1
|
Chen F, He Y, Yao X, Zho B, Tian S, Yin J, Lu L. CsMOF1-guided regulation of drought-induced theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131725. [PMID: 38677697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The distinctive flavor and numerous health benefits of tea are attributed to the presence of theanine, a special amino acid found in tea plants. Nitrogen metabolite is greatly impacted by drought; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the synthesis of theanine in drought-stricken tea plants is still not clear. Through the drought transcriptome data of tea plants, we have identified a gene CsMOF1 that appears to play a role in theanine biosynthesis under drought stress, presenting a significantly negative correlation with both theanine content and the expression of CsGS1. Further found that CsMOF1 is a transcription factor containing a MYB binding domain, localized in the nucleus. Upon silencing CsMOF1, there was a prominent increase in the level of the theanine and glutamine, as well as the expression of CsGS1, while glutamic acid content decreased significantly. Conversely, overexpression of CsMOF1 yielded opposite effects. Dual luciferase reporter assay and electromobility shift assays demonstrated that CsMOF1 binds to the promoter of CsGS1, thereby inhibiting its activity. These results indicate that CsMOF1 plays a crucial role in theanine biosynthesis in tea plants under drought stress, acting as a transcriptional repressor related to theanine biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the tissue-specific regulation of theanine biosynthesis and aids with the cultivation of new varieties of tea plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuan He
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xinzhuan Yao
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bokun Zho
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Litang Lu
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu XY, He JY, Tang F, Yu P, Wu L, Xiao ZL, Sun LX, Cao Z, Yu D. Highly sensitive determination of L-glutamic acid in pig serum with an enzyme-free molecularly imprinted polymer on a carbon-nanotube modified electrode. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5589-5597. [PMID: 37850367 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Through electrochemical polymerization using L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) as a template and 4,6-diaminoresorcinol as a functional monomer, an enzyme-free molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based L-Glu sensor with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), namely G-MIP/MWCNTs/GCE, was developed in this work. The reaction conditions were optimized as follows: electrochemical polymerization of 23 cycles, pH of 3.0, molar ratio of template/monomer of 1 : 4, volume ratio of elution reagents of acetonitrile/formic acid of 1 : 1, and elution time of 2 min. The prepared materials and molecularly imprinted polymer were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as electrochemical methods. The electrochemical properties of different electrodes were investigated via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), showing that the electrode of G-MIP/MWCNTs/GCE exhibited excellent catalytic oxidation activity towards L-Glu. A good linear relationship between peak-currents and L-Glu concentrations in a range from 1.00 × 10-8 to 1.00 × 10-5 mol L-1 was observed, with a detection limit of 5.13 × 10-9 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). The imprinted sensor possesses excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, and good stability, which have been successfully applied for the detection of L-Glu in pig serum samples with a recovery rate of 97.4-105.5%, being comparable to commercial high-performance liquid chromatography, demonstrating a simple, rapid, and accurate way for the determination of L-Glu in the fields of animal nutrition and biomedical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yao Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Jun-Yi He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Fei Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Peng Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Ling Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Zhong-Liang Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Li-Xian Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhong Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
| | - Donghong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, East, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu F, Tu Z, Chen L, Lin J, Zhu H, Ye Y. Analysis of metabolites in green tea during the roasting process using non-targeted metabolomics. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:213-220. [PMID: 35871448 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roasting plays an important role in the formation of flavor of roasted green tea; however, the changes in chemicals during this process have not been systematically studied until now. To reveal the dynamic changes in chemicals in green tea during roasting, non-targeted metabolomics, coupled with chemometrics, was employed. RESULTS A total of 101 non-volatile metabolites were identified in tea samples, and 29 metabolites were identified as characteristic metabolites of roasting. A significant increase in catechins and their derivatives, organic acids, and flavonoid glycosides was observed, while the content of some amino acids and their derivatives decreased over 50% during roasting. The content of theanine glucoside increased dramatically (by 21.23-fold at the roasting stage), and Maillard-derived compounds also increased to varying degrees. CONCLUSION Glycosylation, oxidative polymerization, and pyrolysis were important reactions responsible for the formation and transformation of flavor compounds in roasted green tea during roasting. