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El-Shazly AI, Wahba MI, Abdelwahed NAM, Shehata AN. Immobilization of alkaline protease produced by Streptomyces rochei strain NAM-19 in solid state fermentation based on medium optimization using central composite design. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:161. [PMID: 38799268 PMCID: PMC11111645 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated Streptomyces rochei strain NAM-19 solid-state fermentation of agricultural wastes to produce alkaline protease. Alkaline protease production increased with flaxseed, rice bran, and cheese whey fermentation reaching 147 U/mL at 48 h. Statistical optimization of alkaline protease production was performed using the central composite design (CDD). Results of CDD and the optimization plot showed that 4.59 g/L flaxseed, 4.31 g/L rice bran, 4.17 mL cheese whey, and a vegetative inoculum size of 7.0% increased alkaline protease production by 27.2% reaching 186 U/mL. Using the 20-70% ammonium sulfate fractionation method, the optimally produced enzyme was partially purified to fivefold. The partially purified alkaline protease was then covalently immobilized on a biopolymer carrier, glutaraldehyde-polyethylene-imine-κ-carrageenan (GA-PEI-Carr), with 90% immobilization efficiency. Characterizations revealed that immobilization improved thermostability, reusability, optimum temperature, and sensitivity towards metal ions of the free enzyme. The optimal temperature for free and immobilized enzymes was 40 and 50 °C, respectively. Both enzymes had the same optimum pH of 10. Immobilization increased Km from 19.73 to 26.52 mM and Vmax from 56.7 to 62.5 mmol min-1L-1. The immobilized enzyme retained 35% of its initial activity at 70 °C, while the free enzyme retained only 5%. The immobilized enzyme kept 80% of its initial activity at the 20th cycle. After 7 weeks of storage, the free enzyme lost all its initial activity, whereas the immobilized enzyme retained 50%. The free and immobilized enzymes were able to hydrolyze gelatin, and azo-casein demonstrating different relative activity, 85, 80, 90 and 95%, respectively, compared to casein (100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa I. El-Shazly
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries and Drugs Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Wahba
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries and Drugs Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Centre of Scientific Excellence-Group of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nayera A. M. Abdelwahed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries and Drugs Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer N. Shehata
- Biochemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Akram F, Fatima T, Shabbir I, Haq IU, Ibrar R, Mukhtar H. Abridgement of Microbial Esterases and Their Eminent Industrial Endeavors. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01108-7. [PMID: 38461181 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Esterases are hydrolases that contribute to the hydrolysis of ester bonds into both water-soluble acyl esters and emulsified glycerol-esters containing short-chain acyl groups. They have garnered significant attention from biotechnologists and organic chemists due to their immense commercial value. Esterases, with their diverse and significant properties, have become highly sought after for various industrial applications. Synthesized ubiquitously by a wide range of living organisms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, these enzymes have found microbial esterases to be the preferred choice in industrial settings. The cost-effective production of microbial esterases ensures higher yields, unaffected by seasonal variations. Their applications span diverse sectors, such as food manufacturing, leather tanneries, paper and pulp production, textiles, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel synthesis, bioremediation, and waste treatment. As the global trend shifts toward eco-friendly and sustainable practices, industrial processes are evolving with reduced waste generation, lower energy consumption, and the utilization of biocatalysts derived from renewable and unconventional raw materials. This review explores the background, structural characteristics, thermostability, and multifaceted roles of bacterial esterases in crucial industries, aiming to optimize and analyze their properties for continued successful utilization in diverse industrial processes. Additionally, recent advancements in esterase research are overviewed, showcasing novel techniques, innovations, and promising areas for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Taseer Fatima
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ifrah Shabbir
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramesha Ibrar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Mukhtar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Ben Hmad I, Gargouri A. Stable and effective eco-enzyme cocktails in powder and liquid form of Stachybotrys microspora used as detergent additives. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25610. [PMID: 38356555 PMCID: PMC10865333 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The present work aims to optimize fermentation parameters for the simultaneous production of eco-enzymes: proteases, amylases, and endoglucanases from the same fungus Stachybotrys microspora, and to evaluate their stability in free form and formulated in lye as detergent additives. Methods Initially, enzyme cocktail production was assayed in a medium comprising inexpensive waste biomass. Using the best substrate, we investigated the effect of its different concentrations and the NaCl concentration on the three enzymes co-production. Next, we studied the effect of several additives on the storage stability of the lyophilized enzyme cocktail (powder in liquid forms) free and incorporated in commercial laundry detergent. Finally, the washing efficiency analysis of the newly formulated enzyme cocktail was evaluated on dirty tissue pieces with different stains. Results The highest enzymatic cocktail production was achieved at 30 °C for 96 h after adding 0.1% NaCl and 1.5% wheat bran as waste biomass in the basal culture medium. The effect of adding maltodextrin, sucrose, or polyethylene glycol 4000 during freeze-drying showed that maltodextrin is the best additive to protect the activities of proteases, amylases, and cellulases of liquid and powder enzyme form. Additionally, the liquid formulation of these enzymes showed excellent stability and compatibility with 1% maltodextrin and 10% glycerol. Interestingly, we have developed a new formulation of an enzyme cocktail (liquid and powder) stable and highly compatible with detergents. Comparing the washing performance of different formulations containing our enzyme cocktail to commercial ones showed significantly better removal of different types of stains. Conclusions This research shows a cost-effective approach to simultaneously produce proteases, amylases, and endoglucanases from Stachybotrys microspora that could be considered a compatible detergent additive in the green detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ben Hmad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS) University of Sfax, B.P “1177” 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS) University of Sfax, B.P “1177” 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
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Inan Bektas K, Nalcaoğlu A, Ceylan E, Colak DN, Caglar P, Agirman S, Sivri NS, Gunes S, Kaya A, Canakci S, Belduz AO. Isolation and characterization of detergent-compatible amylase-, protease-, lipase-, and cellulase-producing bacteria. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:725-737. [PMID: 36890351 PMCID: PMC10235266 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Detergent-compatible enzymes are the new trend followed by most in the detergent industry. Cellulases, lipases, proteases, and amylases are among the enzymes frequently used in detergents. Detergent-compatible enzymes can be obtained from many organisms, but the stability, cheapness, and availability of microbial enzymes make them preferable in industrial areas. In the present study, soil samples contaminated with household waste were collected from different regions of Trabzon (Turkey) for amylase-, cellulase-, protease-, and lipase-producing bacteria. A total of 55 bacterial isolates differing in colony morphology were purified from the samples and 25 of the isolates gave positive results in enzyme screening. The enzyme screening experiments revealed that 10 isolates produced amylase, 9 produced lipase, 7 produced cellulase, and 6 produced protease. While 2 isolates showed both protease and lipase activity, for 2 different isolates cellulose and amylase activity were detected together. It was also observed that one isolate, C37PLCA, produced all four enzymes. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical analyses of the bacteria from which we obtained the enzymes were performed and species close to them were determined using 16S rRNA sequences. Based on the results obtained, our enzymes show tremendous promise for the detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadriye Inan Bektas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Aleyna Nalcaoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Esma Ceylan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Disat Nigar Colak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Pınar Caglar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sevda Agirman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Nur Sena Sivri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sueda Gunes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Alanur Kaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Canakci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ali Osman Belduz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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Pawar KS, Singh PN, Singh SK. Fungal alkaline proteases and their potential applications in different industries. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1138401. [PMID: 37065163 PMCID: PMC10098022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of various enzymes in industrial applications around the world has increased immensely. Nowadays, industries are more focused on incorporating microbial enzymes in multiple processes to avoid the hazardous effects of chemicals. Among these commercially exploited enzymes, proteases are the most abundantly used enzymes in different industries. Numerous bacterial alkaline proteases have been studied widely and are commercially available; however, fungi exhibit a broader variety of proteases than bacteria. Additionally, since fungi are often recognized as generally regarded as safe (GRAS), using them as enzyme producers is safer than using bacteria. Fungal alkaline proteases are appealing models for industrial use because of their distinct spectrum of action and enormous diversity in terms of being active under alkaline range of pH. Unlike bacteria, fungi are less studied for alkaline protease production. Moreover, group of fungi growing at alkaline pH has remained unexplored for their capability for the production of commercially valuable products that are stable at alkaline pH. The current review focuses on the detailed classification of proteases, the production of alkaline proteases from different fungi by fermentation (submerged and solid–state), and their potential applications in detergent, leather, food, pharmaceutical industries along with their important role in silk degumming, waste management and silver recovery processes. Furthermore, the promising role of alkali–tolerant and alkaliphilic fungi in enzyme production has been discussed briefly. This will highlight the need for more research on fungi growing at alkaline pH and their biotechnological potential.
