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Elhussieny NI, El-Refai HA, Mohamed SS, Shetaia YM, Amin HA, Klöck G. Rhizopus stolonifer biomass catalytic transesterification capability: optimization of cultivation conditions. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:154. [PMID: 37580714 PMCID: PMC10424374 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using fungal biomass for biocatalysis is a potential solution for the expensive cost of the use o enzymes. Production of fungal biomass with effective activity requires optimizing the cultivation conditions. RESULTS Rhizopus stolonifer biomass was optimized for transesterification and hydrolysis of waste frying oil (WFO). Growth and biomass lipolytic activities of R. stolonifer improved under shaking conditions compared to static conditions, and 200 rpm was optimum. As biomass lipase and transesterification activities inducer, olive oil was superior to soybean, rapeseed, and waste frying oils. Biomass produced in culture media containing fishmeal as an N-source feedstock had higher lipolytic capabilities than corn-steep liquor and urea. Plackett Burman screening of 9 factors showed that pH (5-9), fishmeal (0.25-1.7%, w/v), and KH2PO4 (0.1-0.9%, w/v) were significant factors with the highest main effect estimates 11.46, 10.42, 14.90, respectively. These factors were selected for response surface methodology (RSM) optimization using central composite design (CCD). CCD models for growth, biomass lipase activity, and transesterification capability were significant. The optimum conditions for growth and lipid modification catalytic activities were pH 7.4, fishmeal (2.62%, w/v), and KH2PO4 (2.99%, w/v). CONCLUSION Optimized culture conditions improved the whole cell transesterification capability of Rhizopus stolonifer biomass in terms of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) concentration by 67.65% to a final FAME concentration of 85.5%, w/w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem I Elhussieny
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, 28199, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Heba A El-Refai
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Sayeda S Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yousseria M Shetaia
- Department of Microbiology, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Hala A Amin
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Gerd Klöck
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, 28199, Bremen, Germany
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2
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Bhavsar P, Bhave M, Webb HK. Solving the plastic dilemma: the fungal and bacterial biodegradability of polyurethanes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:122. [PMID: 36929307 PMCID: PMC10020256 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is a plastic polymer which, due to its various desirable characteristics, has been applied extensively in domestic, industrial and medical fields for the past 50 years. Subsequently, an increasing amount of PU waste is generated annually. PU, like many other plastics, is highly resistant to degradation and is a substantial threat to our environment. Currently PU wastes are handled through conventional disposal techniques such as landfill, incineration and recycling. Due to the many drawbacks of these techniques, a 'greener' alternative is necessary, and biodegradation appears to be the most promising option. Biodegradation has the potential to completely mineralise plastic waste or recover the input materials and better enable recycling. There are hurdles to overcome however, primarily the efficiency of the process and the presence of waste plastics with inherently different chemical structures. This review will focus on polyurethanes and their biodegradation, outlining the difficulty of degrading different versions of the same material and strategies for achieving more efficient biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Bhavsar
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mrinal Bhave
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Hayden K Webb
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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3
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Gallorini R, Ciuffi B, Real Fernández F, Carozzini C, Ravera E, Papini AM, Rosi L. Subcritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Pretreatment for Enzymatic Degradation of Polyurethane. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37757-37763. [PMID: 36312382 PMCID: PMC9607662 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic digestion is a promising alternative in the upconversion of plastic waste compared to traditional chemical recycling methods, because it warrants the use of milder conditions. However, enzymes are hardly able to penetrate the bulk of the plastic material; thus, a pretreatment is necessary to promote the reaction. In this study we investigate hydrothermal liquefaction as a thermal pretreatment of a commercial polyurethane before performing an enzymatic digestion. The feedstock is a rigid polyurethane foam. The structure and chemical composition of the feedstock were analyzed through FTIR analysis and solid-state 13C NMR. The polyurethane was then subjected to hydrothermal liquefaction using either ultrapure water or KOH as a basic catalyst. Enzymatic digestion was then performed on the organic fraction obtained from both experiments using a lipase extracted from Candida rugosa. The LC-MS analysis of the digests shows an increase in some signal intensities due to the degradation of oligomeric fragments. This new way of recycling allows the recovery of important chemicals such as quinolines and 4,4'-methylenedianiline. With this study we demonstrate that hydrothermal liquefaction coupled with enzymatic digestion is a suitable alternative for handling polyurethane waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Gallorini
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ciuffi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Feliciana Real Fernández
- CNR
− Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology (PeptLab), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- MoD&LS
Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre
of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cosimo Carozzini
