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Chen B, Shi Y, Sun Y, Lu L, Wang L, Liu Z, Cheng S. Innovations in functional genomics and molecular breeding of pea: exploring advances and opportunities. ABIOTECH 2024; 5:71-93. [PMID: 38576433 PMCID: PMC10987475 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a significant cool-season legume, serving as crucial food sources, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. The advancement of functional genomics over the past two decades has provided substantial theoretical foundations and progress to pea breeding. Notably, the release of the pea reference genome has enhanced our understanding of plant architecture, symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), flowering time, floral organ development, seed development, and stress resistance. However, a considerable gap remains between pea functional genomics and molecular breeding. This review summarizes the current advancements in pea functional genomics and breeding while highlighting the future challenges in pea molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baizhi Chen
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
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Slimani A, Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Ben-Laouane R, Boutasknit A, Anli M, Abouraicha EF, Oufdou K, Meddich A, Baslam M. Molecular and Systems Biology Approaches for Harnessing the Symbiotic Interaction in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis for Grain and Oil Crop Cultivation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:912. [PMID: 38255984 PMCID: PMC10815302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis, the mutually beneficial association between plants and fungi, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its widespread significance in agricultural productivity. Specifically, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide a range of benefits to grain and oil crops, including improved nutrient uptake, growth, and resistance to (a)biotic stressors. Harnessing this symbiotic interaction using molecular and systems biology approaches presents promising opportunities for sustainable and economically-viable agricultural practices. Research in this area aims to identify and manipulate specific genes and pathways involved in the symbiotic interaction, leading to improved cereal and oilseed crop yields and nutrient acquisition. This review provides an overview of the research frontier on utilizing molecular and systems biology approaches for harnessing the symbiotic interaction in mycorrhizal symbiosis for grain and oil crop cultivation. Moreover, we address the mechanistic insights and molecular determinants underpinning this exchange. We conclude with an overview of current efforts to harness mycorrhizal diversity to improve cereal and oilseed health through systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Slimani
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences, and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar
- Laboratory Biochemistry, Environment & Agri-Food URAC 36, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques—Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia 28800, Morocco
| | - Raja Ben-Laouane
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Boutasknit
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University, Nador 62700, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Anli
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Department of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Comoros, Patsy University Center, Moroni 269, Comoros
| | - El Faiza Abouraicha
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Techniques (ISPITS), Essaouira 44000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences, and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Abdelilah Meddich
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- GrowSmart, Seoul 03129, Republic of Korea
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Jaiswal V, Kakkar M, Kumari P, Zinta G, Gahlaut V, Kumar S. Multifaceted Roles of GRAS Transcription Factors in Growth and Stress Responses in Plants. iScience 2022; 25:105026. [PMID: 36117995 PMCID: PMC9474926 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Jaiswal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Mrinalini Kakkar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Vijay Gahlaut
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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Molecular Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115960. [PMID: 35682640 PMCID: PMC9180548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-microorganism interactions at the rhizosphere level have a major impact on plant growth and plant tolerance and/or resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Of particular importance for forestry and agricultural systems is the cooperative and mutualistic interaction between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the phylum Glomeromycotina, since about 80% of terrestrial plant species can form AM symbiosis. The interaction is tightly regulated by both partners at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels, and it is highly dependent on environmental and biological variables. Recent studies have shown how fungal signals and their corresponding host plant receptor-mediated signalling regulate AM symbiosis. Host-generated symbiotic responses have been characterized and the molecular mechanisms enabling the regulation of fungal colonization and symbiosis functionality have been investigated. This review summarizes these and other recent relevant findings focusing on the molecular players and the signalling that regulate AM symbiosis. Future progress and knowledge about the underlying mechanisms for AM symbiosis regulation will be useful to facilitate agro-biotechnological procedures to improve AM colonization and/or efficiency.