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Archaea as a Model System for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010114. [PMID: 36671499 PMCID: PMC9855744 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaea represents the third domain of life, displaying a closer relationship with eukaryotes than bacteria. These microorganisms are valuable model systems for molecular biology and biotechnology. In fact, nowadays, methanogens, halophiles, thermophilic euryarchaeota, and crenarchaeota are the four groups of archaea for which genetic systems have been well established, making them suitable as model systems and allowing for the increasing study of archaeal genes' functions. Furthermore, thermophiles are used to explore several aspects of archaeal biology, such as stress responses, DNA replication and repair, transcription, translation and its regulation mechanisms, CRISPR systems, and carbon and energy metabolism. Extremophilic archaea also represent a valuable source of new biomolecules for biological and biotechnological applications, and there is growing interest in the development of engineered strains. In this review, we report on some of the most important aspects of the use of archaea as a model system for genetic evolution, the development of genetic tools, and their application for the elucidation of the basal molecular mechanisms in this domain of life. Furthermore, an overview on the discovery of new enzymes of biotechnological interest from archaea thriving in extreme environments is reported.
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Hossain TJ, Das M, Ali F, Chowdhury SI, Zedny SA. Substrate preferences, phylogenetic and biochemical properties of proteolytic bacteria present in the digestive tract of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). AIMS Microbiol 2022; 7:528-545. [PMID: 35071947 PMCID: PMC8712536 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate intestine appears to be an excellent source of proteolytic bacteria for industrial and probiotic use. We therefore aimed at obtaining the gut-associated proteolytic species of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We have isolated twenty six bacterial strains from its intestinal tract, seven of which showed exoprotease activity with the formation of clear halos on skim milk. Their depolymerization ability was further assessed on three distinct proteins including casein, gelatin, and albumin. All the isolates could successfully hydrolyze the three substrates indicating relatively broad specificity of their secreted proteases. Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the proteolytic isolates were determined based on their 16S rRNA gene barcoding, which suggested that the seven strains belong to three phyla viz. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, distributed across the genera Priestia, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia, Providencia, and Micrococcus. The isolates were further characterized by a comprehensive study of their morphological, cultural, cellular and biochemical properties which were consistent with the phylogenetic annotations. To reveal their proteolytic capacity alongside substrate preferences, enzyme-production was determined by the diffusion assay. The Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Micrococcus isolates appeared to be most promising with maximum protease production on casein, gelatin, and albumin media respectively. Our findings present valuable insights into the phylogenetic and biochemical properties of gut-associated proteolytic strains of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanim Jabid Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mukta Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdausi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Islam Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Subrina Akter Zedny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.,Biochemistry and Pathogenesis of Microbes Research Group, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
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Naeem M, Manzoor S, Abid MUH, Tareen MBK, Asad M, Mushtaq S, Ehsan N, Amna D, Xu B, Hazafa A. Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020109. [PMID: 35205863 PMCID: PMC8875690 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing world population, demand for industrialization has also increased to fulfill humans' living standards. Fungi are considered a source of essential constituents to produce the biocatalytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, lipases, and cellulases that contain broad-spectrum industrial and emerging applications. The present review discussed the origin, nature, mechanism of action, emerging aspects of genetic engineering for designing novel proteases, genome editing of fungal strains through CRISPR technology, present challenges and future recommendations of fungal proteases. The emerging evidence revealed that fungal proteases show a protective role to many environmental exposures and discovered that an imbalance of protease inhibitors and proteases in the epithelial barriers leads to the protection of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Moreover, mitoproteases recently were found to execute intense proteolytic processes that are crucial for mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. The emerging evidence revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 technology had been successfully developed in various filamentous fungi and higher fungi for editing of specific genes. In addition to medical importance, fungal proteases are extensively used in different industries such as foods to prepare butter, fruits, juices, and cheese, and to increase their shelf life. It is concluded that hydrolysis of proteins in industries is one of the most significant applications of fungal enzymes that led to massive usage of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050025, China;