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Tea Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu, China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Tu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazheng Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nguyen KOT, Nguyen PL, Le HL, Le HT. Discriminative Chemical Profiles of Shan Tuyet Tea ( Camellia sinensis var. Shan) and Sinensis Tea ( Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) Collected in Ta Xua, Son La, Vietnam and Their Correlation With Antioxidant Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221128410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chè Shan Tuyet ( Camellia sinensis var. Shan) is one of the precious tea resources of Vietnam; however, there is little research on its chemical composition. The purpose of this study was to characterize the main quality components, such as free amino acids and catechins, in Camellia sinensis var. Shan and Camellia sinensis var. sinensis collected in the high mountain of Ta Xua, Son La, Vietnam by using an amino acid analyzer and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) discrimination analysis of chemical profiles revealed a clear metabolic difference between the young leaves of Shan Tuyet tea and mature leaves of the same variety and of sinensis tea. The amino acids serine, glutamic acid, arginine, ornithine, and aspartic acid contributed mainly to the discrimination and could be considered biomarkers for Shan Tuyet tea. The levels of caffeine and 7 catechins, catechin, catechin 3-gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin 3-gallate, gallocatechin, and gallocatechin 3-gallate, in young leaves of Shan Tuyet tea were significantly higher than in the other types. Notably, the pair correlation among catechins revealed strong coefficients of the epistructures and non-epistructures, which suggested that these compounds can be converted naturally to each other. The strong correlation between epicatechin-3-gallate and catechin 3-gallate with antiradical ABTS activity of Shan Tuyet tea leaves indicates that these 2 catechins are mainly responsible for the antioxidant activity. This is the first report on the bioactive compounds of Shan Tuyet tea, as well as its potential for the production of health supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieu-Oanh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong-Linh Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang-Long Le
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bose A, Pandey PK. Re‐designing a biscuit formulation to eliminate sodium metabisulphite. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Bose
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata‐ 700032 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Ma J, Li Q, Fan S, Fan L, Ma H, Zhang Y, Zheng L. Determination of 35 Free Amino Acids in Tea Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Front Nutr 2021; 8:767801. [PMID: 34957181 PMCID: PMC8697017 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.767801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop a simple, sensitive, and accurate method for simultaneous determination of 35 free amino acids using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Tea samples were extracted with boiling water bath, and then separated by XBridge BEH Amide column by gradient elution. The exact mass and MS/MS spectra of the target compound was detected under the TOF–MS and Information dependent acquisition (IDA)–MS/MS mode. The results demonstrated good linearity (R2 > 0.9980) in the range of 0.5–1,000 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.13–25.00 mg/kg and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.25–50.00 mg/kg. The recovery rate ranged from 70.1 to 105.1% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <11% (n = 6). This research provides a targeted strategy for developing an analysis method for amino acids in tea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,College of Applied Arts and Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Junmei Ma
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sufang Fan
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lixin Fan
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Y, Liu S, Ferreira JFDS, Xiao L, Gu M, Luo Y, Zhang T, Zhang X, Liu Z, Huang J, Tian N. Development and Application of a Fast Gas Chromatographic Method Offer New Insights into l-theanine Production Regulation in Camellia sinensis L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11142-11150. [PMID: 34514782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea is the most consumed beverage worldwide, and l-theanine in tea leaves significantly affects their flavor and market quality. We have developed and validated a fast and reliable gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to quantify l-theanine after its extraction from Camellia sinensis (tea plant) and derivatization. The procedure was completed in 40 min, from extraction to chromatographic analysis, with a recovery rate of more than 93% and allowing a high sample throughput. The GC-FID intraday precision was within 0.57-2.28%, while the interday precision ranged from 1.57 to 13.48%. The intraday accuracy ranged from -6.84 to 5.26%, while the interday accuracy ranged from -1.08 to 3.12%. The