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Afonin AM, Leppyanen IV, Kulaeva OA, Shtark OY, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA, Zhukov VA. A high coverage reference transcriptome assembly of pea (Pisum sativum L.) mycorrhizal roots. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 24:331-339. [PMID: 33659815 PMCID: PMC7716550 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an ancient mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80–90 % of land plant species with
the obligatorily biotrophic fungi that belong to the phylum Glomeromycota. This symbiosis is mutually beneficial, as
AM fungi feed on plant photosynthesis products, in turn improving the efficiency of nutrient uptake from the environment. The garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), a widely cultivated crop and an important model for genetics, is capable of
forming triple symbiotic systems consisting of the plant, AM fungi and nodule bacteria. As transcriptomic and proteomic approaches are being implemented for studying the mutualistic symbioses of pea, a need for a reference transcriptome of genes expressed under these specific conditions for increasing the resolution and the accuracy of other
methods arose. Numerous transcriptome assemblies constructed for pea did not include mycorrhizal roots, hence the
aim of the study to construct a reference transcriptome assembly of pea mycorrhizal roots. The combined transcriptome of mycorrhizal roots of Pisum sativum cv. Frisson inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis BEG144 was investigated,
and for both the organisms independent transcriptomes were assembled (coverage 177x for pea and 45x for fungus).
Genes specific to mycorrhizal roots were found in the assembly, their expression patterns were examined with qPCR on
two pea cultivars, Frisson and Finale. The gene expression depended on the inoculation stage and on the pea cultivar.
The investigated genes may serve as markers for early stages of inoculation in genetically diverse pea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Afonin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Leppyanen
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O A Kulaeva
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O Y Shtark
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I A Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Leppyanen IV, Pavlova OA, Vashurina MA, Bovin AD, Dolgikh AV, Shtark OY, Sendersky IV, Dolgikh VV, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. LysM Receptor-Like Kinase LYK9 of Pisum Sativum L. May Regulate Plant Responses to Chitooligosaccharides Differing in Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E711. [PMID: 33445801 PMCID: PMC7828211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the interactions of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants with phytopathogenic and beneficial fungi. Here, we examined whether the lysin-motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase PsLYK9 is directly involved in the perception of long- and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) released after hydrolysis of the cell walls of phytopathogenic fungi and identified in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal exudates. The identification and analysis of pea mutants impaired in the lyk9 gene confirmed the involvement of PsLYK9 in symbiosis development with AM fungi. Additionally, PsLYK9 regulated the immune response and resistance to phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting its bifunctional role. The existence of co-receptors may provide explanations for the potential dual role of PsLYK9 in the regulation of interactions with pathogenic and AM fungi. Co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that PsLYK9 and two proposed co-receptors, PsLYR4 and PsLYR3, can form complexes. Analysis of binding capacity showed that PsLYK9 and PsLYR4, synthesized as extracellular domains in insect cells, were able to bind the deacetylated (DA) oligomers CO5-DA-CO8-DA. Our results suggest that the receptor complex consisting of PsLYK9 and PsLYR4 can trigger a signal pathway that stimulates the immune response in peas. However, PsLYR3 seems not to be involved in the perception of CO4-5, as a possible co-receptor of PsLYK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Leppyanen
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Olga A. Pavlova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Maria A. Vashurina
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Andrey D. Bovin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Alexandra V. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Oksana Y. Shtark
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Igor V. Sendersky
- All-Russia Research Institute for Plant Protection, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.S.); (V.V.D.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Plant Protection, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.S.); (V.V.D.)
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
| | - Elena A. Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.L.); (O.A.P.); (M.A.V.); (A.D.B.); (A.V.D.); (O.Y.S.); (I.A.T.)
