methyl ester-Hepta-2,4-dienoic acid, (8.85%), 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydrox-4H-Pyran-4-one (3.4%), O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (2.18%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1.38%), 2-Heptanol, acetate (1.29%), 5-[(5-methyl-2-fur-2-Furancarboxaldehyde (1.08%), 3-Methyl-2-furoic acid (1.05%) and cis-Vaccenic acid (2.85%)have been reported with different activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anticancer, antioxidant and other prophylactic activities. The extract demonstrated inhibitory potential against all tested pathogen. However, Plesiomonas shigellosis ATCC 15903 and Bacillus pumillus ATCC 14884 are more sensitive with the MIC of 0.22 and 0.44 mg/ml respectively. The antioxidant activity was relatively low due to the low phenolic content of the extract. This shows that there is a strong correlation between antioxidant activities and phenolic content. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents with various biological activities and this justifies the rationale behind its usage as a curative therapy by many local dwellers.
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Zeng Z, Yan K, Liu W. Specneuzhenide Ameliorate Complete Freund Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Rats: Involvement of NF-κB and HO-1/Nrf-2 Pathway. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:551-561. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University
| | - Kang Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University
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A Natural Alternative Treatment for Urinary Tract Infections: Itxasol©, the Importance of the Formulation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154564. [PMID: 34361723 PMCID: PMC8348710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genito-urinary tract infections have a high incidence in the general population, being more prevalent among women than men. These diseases are usually treated with antibiotics, but very frequently, they are recurrent and lead to the creation of resistance and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. For this reason, it is necessary to develop new compounds for their treatment. In this work, our objective is to review the characteristics of the compounds of a new formulation called Itxasol© that is prescribed as an adjuvant for the treatment of UTIs and composed of β-arbutin, umbelliferon and n-acetyl cysteine. This formulation, based on biomimetic principles, makes Itxasol© a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bactericidal, bacteriostatic and antifungal properties that is capable of destroying the biofilm and stopping its formation. It also acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, without the adverse effects associated with the recurrent use of antibiotics that leads to renal nephrotoxicity and other side effects. All these characteristics make Itxasol© an ideal candidate for the treatment of UTIs since it behaves like an antibiotic and with better characteristics than other adjuvants, such as D-mannose and cranberry extracts.
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Hassanein EHM, Ali FEM, Kozman MR, Abd El-Ghafar OAM. Umbelliferone attenuates gentamicin-induced renal toxicity by suppression of TLR-4/NF-κB-p65/NLRP-3 and JAK1/STAT-3 signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 28:11558-11571. [PMID: 33128149 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is the most common adverse effect of gentamicin (GNT). This study aimed to investigate the possible nephroprotective effect of umbelliferone (UMB), against GNT-induced nephrotoxicity. Rats were allocated into the control group; UMB group (50 mg/kg/day, P.O. for 15 days); GNT group (100 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 8 days); and GNT + UMB group. By the end of the experimental period, serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid as well as urine KIM-1 and urine albumin/creatinine ratio were evaluated to estimate kidney function. Moreover, tissue samples were collected for assessment of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, TLR-4, p38 MAPK, NF-κB-p65, NLRP-3, IkBα, TNF-α, IL-1β, JAK1, STAT-3, p-STAT, and cleaved caspase-3. In support, the histopathological examination of renal tissues was performed. UMB improves kidney function through regulation of renal serum biomarkers, with alleviations of histological abrasions induced by GNT. Besides, UMB downregulates renal protein expressions of ERK1/ERK2, TLR-4, and p38MAPK, with subsequent suppression of NF-κB-p65/NLRP-3 inflammasome and JAK1/STAT-3 pathways as well as cleaved caspase-3. In parallel, UMB induced IkBα upregulation. Collectively, UMB markedly amended all GNT-induced renal changes. These nephroprotective outcomes could be attributed to its ability to impede TLR-4/NF-κB-p65/NLRP-3 inflammasome and JAK1/STAT-3 pathways activation, as well as to its anti-inflammatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Magy R Kozman
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Zeeshan S, Naveed M, Khan A, Atiq A, Arif M, Ahmed MN, Kim YS, Khan S. N-Pyrazoloyl and N-thiopheneacetyl hydrazone of isatin exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties through suppression of NF-κB, MAPK and oxidative stress signaling in animal models of inflammation. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:613-632. [PMID: 31079165 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrazide derivatives constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development as they are reported to possess good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of newly synthesized hydrazide derivatives N-pyrazoloyl hydrazone of isatin (PHI) and N-thiopheneacetyl hydrazone of isatin (THI) in acute and chronic inflammatory pain models induced by carrageenan and complete Freud's adjuvant (CFA). MATERIALS PHI and THI (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) pretreatments were provided intraperitoneally to male BALB/c mice prior to inflammatory inducers. Behavioral responses to inflammation and pain were evaluated by assessment of paw edema, mechanical allodynia, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Cytokines production and NF-κB levels were evaluated by ELISA. Western blot analysis was performed for the detection of IκBα, p38, JNK and ERK. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and radiographic analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of PHI and THI treatment on bone and soft tissues. Oxidative stress was determined by reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase assays. Evans blue dye was used to monitor vascular protein leakage. RESULT PHI and THI dose dependently (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) reduced inflammation and pain in mice, however, the dose of 10 mg/kg exhibited significant activity. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects were attributed to suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) production levels. PHI and THI significantly blocked CFA-induced activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Oxidative stress and plasma nitrite levels were reduced remarkably. The PHI and THI (10 mg/kg) treatment did not exhibit any apparent toxicity on the liver, kidney, muscles strength, and motor co-ordination in mice. CONCLUSION Both PHI and THI possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity via inhibition of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zeeshan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Atiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Arif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