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Mirza Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Ehsan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Dua Amna
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University (BNU-HKBU) United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
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Enzymatic Bioprospecting of Fungi Isolated from a Tropical Rainforest in Mexico. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010022. [PMID: 35049962 PMCID: PMC8780421 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The humid tropical environment provides an ideal place for developing a high diversity of plants; this is why it is an interesting site for the enzymatic bioprospecting of fungi that are responsible for the recycling of organic matter in an efficient and accelerated way and whose enzymes could have multiple biotechnological applications. For this study, 1250 isolates of macroscopic and microscopic fungal morphotypes were collected from soil, leaf litter, and wood. One hundred and fifty strains (50 from each source) were selected for the enzymatic screening. From the first phase, 51 strains with positive activity for laccase, protease, amylase, xylanase, and lipase enzymes were evaluated, of which 20 were isolated from leaf litter, 18 from the soil, and 13 from wood. The 10 best strains were selected for the enzymatic quantification, considering the potency index and the production of at least two enzymes. High laccase activity was detected for Trametes villosa FE35 and Marasmius sp. CE25 (1179 and 710.66 U/mg, respectively), while Daedalea flavida PE47 showed laccase (521.85 U/mg) and protease activities (80.66 U/mg). Fusarium spp. PH79 and FS400 strains had amylase (14.0 U/mg, 49.23 U/mg) and xylanase activities (40.05 U/mg, 36.03 U/mg) respectively. These results confirm the enzymatic potential of fungi that inhabit little-explored tropical rainforests with applications in industry.
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Damare S, Mishra A, D'Souza-Ticlo-Diniz D, Krishnaswamy A, Raghukumar C. A deep-sea hydrogen peroxide-stable alkaline serine protease from Aspergillus flavus. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:528. [PMID: 33214975 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the production of an alkaline serine protease by Aspergillus flavus isolated at 5600-m depth from deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Basin. When grown on defatted groundnut oil meal at 30 °C for 48-72 h, this fungal isolate produced 2000-2500 ACU mL-1 of alkaline protease. The purified protease had activity optima at pH 10.0 and 45 °C. It was a thiol-independent serine protease, identified as an alkaline serine protease ALP1 with a molecular mass of 42.57 kDa. The thermostability and activity of the enzyme increased at 60 °C, in the presence of additives such as sucrose, Tween 20, sorbitol, Ca2+ and glycerol and was not adversely affected by H2O2 indicating its potential as a detergent additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Damare
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004 India
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403 206 India
| | - Donna D'Souza-Ticlo-Diniz
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004 India
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology, SVKM's Mithibai College of Arts, Chauhan Institute of Science and Amrutben Jivanlal College of Commerce and Economics, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, India
| | - Akhila Krishnaswamy
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004 India
| | - Chandralata Raghukumar
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004 India
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Niyonzima FN. Detergent-compatible fungal cellulases. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 66:25-40. [PMID: 33184763 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detergent enzymes are currently added to all powder and liquid detergents that are manufactured. Cellulases, lipases, amylases, and proteases are used in the detergency to replace toxic phosphates and silicates and to reduce high energy consumption. This makes the use of enzymes in detergent formulation cost effective. Fungi are producers of important extracellular enzymes for industrial use. The fungal and bacterial cellulases maintain the shape and color of the washed garments. There is a high demand for cellulases at the market by detergent industries. With this high demand, genetic engineering has been a solution due to its high production of detergent-compatible cellulases. Fungi are the famous source for detergent-compatible cellulases production, but still, there is a lack of the cost-effective process of alkaline fungal cellulase production. Review papers on detergent-compatible bacterial cellulase and amylase and detergent-compatible fungal and bacterial proteases and lipases are available, but there is no review on detergent fungal cellulases. This review aims to highlight the production, properties, stability, and compatibility of fungal cellulases. It will help other academic and industrial researchers to study, produce, and commercialize the fungal cellulases with good aspects.