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Tsyganov VE, Tsyganova AV. Symbiotic Regulatory Genes Controlling Nodule Development in Pisum sativum L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1741. [PMID: 33317178 PMCID: PMC7764586 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of natural variation and the use of mutagenesis and molecular-biological approaches have revealed 50 symbiotic regulatory genes in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Studies of genomic synteny using model legumes, such as Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and Lotus japonicus (Regel) K. Larsen, have identified the sequences of 15 symbiotic regulatory genes in pea. These genes encode receptor kinases, an ion channel, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, transcription factors, a metal transporter, and an enzyme. This review summarizes and describes mutant alleles, their phenotypic manifestations, and the functions of all identified symbiotic regulatory genes in pea. Some examples of gene interactions are also given. In the review, all mutant alleles in genes with identified sequences are designated and still-unidentified symbiotic regulatory genes of great interest are considered. The identification of these genes will help elucidate additional components involved in infection thread growth, nodule primordium development, bacteroid differentiation and maintenance, and the autoregulation of nodulation. The significance of symbiotic mutants of pea as extremely fruitful genetic models for studying nodule development and for comparative cell biology studies of legume nodules is clearly demonstrated. Finally, it is noted that many more sequences of symbiotic regulatory genes remain to be identified. Transcriptomics approaches and genome-wide sequencing could help address this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chaussee 3, Pushkin 8, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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Zorin EA, Afonin AM, Kulaeva OA, Gribchenko ES, Shtark OY, Zhukov VA. Transcriptome Analysis of Alternative Splicing Events Induced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ( Rhizophagus irregularis) in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1700. [PMID: 33287282 PMCID: PMC7761762 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS), a process that enables formation of different mRNA isoforms due to alternative ways of pre-mRNA processing, is one of the mechanisms for fine-tuning gene expression. Currently, the role of AS in symbioses formed by plants with soil microorganisms is not fully understood. In this work, a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza was performed using RNAseq and following bioinformatic analysis. AS profiles of mycorrhizal and control roots were highly similar, intron retention accounting for a large proportion of the observed AS types (67%). Using three different tools (SUPPA2, DRIMSeq and IsoformSwitchAnalyzeR), eight genes with AS events specific for mycorrhizal roots of pea were identified, among which four were annotated as encoding an apoptosis inhibitor protein, a serine/threonine-protein kinase, a dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase, and a pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DEAH1. In pea mycorrhizal roots, the isoforms of these four genes with preliminary stop codons leading to a truncated ORFs were up-regulated. Interestingly, two of these four genes demonstrating mycorrhiza-specific AS are related to the process of splicing, thus forming parts of the feedback loops involved in fine-tuning of gene expression during mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.A.Z.); (A.M.A.); (O.A.K.); (E.S.G.); (O.Y.S.)
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9
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Shtark OY, Puzanskiy RK, Avdeeva GS, Yurkov AP, Smolikova GN, Yemelyanov VV, Kliukova MS, Shavarda AL, Kirpichnikova AA, Zhernakov AI, Afonin AM, Tikhonovich IA, Zhukov VA, Shishova MF. Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7495. [PMID: 31497392 PMCID: PMC6709666 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to be a mutually beneficial plant-fungal symbiosis; however, the effect of mycorrhization is heavily dependent on multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, for the proper employment of such plant-fungal symbiotic systems in agriculture, a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of the plant developmental response to mycorrhization is needed. The aim of this work was to uncover the physiological and metabolic alterations in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves associated with mycorrhization at key plant developmental stages. Plants of pea cv. Finale were grown in constant environmental conditions under phosphate deficiency. The plants were analyzed at six distinct time points, which corresponded to certain developmental stages of the pea: I: 7 days post inoculation (DPI) when the second leaf is fully unfolded with one pair of leaflets and a simple tendril; II: 21 DPI at first leaf with two pairs of leaflets and a complex tendril; III: 32 DPI when the floral bud is enclosed; IV: 42 DPI at the first open flower; V: 56 DPI when the pod is filled with green seeds; and VI: 90-110 DPI at the dry harvest stage. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a, b or carotenoids. However, at stage III (corresponding to the most active phase of mycorrhiza development), the number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf was lower in the inoculated plants than in those without inoculation. Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI. The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age, and, to a lesser extent, was influenced by mycorrhization. Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism. The use of unsupervised dimension reduction methods showed that (i) at stage II, the metabolite spectra of inoculated plants were similar to those of the control, and (ii) at stages IV and V, the leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated plants shifted towards the profiles of the control plants at earlier developmental stages. At stage IV the inoculated plants exhibited a higher level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compounds in comparison to control plants. Thus, mycorrhization led to the retardation of plant development, which was also associated with higher seed biomass accumulation in plants with an extended vegetation period. The symbiotic crosstalk between host plant and AM fungi leads to alterations in several biochemical pathways the details of which need to be elucidated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Y. Shtark
