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Advances and trends in encapsulation of essential oils. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122668. [PMID: 36754179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a huge concern regarding the potential carcinogenic and mutagenic risks associated with the usage of synthetic chemicals as preservatives in various consumer products such as food and pharmaceutical formulations. In this aspect, there is a need for the development of alternative natural preservatives to replace these synthetic chemicals. More recently, naturally occurring essential oils have emerged as popular ingredients owing to their unique characteristics like antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, to enrich and enhance the functional properties of consumer products. However, due to their high volatility and hydrophobicity, their functionality is lost and their incorporation in aqueous products is challenging. One of the promising strategies to overcome this challenge is encapsulation which involves the entrapment of the essential oil inside a biocompatible material for its controlled release and increased bioavailability. Also, the choice of encapsulation method depends on the component to be encapsulated and the shell material. In this review, encapsulation in various colloidal systems that facilitate the potential delivery of essential oils is discussed. The focus is on encapsulation techniques along with their advantages and disadvantages, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release studies.
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Jampilek J, Kralova K. Anticancer Applications of Essential Oils Formulated into Lipid-Based Delivery Nanosystems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122681. [PMID: 36559176 PMCID: PMC9781429 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural compounds is becoming increasingly popular among patients, and there is a renewed interest among scientists in nature-based bioactive agents. Traditionally, herbal drugs can be taken directly in the form of teas/decoctions/infusions or as standardized extracts. However, the disadvantages of natural compounds, especially essential oils, are their instability, limited bioavailability, volatility, and often irritant/allergenic potential. However, these active substances can be stabilized by encapsulation and administered in the form of nanoparticles. This brief overview summarizes the latest results of the application of nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers used as drug delivery systems of herbal essential oils or used directly for their individual secondary metabolites applicable in cancer therapy. Although the discussed bioactive agents are not typical compounds used as anticancer agents, after inclusion into the aforesaid formulations improving their stability and bioavailability and/or therapeutic profile, they indicated anti-tumor activity and became interesting agents with cancer treatment potential. In addition, co-encapsulation of essential oils with synthetic anticancer drugs into nanoformulations with the aim to achieve synergistic effect in chemotherapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Ekrami A, Ghadermazi M, Ekrami M, Hosseini MA, Emam-Djomeh Z, Hamidi-Moghadam R. Development and evaluation of Zhumeria majdae essential oil-loaded nanoliposome against multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sharma M, Grewal K, Jandrotia R, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK. Essential oils as anticancer agents: Potential role in malignancies, drug delivery mechanisms, and immune system enhancement. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112514. [PMID: 34963087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer retains a central place in fatality rates among the wide variety of diseases known world over, and the conventional synthetic medicaments, albeit used until now, produce numerous side effects. As a result, newer, better, and safer alternatives such as natural plant products, are gravely required. Essential oils (EOs) offer a plethora of bioactivities including antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, therefore, the use of EOs in combination with synthetic drugs or aromatherapy continues to be popular in many settings. In view of the paramount importance of EOs and their potential bioactivities, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the interconnection between EOs and cancer treatment. In particular, the current review presents an updated summary of the chemical composition of EOs, their current applications in cancer treatments based on clinical studies, and the mechanism of action against the cancer cell lines. Similarly, an overview of using EOs in aromatherapy and enhancing immunity during cancer treatment is provided. Further, this review focuses on the recent technological advancements such as the loading of EOs using protein microspheres, ligands, or nanoemulsions/nanoencapsulation, which offer multiple benefits in cancer treatment via site-specific and target-oriented delivery of drugs. The continuing clinical studies of EOs implicate that their pharmacological applications are a rewarding research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Sharma
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Kamaljit Grewal
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Rupali Jandrotia
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | | | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India.
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Aguilar-Pérez KM, Medina DI, Narayanan J, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Synthesis and Nano-Sized Characterization of Bioactive Oregano Essential Oil Molecule-Loaded Small Unilamellar Nanoliposomes with Antifungal Potentialities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102880. [PMID: 34068039 PMCID: PMC8152473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of greener nano-constructs with noteworthy biological activity is of supreme interest, as a robust choice to minimize the extensive use of synthetic drugs. Essential oils (EOs) and their constituents offer medicinal potentialities because of their extensive biological activity, including the inhibition of fungi species. However, their application as natural antifungal agents are limited due to their volatility, low stability, and restricted administration routes. Nanotechnology is receiving particular attention to overcome the drawbacks of EOs such as volatility, degradation, and high sensitivity to environmental/external factors. For the aforementioned reasons, nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds, for instance, EOs, facilitates protection and controlled-release attributes. Nanoliposomes are bilayer vesicles, at nanoscale, composed of phospholipids, and can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Considering the above critiques, herein, we report the in-house fabrication and nano-size characterization of bioactive oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.) (OEO) molecules loaded with small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) nanoliposomes. The study was focused on three main points: (1) multi-compositional fabrication nanoliposomes using a thin film hydration-sonication method; (2) nano-size characterization using various analytical and imaging techniques; and (3) antifungal efficacy of as-developed OEO nanoliposomes against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) by performing the mycelial growth inhibition test (MGI). The mean size of the nanoliposomes was around 77.46 ± 0.66 nm and 110.4 ± 0.98 nm, polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.413 ± 0.015, zeta potential values up to -36.94 ± 0.36 mV were obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS). and spherical morphology was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of OEO into nanoliposomes was displayed by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Entrapment efficiency values of 79.55 ± 6.9% were achieved for OEO nanoliposomes. In vitro antifungal activity of nanoliposomes tested against T. rubrum strains revealed that OEO nanoliposomes exhibited the highest MGI, 81.66 ± 0.86%, at a concentration of 1.5 µL/mL compared to the rest of the formulations. In summary, this work showed that bioactive OEO molecules with loaded nanoliposomes could be used as natural antifungal agents for therapeutical purposes against T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya M. Aguilar-Pérez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; (K.M.A.-P.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Dora I. Medina
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Atizapan de Zaragoza 52926, Estado de Mexico, Mexico; (K.M.A.-P.); (D.I.M.)