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Kumar V, Bhatt PC, Rahman M, Kaithwas G, Choudhry H, Al-Abbasi FA, Anwar F, Verma A. Fabrication, optimization, and characterization of umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6747-6758. [PMID: 28932118 PMCID: PMC5600267 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s136629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside (UFG), isolated from plants, exhibits promising inhibitory action on numerous diseases. The present research was initiated to develop a suitable delivery system for UFG with an intention to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Wistar rats. UFG-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prepared by sonication were scrutinized for average size, drug loading capacity, zeta potential, and drug release potency in animals. HCC cell lines HuH-7 and Hep G2 were used for in vitro cytotoxic investigation. Several hepatic, nonhepatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory biochemical parameters were estimated to establish the anticancer potential of UFG nanoformulation. Microscopical and histopathological investigations were also undertaken to substantiate the results of our work. Umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside-loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (UFG-PLGA-NP) with particle size of 187.1 nm and polydispersity index 0.16 were uniform in nature with 82.5% release of the total amount of drug after 48 h. Our study successfully established the development and characterization of UFG-PLGA-NP with noticeable effect against both in vivo and in vitro models. The anticancer potential of UFG-PLGA-NP was brought about by the management of DEN-induced reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, proinflammatory cytokines alteration, and induction of apoptosis. Positive zeta potential on the surface of UFG-PLGA-NP would have possibly offered higher hepatic accumulation of UFG, particularly in the electron-dense mitochondria organelles, and this was the take-home message from this study. Our results demonstrated that such polymer-loaded delivery systems of UFG can be a better option and can be further explored to improve the clinical outcomes against hepatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Chandra Bhatt
- Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University), Vidya Vihar, Rai Bareli Road, Lucknow, India
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bio-organic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Xu Q, Zhang ZF, Sun WX. Effect of Naringin on Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis Pain in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3746-3751. [PMID: 28765519 PMCID: PMC5551934 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-osteoarthritic and anti-inflammatory effect of naringin in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)- induced osteoarthritis (OA) model in rats. The anti-osteoarthritic potential of naringin was evaluated against the MIA-induced OA rat model. Material/Methods Wistar rats were used for the study and were divided into the following groups: normal control (saline-treated); group II (MIA-treated): group III (MIA+Naringin), and group IV (MIA+Indomethacin). The potential effect of naringin was evaluated via its effect on the level of proinflammatory cytokines, measuring the weight-bearing distribution, and histopathological analysis. Result The anti-inflammatory effect of naringin was assessed in vitro in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.6 cells. The results suggest that naringin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect via reducing the production of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW cells. Additionally, naringin also supported the recovery of hind-limb weight-bearing, reduced the generation or production of inflammatory mediator and proinflammatory cytokines, and protected the tissue from the damage in the OA model. Conclusions Naringin appears to be an effective therapeutic drug for the treatment of the OA and OA-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zuo-Fu Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Wei-Xue Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Verma A, Singh D, Anwar F, Bhatt PC, Al-Abbasi F, Kumar V. Triterpenoids principle of Wedelia calendulacea attenuated diethynitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via down-regulating oxidative stress, inflammation and pathology via NF-kB pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:133-146. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zheng K, Zhao Z, Lin N, Wu Y, Xu Y, Zhang W. Protective Effect of Pinitol Against Inflammatory Mediators of Rheumatoid Arthritis via Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 22 (PTPN22). Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1923-1932. [PMID: 28430763 PMCID: PMC5408901 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to explore the anti-arthritic effect of pinitol via assessing its effect on various inflammatory mediators and its possible mechanism of action. Material/Method We assessed the anti-arthritic effect of pinitol in a formaldehyde- and CFA-induced arthritic model in Wistar Swiss albino strain rats divided into 6 groups. The rats received different doses of pinitol and indomethacin for 28 days. The arthritic index and body weight were determined at regular intervals, together with hepatic, hematological, and antioxidant parameters. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) and inflammatory mediators (e.g., COX-2 and VEGF) were also estimated with histopathological evaluation of the joint tissue of rats. A docking study of pinitol with PTPN22 was also carried out. Results The CFA-induced model rats developed redness and nodules in the tail and front paws, and the arthritic control (AC) group rats showed similar symptoms, which were decreased by pinitol administration. The body weight of AC group rats was decreased, while pinitol-treated rats showed considerably increased body weight. Hematological, hepatic, and antioxidant parameters were altered by pinitol in a dose-dependent manner. Pinitol significantly decreased the elevated concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators, with improvement in histopathological condition. The docking study suggested that pinitol efficiently interacted with PTPN22 via Arg59, Tyr60, Leu106, and Lys138 by creating close interatomic hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. Conclusions Pinitol showed anti-arthritic effects via reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators via inhibition of PTPN22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewen Zheng
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhixuan Zhao
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yiyan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hongqi Hospital affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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