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Dynamics of Arctic Vegetation, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Galina S. Avdeeva
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey P. Yurkov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Marina S. Kliukova
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey L. Shavarda
- Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Aleksandr I. Zhernakov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey M. Afonin
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor A. Tikhonovich
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Mamontova T, Afonin AM, Ihling C, Soboleva A, Lukasheva E, Sulima AS, Shtark OY, Akhtemova GA, Povydysh MN, Sinz A, Frolov A, Zhukov VA, Tikhonovich IA. Profiling of Seed Proteome in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Lines Characterized with High and Low Responsivity to Combined Inoculation with Nodule Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Molecules 2019; 24:E1603. [PMID: 31018578 PMCID: PMC6514749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Legume crops represent the major source of food protein and contribute to human nutrition and animal feeding. An essential improvement of their productivity can be achieved by symbiosis with beneficial soil microorganisms-rhizobia (Rh) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The efficiency of these interactions depends on plant genotype. Recently, we have shown that, after simultaneous inoculation with Rh and AM, the productivity gain of pea (Pisum sativum L) line K-8274, characterized by high efficiency of interaction with soil microorganisms (EIBSM), was higher in comparison to a low-EIBSM line K-3358. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this effect are still uncharacterized. Therefore, here, we address the alterations in pea seed proteome, underlying the symbiosis-related productivity gain, and identify 111 differentially expressed proteins in the two lines. The high-EIBSM line K-8274 responded to inoculation by prolongation of seed maturation, manifested by up-regulation of proteins involved in cellular respiration, protein biosynthesis, and down-regulation of late-embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. In contrast, the low-EIBSM line K-3358 demonstrated lower levels of the proteins, related to cell metabolism. Thus, we propose that the EIBSM trait is linked to prolongation of seed filling that needs to be taken into account in pulse crop breeding programs. The raw data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Mamontova
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alexey M Afonin
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alena Soboleva
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Elena Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anton S Sulima
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Oksana Y Shtark
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Gulnara A Akhtemova
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Maria N Povydysh
- R&D department, Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Vladimir A Zhukov
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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11
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Zhernakov AI, Shtark OY, Kulaeva OA, Fedorina JV, Afonin AM, Kitaeva AB, Tsyganov VE, Afonso-Grunz F, Hoffmeier K, Rotter B, Winter P, Tikhonovich IA, Zhukov VA. Mapping-by-sequencing using NGS-based 3'-MACE-Seq reveals a new mutant allele of the essential nodulation gene Sym33 ( IPD3) in pea ( Pisum sativum L.). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6662. [PMID: 30972251 PMCID: PMC6450374 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Large collections of pea symbiotic mutants were accumulated in the 1990s, but the causal genes for a large portion of the mutations are still not identified due to the complexity of the task. We applied a Mapping-by-Sequencing approach including Bulk Segregant Analysis and Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE-Seq) sequencing technology for genetic mapping the Sym11 gene of pea which controls the formation of symbioses with both nodule bacteria and arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. For mapping we developed an F2-population from the cross between pea line N24 carrying the mutant allele of sym11 and the wild type NGB1238 (=JI0073) line. Sequencing libraries were prepared from bulks of 20 plants with mutant and 12 with wild-type phenotype. MACE-Seq differential gene expression analysis between mutant-phenotype and wild-type-phenotype bulks revealed 2,235 genes, of which 514 (23%) were up-regulated and 1,721 (77%) were down-regulated in plant roots inoculated with rhizobia as a consequence of sym11 mutation. MACE-Seq also detected single nucleotide variants between bulks in 217 pea genes. Using a novel mathematical model we calculated the recombination frequency (RF) between the Sym11 gene and these 217 polymorphic genes. Six genes with the lowest RF were converted into CAPS or dCAPS markers and genetically mapped on the complete mapping population of 108 F2-plants which confirmed their tight linkage to Sym11 and to each other. The Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Mt) homologs of these genes are located in a distinct region of Mt chromosome 5, which corresponds to linkage group I of pea. Among 94 candidate genes from this region only one was down-regulated—the pea Sym33 homolog of the Mt IPD3 gene which is essential for nodulation. Sequencing of the Sym33 allele of the N24 (sym11) mutant revealed a single nucleotide deletion (c.C319del) in its third exon resulting in a codon shift in the open reading frame and premature translation termination. Thus, we identified a novel mutant allele sym33-4 most probably responsible for the mutant phenotype of the N24 (sym11) line, thereby demonstrating that mapping by MACE-Seq can be successfully used for genetic mapping of mutations and identification of candidate genes in pea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oksana Y Shtark
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A Kulaeva
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jaroslava V Fedorina
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey M Afonin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna B Kitaeva