limit of detection was 2.28 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification was 6.47 μg/mL. The GC-FID method was validated by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) and was used to investigate the biosynthesis and regulation of l-theanine in tea plants. We found that plants fed with ethylamine significantly increased l-theanine concentrations in roots, while exogenous supplementation of glutamic acid, carbamide, and glutamine did not significantly affect the l-theanine level in roots. Our results also indicated that roots were not indispensable for the biosynthesis of l-theanine, which was detected in undifferentiated embryonic calluses in concentrations (g/100 g dry weight) as high as in leaves of whole plants (1.67 and 1.57%, respectively) and without any exogenous theanine precursor supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shuoqian Liu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jorge Freire da Silva Ferreira
- United States Salinity Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Lizheng Xiao
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Meiyi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yiping Luo
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang T, Xie Y, Lu X, Yan X, Wang Y, Ma J, Cheng X, Lin S, Bao S, Wan X, Lucas WJ, Zhang Z. Shading Promoted Theanine Biosynthesis in the Roots and Allocation in the Shoots of the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L.) Cultivar Shuchazao. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4795-4803. [PMID: 33861578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Shading was thought as an effective approach to increase theanine in harvested tea shoots. Previous studies offered conflicting findings, perhaps since the integration of theanine metabolism and transport in different tissues was not considered. Theanine is synthesized primarily in the roots and is then transported, via the vascular system, to new vegetative tissues. Here, we found that theanine increased in the stem, was reduced in the leaf, and remained stable in the roots, under shading conditions. Notably, in tea roots, shading significantly increased ethylamine and activated the theanine biosynthesis pathway and theanine transporter genes. Furthermore, shading significantly increased the expression of theanine transporter genes, CsAAP2/4/5/8, in the stem, while decreasing the expression of CsAAP1/2/4/5/6 in the leaf, in accordance with shading effects on theanine levels in these tissues. These findings reveal that shading of tea plants promotes theanine biosynthesis and allocation in different tissues, processes which appear to involve the theanine biosynthesis pathway enzymes and AAP family of theanine transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yunxia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jingzhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao Z, Tao M, Liu Z. Effects of stem removal on physicochemical properties and sensory quality of tencha beverages (Camellia sinensis; Chuanxiaoye). J Food Sci 2021; 86:327-333. [PMID: 33438221 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fresh tea leaves (Camellia sinensis; Chuanxiaoye) used to make tencha tea are a combination of the stem and leaf. Tencha made from the leaf alone is considered a high-quality tencha beverage with a seaweed-like aroma, mellow taste, and a green appearance. However, no study has investigated the differences between these two variants. In this study, the effects of stem removal on physicochemical properties and sensory quality of tencha beverage were investigated. The appearance feature, taste, and aroma were evaluated, and the results indicated that stem removal improved the quality of tencha beverages. The water extract, total free amino acids, total catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, caffeine, and chlorophyll were higher in leaf-only tencha (LOT) than in leaf and stem tencha (LST), whereas the crude fiber and phenol ammonia ratios were lower in LOT than in LST. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis further discriminated between the tencha beverages with different stem contents. This study provided a theoretical basis for quality control by adopting a stem-leaf separation process in tencha manufacturing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides theoretical guidance for improving tencha quality during manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Meng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhengquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Chen W, Wang H, Li Y, Wang B, Zhang L, Wan X, Li M. Transcription factor CsDOF regulates glutamine metabolism in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110720. [PMID: 33288026 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine plays a critical role in ammonium assimilation, and contributes substantially to the taste and nutritional quality of tea. To date, little research has been done on glutamine synthesis in tea plants. Here, a zinc finger protein CsDOF and a glutamine synthetase (GS)-encoding gene CsGS2 from tea plant (Camellia sinensis cv 'Shuchazao') were characterized, and their role in glutamine biosynthesis was determined using transient suppression assays in tea leaves and overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression patterns of CsDOF and CsGS2, the GS activity and the glutamine content of photosynthetic tissues (leaf and bud) were significantly induced by shade. Suppressing the expression of CsDOF resulted in downregulated expression of CsGS2 and reduction of the leaf glutamine