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de Lima EE, Franco DG, Galeano RMS, Guimarães NCDA, Masui DC, Giannesi GC, Zanoelo FF. Biochemical characterization of a partially purified protease from Aspergillus terreus 7461 and its application as an environmentally friendly dehairing agent for leather industry. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:320-330. [PMID: 32903132 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1815058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteases can be used in several biotechnological processes including detergent, food and leather industries. In the leather industry, dehairing is carried out by chemicals, which pollute the environment. Therefore, to make the hair removal process environmentally friendly, a protease produced by Aspergillus terreus has been purified, biochemically characterized and had an efficient ability to remove hair from bovine leather. The protease was produced using 1% wheat bran and was purified 2.3-fold using two chromatographic steps showing a molecular weight of 90 kDa. Optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 6.5, respectively. Thermal stability was up to 1 h at 50 °C. Protease was stable to detergents like Tween 80 and to organic solvents. The activity was activated by Ca2+ and inhibited by Hg2+ and Cu2+. The enzyme was classified as serine protease, by the inhibition by PMSF and was stable to reducing agents. It hydrolyzed casein, azocasein, BSA, egg albumin and BTpNA. The Km and Vmax values were 0.65 ± 0.03 mg/mL and 3.66 ± 0.18 μmol/min, respectively. Remarkable properties about temperature, pH, stability to detergents and reducing agents ensure that the protease from A. terreus can be an excellent candidate for industrial applications, particularly in the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmly Ernesto de Lima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerra Franco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mattos Silva Galeano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Chodi Masui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Cristina Giannesi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fonseca Zanoelo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microorganisms - Bioscience Institute (InBio), Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul/UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Pathak AP, Rathod MG, Mahabole MP, Khairnar RS. Enhanced catalytic activity of Bacillus aryabhattai P1 protease by modulation with nanoactivator. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04053. [PMID: 32529068 PMCID: PMC7276444 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing area of modern nanobiotechnology, the research is being focused on enhancement of catalytic performance in terms of efficiency and stability of enzymes to fulfill the industrial demand. In the context of this interdisciplinary era, we isolated and identified alkaline protease producer Bacillus aryabhattai P1 by polyphasic approach and then followed one variable at a time approach to optimize protease production from P1. The modified components of fermentation medium (g/L) were wheat bran 10, soybean flour 10, yeast extract 5, NaCl 10, KH2PO4 1, K2HPO4 1 and MgSO4·7H2O 0.2 (pH 9). The optimum alkaline protease production from P1 was recorded 75 ± 3 U/mg at 35 °C and pH 9 after 96 h of fermentation period. Molecular weight of partially purified P1 alkaline protease was 26 KDa as revealed by SDS-PAGE. Calcium based nanoceramic material was prepared by wet chemical precipitation method and doped in native P1 protease for catalytic activity enhancement. Catalytic activity of modified P1 protease was attained by nanoactivator mediated modulation was more by 5.58 fold at pH 10 and 30 °C temperature. The nanoceramic material named as nanoactivator, with grain size of 40–60 nm was suitable to redesign the active site of P1 protease. Such types of modified proteases can be used in different nanobiotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama P Pathak
- School of Life Sciences (DST-FIST Phase-I & UGC-SAP DRS-II Sponsored School), Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukundraj G Rathod
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics (U.G. & P.G.), Yeshwant College of Information Technology (BT & BI) Parbhani (affiliated to S.R.T.M. University, Nanded), Maharashtra, India
| | - Megha P Mahabole
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajendra S Khairnar
- School of Physical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India
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Optimization of media composition and growth conditions for production of milk-clotting protease (MCP) from Aspergillus oryzae DRDFS13 under solid-state fermentation. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:571-584. [PMID: 32212055 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the optimization of milk-clotting protease production from Aspergillus oryzae DRDFS13 under solid-state fermentation (SSF) in both one-variable-at-a-time and response surface methodology (RSM). The production and optimization of milk-clotting protease obtained from Aspergillus oryzae DRDFS13 under solid-state fermentation (SSF) using different agro-industrial wastes as solid substrates were studied. The agro-industrial wastes used included wheat bran, rice bran, pea bran, and grass pea bran. The chemical composition of the best solid substrate was tested using standard methods. Others cultivation parameters were studied, and the results showed that the optimum fermentation medium composed of wheat bran, casein (1% w/w), and glucose (0.5% w/w) and the conditions for maximum milk-clotting protease production were at the moisture content of 55.0%, inoculum of 0.5*106 spores/mL, incubation temperature of 30 °C, pH of 6.0, and fermentation time of 5 days. The highest milk-clotting activity was obtained from the crude enzyme extracted using 0.1 M NaCl and partial purification of the crude enzyme using chilled acetone, and 80% (NH4)2SO4 increased the ratio of MCA/PA from 0.56 to 1.30 and 0.65, respectively. Moreover, the highest MCA (137.58 U/mL) was obtained at a casein concentration of 0.5%, pH 4.0, and 25 °C, using RSM. Thus, results from the present study showed that the optimization of milk-clotting protease production from A. oryzae DRDFS 13 under SSF by both one-variable-at-a-time and RSM significantly increased the milk-clotting activity. This is the first report from a fungus in the Ethiopian setting and a modest contribution to highlight the potential of harnessing microbial protease enzymes for industrial applications.