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor E Tsyganov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia.,St.Petersburg State University, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, St.Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Kirienko AN, Vishnevskaya NA, Kitaeva AB, Shtark OY, Kozyulina PY, Thompson R, Dalmais M, Bendahmane A, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. Structural Variations in LysM Domains of LysM-RLK PsK1 May Result in a Different Effect on Pea⁻Rhizobial Symbiosis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1624. [PMID: 30939810 PMCID: PMC6479807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysin-motif receptor-like kinase PsK1 is involved in symbiosis initiation and the maintenance of infection thread (IT) growth and bacterial release in pea. We verified PsK1 specificity in relation to the Nod factor structure using k1 and rhizobial mutants. Inoculation with nodO and nodE nodO mutants significantly reduced root hair deformations, curling, and the number of ITs in k1-1 and k1-2 mutants. These results indicated that PsK1 function may depend on Nod factor structures. PsK1 with replacement in kinase domain and PsSYM10 co-production in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves did not induce a hypersensitive response (HR) because of the impossibility of signal transduction into the cell. Replacement of P169S in LysM3 domain of PsK1 disturbed the extracellular domain (ECD) interaction with PsSYM10's ECD in Y2H system and reduced HR during the co-production of full-length PsK1 and PsSYM0 in N. benthamiana. Lastly, we explored the role of PsK1 in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi; no significant differences between wild-type plants and k1 mutants were found, suggesting a specific role of PsK1 in legume⁻rhizobial symbiosis. However, increased sensitivity to a highly aggressive Fusarium culmorum strain was found in k1 mutants compared with the wild type, which requires the further study of the role of PsK1 in immune response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Kirienko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda A Vishnevskaya
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anna B Kitaeva
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Oksana Yu Shtark
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Polina Yu Kozyulina
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Richard Thompson
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Marion Dalmais
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | | | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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13
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Leppyanen IV, Kirienko AN, Dolgikh EA. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Pisum sativum L. roots as a tool for studying the mycorrhizal and root nodule symbioses. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6552. [PMID: 30863680 PMCID: PMC6408910 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated the successful transformation of two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars using Agrobacterium rhizogenes, whereby transgenic roots in the resulting composite plants showed expression of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein. Subsequent to infection with A. rhizogenes, approximately 70%–80% of pea seedlings developed transgenic hairy roots. We found out that the transgenic roots can be efficiently nodulated by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and infected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The morphology of nodules in the transgenic roots was found to be identical to that of nodules observed in wild-type roots, and we also observed the effective induction of markers typical of the symbiotic association with AM fungi. The convenient protocol for highly efficient A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation developed in this study would be a rapid and effective tool for investigating those genes involved in the development of the two types of symbioses found in pea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Leppyanen
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna N Kirienko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Ho-Plágaro T, Molinero-Rosales N, Fariña Flores D, Villena Díaz M, García-Garrido JM. Identification and Expression Analysis of GRAS Transcription Factor Genes Involved in the Control of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Development in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:268. [PMID: 30930915 PMCID: PMC6429219 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis are complex and tightly regulated processes. Transcriptional regulation mechanisms have been reported to mediate gene expression changes closely associated with arbuscule formation, where nutrients move between the plant and fungus. Numerous genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), with those belonging to the GRAS family being of particular importance, are induced upon mycorrhization. In this study, a screening for candidate transcription factor genes differentially regulated in AM tomato roots showed that more than 30% of known GRAS tomato genes are upregulated upon mycorrhization. Some AM-upregulated GRAS genes were identified as encoding for transcription factors which are putative orthologs of previously identified regulators of mycorrhization in other plant species. The symbiotic role played by other newly identified AM-upregulated GRAS genes remains unknown. Preliminary results on the involvement of tomato SlGRAS18, SlGRAS38, and SlGRAS43 from the SCL3, SCL32, and SCR clades, respectively, in mycorrhization are presented. All three showed high transcript levels in the late stages of mycorrhization, and the analysis of promoter activity demonstrated that SlGRAS18 and SlGRAS43 are significantly induced in cells containing arbuscules. When SlGRAS18 and SlGRAS38 genes were silenced using RNA interference in hairy root composite tomato plants, a delay in mycorrhizal infection was observed, while an increase in mycorrhizal colonization was observed in SlGRAS43 RNAi roots. The possible mode of action of these TFs during mycorrhization is discussed, with a particular emphasis on the potential involvement of the SHR/SCR/SCL3 module of GRAS TFs in the regulation of gibberellin signaling during mycorrhization, which is analogous to other plant developmental processes.