content. Moreover, in CsDOF-silenced plants, the expression of CsDOF and the glutamine content under shade treatment were higher than in natural light. The glutamine content and CsGS2 transcript level were also decreased in tea leaves when CsGS2 was suppressed, while they were higher under shade treatment than in natural light in CsGS2-silenced plants. In addition, the glutamine content and GS2 transcript level were increased when CsDOF and CsGS2 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. In binding analyses, CsDOF directly bound to an AAAG motif in the promoter of CsGS2, and promotes its activity. The study shed new light on the molecular mechanism by which CsDOF activates CsGS2 gene expression and contributes to glutamine biosynthesis in tea plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Wenzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Hanyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yuanda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tea chemistry – What do and what don’t we know? – A micro review. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
12
|
Yang T, Li H, Tai Y, Dong C, Cheng X, Xia E, Chen Z, Li F, Wan X, Zhang Z. Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:6868. [PMID: 32321966 PMCID: PMC7176667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Free amino acids, including theanine, glutamine and glutamate, contribute greatly to the pleasant taste and multiple health benefits of tea. Amino acids in tea plants are mainly synthesized in roots and transported to new shoots, which are significantly affected by nitrogen (N) level and forms. However, the regulatory amino acid metabolism genes have not been systemically identified in tea plants. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of free amino acid contents in response to N deficiency and forms in tea plant roots, and systemically identified the genes associated amino acid contents in individual metabolism pathways. Our results showed that glutamate-derived amino acids are the most dynamic in response to various forms of N and N deficiency. We then performed transcriptomic analyses of roots treated with N deficiency and various forms of N, and differentially expressed amino acid metabolic genes in each pathway were identified. The analyses on expression patterns and transcriptional responses of metabolic genes to N treatments provided novel insights for the molecular basis of high accumulation of theanine in tea plant root. These analyses also identified potential regulatory genes in dynamic amino acid metabolism in tea plant root. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the dynamic expression levels of CsGDH, CsAlaDC, CsAspAT, CsSDH, CsPAL, CsSHMT were highly correlated with changes of amino acid contents in their corresponding pathways. Herein, this study provides comprehensive insights into transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Enhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Serra-Mora P, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Bimodal copper oxide nanoparticles doped phase for the extraction of highly polar compounds by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled on-line to nano-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1617:460819. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Dai Q, Liu S, Jiang Y, Gao J, Jin H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Xia T. Recommended storage temperature for green tea based on sensory quality. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:4333-4348. [PMID: 31478003 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage temperature on the alteration of the sensory quality of tea. Huangshan Maofeng tea was stored at - 80 °C, - 20 °C, 4 °C, or room temperature for up to 150 days. The physicochemical parameters, taste-related components, appearance color, volatile compounds and sensory quality of tea were analyzed and compared. Results showed that storing tea at - 80 °C and - 20 °C effectively preserved the physicochemical parameters, taste-related compounds and appearance color in tea. Multivariate statistical analysis (PCA and OPLS-DA) indicated that tea stored at - 80 °C exhibited a similar volatiles composition as fresh tea based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, whereas the composition of volatiles was significantly altered in tea stored at 4 °C after 100 days of storage. Sensory evaluation illustrated that tea stored at - 80 °C and - 20 °C remained the freshness regarding leaves appearance and tea infusion color, taste and aroma, whereas an obvious decrease on the tea freshness was found in tea stored at 4 °C and room temperature. These findings indicated that storage temperature played a vital role in altering the aromatic and sensory quality of Huangshan Maofeng tea and the recommended tea storage temperature was - 80 °C or - 20 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Dai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Sitong Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Yurong Jiang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Jing Gao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Huozhu Jin
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Zhengzhu Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Tao Xia
- 1State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China.,2School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lai X, Yan S, Ye N, Xiang Y. An Ultrasensitive Sensing of Carbaryl by Changing Catalytic Activity of AuNPs on Fehling Reaction-Resonance Scattering Spectroscopy. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|