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Abu-Tahon MA, Arafat HH, Isaac GS. Laundry Detergent Compatibility and Dehairing Efficiency of Alkaline Thermostable Protease Produced from Aspergillus terreus under Solid-state Fermentation. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:241-254. [PMID: 32115548 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus was chosen for production of alkaline protease using solid-state fermentation (SSF). The maximum enzyme yield reached about 34.87 U/mg protein after optimization of fermentation parameters. The produced alkaline protease was purified by precipitation with iso-propanol and then purified through gel filtration and ion exchange column chromatography with a yield of 53.58% and 5.09- fold purification. The enzyme has shown to have a molecular weight of 35 kDa. Optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were 9.5 and 50°C respectively. The highest activity was reported towards casein, with an apparent Km value of 6.66 mg/mL and Vmax was 30 U/mL. The enzyme activity was greatly repressed by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) caused activation in enzyme activity. The enzyme retained about 83.8, 70.6, 74.5, 76.4 and 66.4% of its original activity after incubation with Aerial, Leader, Oxi, Persil and Tide, respectively for 8 h at 60°C. Adding of the enzyme in detergents improved the cleansing performance to the blood stains and suggested to be used as a detergent additive. Our outcomes showed that protease could be used as environment green-approach in dehairing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhat Ahmed Abu-Tahon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Northern Border University.,Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University
| | - Hussam Hassan Arafat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Northern Border University.,Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University
| | - George Saad Isaac
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University
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Ibrahim ASS, Elbadawi YB, El-Tayeb MA, Al-Maary KS, Maany DAF, Ibrahim SSS, Elagib AA. Alkaline serine protease from the new halotolerant alkaliphilic Salipaludibacillus agaradhaerens strain AK-R: purification and properties. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:391. [PMID: 31656729 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the purification and characterization of an alkaline protease from the alkaliphilic Salipaludibacillus agaradhaerens (formerly Bacillus agaradhaerens) strain AK-R, which was previously isolated from Egyptian soda lakes. The purification procedures resulted in enzyme purification up to 13.3-fold, with a recovery yield of 16.3% and a specific activity of 3488 U/mg protein. AK-R protease was a monomeric protein with an estimated molecular weight of 33.0 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for AK-R protease were pH 10 and 60 °C, respectively. The enzyme thermostability was significantly enhanced in the presence of CaCl2 by approximately 1.3-fold. Moreover, under optimal conditions, the K m and V max values of the enzyme were 2.63 mg/ml and 4166.7 U/mg, respectively. PMSF caused complete inhibition of the enzyme activity, suggesting that AK-R belongs to the serine protease family. In addition, the enzyme was completely inhibited by EDTA, revealing the requirement of metal ions for AK-R protease activity; hence, it can be classified as a metalloprotease. AK-R protease is a mostly thiol-independent enzyme, since thiol reductants such as β-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol had no effect on the enzyme activity. AK-R protease exhibited high stability in several organic solvents, including butanol, amyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, toluene, diethyl ether and methanol. Moreover, AK-R protease showed significant stability to a variety of surfactants and commercial detergents. The features and properties of AK-R alkaline protease are favourable and suggest its potential applications in various industries, particularly in the laundry detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser S S Ibrahim
- 1Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, 12311 Egypt
- 2Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya B Elbadawi
- 2Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A El-Tayeb
- 2Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Al-Maary
- 2Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Abdel Fattah Maany
- 1Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, 12311 Egypt
| | - Shebl Salah S Ibrahim
- 3Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif A Elagib
- 4Tropical Medicine Research Institute, PO Box 1304, Khartoum, Sudan
- 5National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