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology (PeptLab), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- MoD&LS
Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre
of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Luca Rosi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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4
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Bher A, Mayekar PC, Auras RA, Schvezov CE. Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers in Mesophilic Aerobic Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12165. [PMID: 36293023 PMCID: PMC9603655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding alternatives to diminish plastic pollution has become one of the main challenges of modern life. A few alternatives have gained potential for a shift toward a more circular and sustainable relationship with plastics. Biodegradable polymers derived from bio- and fossil-based sources have emerged as one feasible alternative to overcome inconveniences associated with the use and disposal of non-biodegradable polymers. The biodegradation process depends on the environment's factors, microorganisms and associated enzymes, and the polymer properties, resulting in a plethora of parameters that create a complex process whereby biodegradation times and rates can vary immensely. This review aims to provide a background and a comprehensive, systematic, and critical overview of this complex process with a special focus on the mesophilic range. Activity toward depolymerization by extracellular enzymes, biofilm effect on the dynamic of the degradation process, CO2 evolution evaluating the extent of biodegradation, and metabolic pathways are discussed. Remarks and perspectives for potential future research are provided with a focus on the current knowledge gaps if the goal is to minimize the persistence of plastics across environments. Innovative approaches such as the addition of specific compounds to trigger depolymerization under particular conditions, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the addition of natural and/or modified enzymes are state-of-the-art methods that need faster development. Furthermore, methods must be connected to standards and techniques that fully track the biodegradation process. More transdisciplinary research within areas of polymer chemistry/processing and microbiology/biochemistry is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal Bher
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones, CONICET-UNaM, Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pooja C. Mayekar
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rafael A. Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Carlos E. Schvezov
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones, CONICET-UNaM, Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
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5
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Adetunji AI, Olaniran AO. Production strategies and biotechnological relevance of microbial lipases: a review. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1257-1269. [PMID: 33904151 PMCID: PMC8324693 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of lipids into long-chain fatty acids and glycerol in oil-water interface. In addition, they catalyze broad spectrum of bioconversion reactions including esterification, inter-esterification, among others in non-aqueous and micro-aqueous milieu. Lipases are universally produced from plants, animals, and microorganisms. However, lipases from microbial origin are mostly preferred owing to their lower production costs, ease of genetic manipulation etc. The secretion of these biocatalysts by microorganisms is influenced by nutritional and physicochemical parameters. Optimization of the bioprocess parameters enhanced lipase production. In addition, microbial lipases have gained intensified attention for a wide range of applications in food, detergent, and cosmetics industries as well as in environmental bioremediation. This review provides insights into strategies for production of microbial lipases for potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, Republic of South Africa
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6
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Tai NL, Ghasemlou M, Adhikari R, Adhikari B. Starch-based isocyanate- and non-isocyanate polyurethane hybrids: A review on synthesis, performance and biodegradation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118029. [PMID: 33966823 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The challenges related to the persistence of plastics in natural ecosystems fostered strong interest in developing biodegradable bioplastics. Among natural biopolymers, starch gained both academic and industrial interest owing to its impressive physicochemical properties. The use of starch in production of polyurethane (PU) composites not only yields PUs with outstanding mechanical properties but also makes the final PU products biodegradable. The hydrophilic nature of starch limits its dispersion in hydrophobic PU polymers, although it is a significant benefit in creating starch-embedded non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) composites. We present a comprehensive overview to highlight important strategies that are used to improve the compatibility of starch with various PU matrices. This review also gives an overview of the recent advances in the synthesis of starch-NIPU hybrids. Moreover, we aim to deliver critical insight into strategies that boost the biodegradation characteristics of PUs along with a discussion on various methods to assess their biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyok Ling Tai
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Raju Adhikari
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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7