| | - Jayanthi Narayanan
- División de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México, Av. Mexiquense s/n esquina Av. Universidad Politécnica, Col. Villa Esmeralda, Tultitlan 54910, Estado de México, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Lammari N, Louaer O, Meniai AH, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Plant oils: From chemical composition to encapsulated form use. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120538. [PMID: 33781879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a burgeoning global movement towards essential and vegetable oils in the food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries thanks to their natural and safe status, broad acceptance by consumers, and versatile functional properties. However, efforts to develop new therapy or functional agents based on plant oils have met with challenges of limited stability and/or reduced efficacy. As a result, there has been increased research interest in the encapsulation of plant oils, whereby the nanocarriers serve as barrier between plant oils and the environment and control oil release leading to improved efficacy, reduced toxicity and enhanced patient compliance and convenience. In this review, special concern has been addressed to the encapsulation of essential and vegetable oils in three types of nanocarriers: polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. First, the chemical composition of essential and vegetable oils was handled. Moreover, we gather together the research findings reported by the literature regarding the different techniques used to generate these nanocarriers with their significant findings. Finally, differences and similarities between these nanocarriers are discussed, along with current and future applications that are warranted by their structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimane Lammari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University Constantine 3, Salah Boubnider, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ouahida Louaer
- Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University Constantine 3, Salah Boubnider, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Abdeslam Hassen Meniai
- Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University Constantine 3, Salah Boubnider, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hatem Fessi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEP UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Al-otaibi W. Rosemary oil nano-emulsion potentiates the apoptotic effect of mitomycin C on cancer cells in vitro. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e60685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To formulate nano-emulsified rosemary oil (REO/NE) and determine its effect on the anticancer agent, mitomycin C (MC) when used as a carrier for the drug.
Methods: The droplet size of REO/NE was markedly enlarged when mixed with MC. The cytotoxicity of the formulations on HeLa and MCF-7 cells was determined using MTT assay. The combination index (CI) values were estimated with CompuSyn software, while apoptosis was determined using DAPI fluorescent dye.
Results: Treatment of MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells with REO/NE (1% v:v and 1.33% v:v, respectively) reduced the IC50 of MC 33 and 15 folds, respectively. Under fluorescent microscopy, cells treated with REO/NE+MC had more marked reduction of the nuclear area than MC-treated cells.
Conclusion: These results indicate that REO/NE is an efficient carrier for MC since it enhanced MC delivery and increased its effect on the cells through the induction of apoptosis at low concentrations of MC.
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Vergallo C. Nutraceutical Vegetable Oil Nanoformulations for Prevention and Management of Diseases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1232. [PMID: 32599957 PMCID: PMC7353093 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community is becoming increasingly interested in identifying, characterizing, and delivering nutraceuticals, which constitutes a multi-billion-dollar business. These bioactive agents are claimed to exhibit several health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of diseases such as arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases, heart, brain and metabolic disorders, etc. Nutraceuticals are typically consumed as part of a regular human diet and are usually present within foods, comprising vegetable oil, although at low levels and variable composition. Thus, it is difficult to control the type, amount and frequency of their ingestion by individuals. Nanoformulations about vegetable oil-based bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties are useful for overcoming these issues, while improving the uptake, absorption, and bioavailability in the body. The purpose of this current study is to review papers on such nanoformulations, particularly those relevant for health benefits and the prevention and management of diseases, as well as bioactives extracted from vegetable oils enhancing the drug effectiveness, retrieved through bibliographic databases by setting a timespan from January 2000 to April 2020 (about 1758 records).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vergallo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73010 Lecce, Italy
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Baldassarre F, Tatulli G, Vergaro V, Mariano S, Scala V, Nobile C, Pucci N, Dini L, Loreti S, Ciccarella G. Sonication-Assisted Production of Fosetyl-Al Nanocrystals: Investigation of Human Toxicity and In Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy against Xylella Fastidiosa. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1174. [PMID: 32560195 PMCID: PMC7353234 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there is a growing demand in sustainable phytopathogens control research. Nanotechnology provides several tools such as new pesticides formulations, antibacterial nanomaterials and smart delivery systems. Metal nano-oxides and different biopolymers have been exploited in order to develop nanopesticides which can offer a targeted solution minimizing side effects on environment and human health. This work proposed a nanotechnological approach to obtain a new formulation of systemic fungicide fosetyl-Al employing ultrasonication assisted production of water dispersible nanocrystals. Moreover, chitosan was applicated as a coating agent aiming a synergistic antimicrobial effect between biopolymer and fungicide. Fosetyl-Al nanocrystals have been characterized by morphological and physical-chemical analysis. Nanotoxicological investigation was carried out on human keratinocytes cells through cells viability test and ultrastructural analysis. In vitro planktonic growth, biofilm production and agar dilution assays have been conducted on two Xylella fastidiosa subspecies. Fosetyl-Al nanocrystals resulted very stable over time and less toxic respect to conventional formulation. Finally, chitosan-based fosetyl-Al nanocrystals showed an interesting antibacterial activity against Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca and Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baldassarre
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (L.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Tatulli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Viviana Vergaro
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (L.D.)
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Valeria Scala
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Concetta Nobile
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (L.D.)
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Luciana Dini
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (L.D.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Loreti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarella
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Department, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (L.D.)
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