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15
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Tsyganova AV, Tsyganov VE. Plant Genetic Control over Infection Thread Development during Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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van Zeijl A, Wardhani TAK, Seifi Kalhor M, Rutten L, Bu F, Hartog M, Linders S, Fedorova EE, Bisseling T, Kohlen W, Geurts R. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of Four Putative Symbiosis Genes of the Tropical Tree Parasponia andersonii Reveals Novel Phenotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:284. [PMID: 29559988 PMCID: PMC5845686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasponia represents five fast-growing tropical tree species in the Cannabaceae and is the only plant lineage besides legumes that can establish nitrogen-fixing nodules with rhizobium. Comparative analyses between legumes and Parasponia allows identification of conserved genetic networks controlling this symbiosis. However, such studies are hampered due to the absence of powerful reverse genetic tools for Parasponia. Here, we present a fast and efficient protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of Parasponia andersonii. Using this protocol, knockout mutants are obtained within 3 months. Due to efficient micro-propagation, bi-allelic mutants can be studied in the T0 generation, allowing phenotypic evaluation within 6 months after transformation. We mutated four genes - PanHK4, PanEIN2, PanNSP1, and PanNSP2 - that control cytokinin, ethylene, or strigolactone hormonal networks and that in legumes commit essential symbiotic functions. Knockout mutants in Panhk4 and Panein2 displayed developmental phenotypes, namely reduced procambium activity in Panhk4 and disturbed sex differentiation in Panein2 mutants. The symbiotic phenotypes of Panhk4 and Panein2 mutant lines differ from those in legumes. In contrast, PanNSP1 and PanNSP2 are essential for nodule formation, a phenotype similar as reported for legumes. This indicates a conserved role for these GRAS-type transcriptional regulators in rhizobium symbiosis, illustrating the value of Parasponia trees as a research model for reverse genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rene Geurts
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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17
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Leppyanen IV, Shakhnazarova VY, Shtark OY, Vishnevskaya NA, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. Receptor-Like Kinase LYK9 in Pisum sativum L. Is the CERK1-Like Receptor that Controls Both Plant Immunity and AM Symbiosis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E8. [PMID: 29267197 PMCID: PMC5795960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are able to discriminate and respond to structurally related chitooligosaccharide (CO) signals from pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. In model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa LysM-receptor like kinases (LysM-RLK) AtCERK1 and OsCERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1) were shown to be involved in response to CO signals. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the pea Pisum sativum L. LysM-RLK PsLYK9 was chosen as a possible candidate given its role on the CERK1-like receptor. The knockdown regulation of the PsLyk9 gene by RNA interference led to increased susceptibility to fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Transcript levels of PsPAL2, PsPR10 defense-response genes were significantly reduced in PsLyk9 RNAi roots. PsLYK9's involvement in recognizing short-chain COs as most numerous signals of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, was also evaluated. In transgenic roots with PsLyk9 knockdown treated with short-chain CO5, downregulation of AM symbiosis marker genes (PsDELLA3, PsNSP2, PsDWARF27) was observed. These results clearly indicate that PsLYK9 appears to be involved in the perception of COs and subsequent signal transduction in pea roots. It allows us to conclude that PsLYK9 is the most likely CERK1-like receptor in pea to be involved in the control of plant immunity and AM symbiosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Leppyanen
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Vlada Y Shakhnazarova
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Oksana Y Shtark
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda A Vishnevskaya
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Elena A Dolgikh
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
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18
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De Souza AP, Massenburg LN, Jaiswal D, Cheng S, Shekar R, Long SP. Rooting for cassava: insights into photosynthesis and associated physiology as a route to improve yield potential. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:50-65. [PMID: 27778353 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents 50 I. 50 II. 52 III. 54 IV. 55 V. 57 VI. 57 VII. 59 60 References 61 SUMMARY: As a consequence of an increase in world population, food demand is expected to grow by up to 110% in the next 30-35 yr. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by > 120%. In this region, cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the second most important source of calories and contributes c. 30% of the daily calorie requirements per person. Despite its importance, the average yield of cassava in Africa has not increased significantly since 1961. An evaluation of modern cultivars of cassava showed that the interception efficiency (ɛi ) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the efficiency of conversion of that intercepted PAR (ɛc ) are major opportunities for genetic improvement of the yield potential. This review examines what is known of the physiological processes underlying productivity in cassava and seeks to provide some strategies and directions toward yield improvement through genetic alterations to physiology to increase ɛi and ɛc . Possible physiological limitations, as well as environmental constraints, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P De Souza
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lynnicia N Massenburg
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Deepak Jaiswal
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rachel Shekar
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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