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Nikolaivits E, Pantelic B, Azeem M, Taxeidis G, Babu R, Topakas E, Brennan Fournet M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Progressing Plastics Circularity: A Review of Mechano-Biocatalytic Approaches for Waste Plastic (Re)valorization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:696040. [PMID: 34239864 PMCID: PMC8260098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.696040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspirational concepts, and the transfer of analogs from natural biology to science and engineering, has produced many excellent technologies to date, spanning vaccines to modern architectural feats. This review highlights that answers to the pressing global petroleum-based plastic waste challenges, can be found within the mechanics and mechanisms natural ecosystems. Here, a suite of technological and engineering approaches, which can be implemented to operate in tandem with nature's prescription for regenerative material circularity, is presented as a route to plastics sustainability. A number of mechanical/green chemical (pre)treatment methodologies, which simulate natural weathering and arthropodal dismantling activities are reviewed, including: mechanical milling, reactive extrusion, ultrasonic-, UV- and degradation using supercritical CO2. Akin to natural mechanical degradation, the purpose of the pretreatments is to render the plastic materials more amenable to microbial and biocatalytic activities, to yield effective depolymerization and (re)valorization. While biotechnological based degradation and depolymerization of both recalcitrant and bioplastics are at a relatively early stage of development, the potential for acceleration and expedition of valuable output monomers and oligomers yields is considerable. To date a limited number of independent mechano-green chemical approaches and a considerable and growing number of standalone enzymatic and microbial degradation studies have been reported. A convergent strategy, one which forges mechano-green chemical treatments together with the enzymatic and microbial actions, is largely lacking at this time. An overview of the reported microbial and enzymatic degradations of petroleum-based synthetic polymer plastics, specifically: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethanes (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL) and selected prevalent bio-based or bio-polymers [polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polybutylene succinate (PBS)], is detailed. The harvesting of depolymerization products to produce new materials and higher-value products is also a key endeavor in effectively completing the circle for plastics. Our challenge is now to effectively combine and conjugate the requisite cross disciplinary approaches and progress the essential science and engineering technologies to categorically complete the life-cycle for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Brana Pantelic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - George Taxeidis
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ramesh Babu
- AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Eco-Biotechnology & Drug Development Group, Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Evaluation of biological degradation of polyurethanes. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Mayilvahanan A, Ramchary A, Niraikulam A, Marichetti Kuppuswami G, Numbi Ramudu K. A Green Process for Starch Oleate Synthesis by Cryptococcus
sp. MTCC 5455 Lipase and Its Potential as an Emulsifying Agent. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarthy Mayilvahanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai 600020 India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI); Chennai Zonal Laboratory; Chennai 600113 India
| | - Aparna Ramchary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai 600020 India
| | - Ayyadurai Niraikulam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai 600020 India
| | | | - Kamini Numbi Ramudu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai 600020 India
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10
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Aarthy M, Puhazhselvan P, Aparna R, George AS, Gowthaman MK, Ayyadurai N, Masaki K, Nakajima-Kambe T, Kamini NR. Growth associated degradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by Cryptococcus sp. MTCC 5455. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Ravindran B, Wong JWC, Selvam A, Thirunavukarasu K, Sekaran G. Microbial biodegradation of proteinaceous tannery solid waste and production of a novel value added product - Metalloprotease. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 217:150-156. [PMID: 27005792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, animal fleshing (ANFL) was utilized as a substrate for the production of extracellular protease by Clostridium limosum through central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum protease production of 433U/ml was achieved and the purified enzyme was identified as acidic metalloprotease, a monomeric protein. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 71kDa, whose activity was enhanced by bivalent metals such as Zn(2+) and Mg(2+). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination also revealed the hydrolysis/microbial degradation of ANFL through protease activity in the anaerobic fermentation process. Simultaneous hydrolysis of ANFL and production of an enzyme with the potential for different industrial applications provide an attractive methodology for the disposal of tannery solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramani Ravindran
- Animal Environment Division, Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, South Korea.
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ammaiyappan Selvam
- Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | | | - Ganesan Sekaran
- Environmental Technology Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
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12
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Aarthy M, Saravanan P, Ayyadurai N, Gowthaman MK, Kamini NR. A two step process for production of omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates from sardine oil using Cryptococcus sp. MTCC 5455 lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Frequent and frequently deliberate release of plastics leads to accumulation of plastic waste in the environment which is an ever increasing ecological threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology
- Govt Degree College Kathua
- Higher Education Department
- India 184104
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Govt Degree College Kathua
- Higher Education Department
- India 184104
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