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Omrane Benmrad M, Mechri S, Zaraî Jaouadi N, Ben Elhoul M, Rekik H, Sayadi S, Bejar S, Kechaou N, Jaouadi B. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable protease from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju strain CTM10057 with industrial interest. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:43. [PMID: 31262286 PMCID: PMC6604391 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze peptide linkage cleavage reactions at the level of proteins and peptides with different degrees of specificity. This group draws the attention of industry. More than one protease in three is a serine protease. Classically, they are active at neutral to alkaline pH. The serine proteases are researched for industrial uses, especially detergents. They are the most commercially available enzyme group in the world market. Overall, fungi produced extracellular proteases, easily separated from mycelium by filtration. RESULTS A new basidiomycete fungus CTM10057, a hyperproducer of a novel protease (10,500 U/mL), was identified as Pleurotus sajor-caju (oyster mushroom). The enzyme, called SPPS, was purified to homogeneity by heat-treatment (80 °C for 20 min) followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation (35-55%)-dialysis, then UNO Q-6 FPLC ion-exchange chromatography and finally HPLC-ZORBAX PSM 300 HPSEC gel filtration chromatography, and submitted to biochemical characterization assays. The molecular mass was estimated to be 65 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Native-PAGE, casein-zymography, and size exclusion by HPLC. A high homology with mushroom proteases was displayed by the first 26 amino-acid residues of the NH2-terminal aminoacid sequence. Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diiodopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP) strongly inhibit SPPS, revealing that it is a member of the serine-proteases family. The pH and temperature optima were 9.5 and 70 °C, respectively. Interestingly, SPPS possesses the most elevated hydrolysis level and catalytic efficiency in comparison with SPTC, Flavourzyme® 500 L, and Thermolysin type X proteases. More remarkably, a high tolerance towards organic solvent tolerance was exhibited by SPPS, together with considerable detergent stability compared to the commercial proteases Thermolysin type X and Flavourzyme® 500 L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This proves the excellent proprieties characterizing SPPS, making it a potential candidate for industrial applications especially detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Omrane Benmrad
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Mechri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zaraî Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Elhoul
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Rekik
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses (LEBP), LMI COSYS-Med, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Samir Bejar
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Kechaou
- Research Group of Agro-Food Processing Engineering (GP2A), Laboratory of Applied Fluid Mechanics, Process Engineering and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Road of Soukra Km 4, P.O. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
- Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Sharma M, Gat Y, Arya S, Kumar V, Panghal A, Kumar A. A Review on Microbial Alkaline Protease: An Essential Tool for Various Industrial Approaches. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2018.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Yogesh Gat
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Shalini Arya
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Anil Panghal
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
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Shaikh I, Dixit P, Shaikh T. Purification and characterization of alkaline soda-bleach stable protease from Bacillus sp. APP-07 isolated from Laundromat soil. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:273-279. [PMID: 30733735 PMCID: PMC6353777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The detergent-compatible alkaline protease was produced from the bacterial strain Bacillus sp. APP-07 isolated from Laundromat soil of Solapur, Maharashtra, India. The culture was grown in 1000 ml capacity baffled flask with a working volume of 100 ml and incubated at 55 °C for 33 h on a rotary shaker. After incubation, alkaline protease was partially purified by the sequential method of acetone precipitation followed by nominal molecular weight limit (NMWL) cut-off ultrafiltration using 50 K and 10 K filters. Finally, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatographic purification was performed to obtain 3.12 fold purified alkaline protease enzyme with a 66.67% final yield. The purified enzyme showed 31907.269 units (U) of enzyme activity containing 8741.718 U/mg of specific enzyme activity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was confirmed about 33.0 kDa (kDa) by the SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified enzyme was stable at higher pH and temperature range, with an optimum pH 10.5 and temperature 55 °C. The enzyme showed excellent stability and compatibility in various detergents, surfactants, bleach, and oxidizing agents. The enzyme activity enhanced in the presence of Ca2+, Cu2+, and surfactants, whereas; the phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) completely inhibit the enzymatic activity, which pointed out that the enzyme affiliated to serine-centered metalloproteases family. In conclusion, the remarkable tolerance and stability of the enzyme explored the promising candidature for the several potential applications in the laundry detergents. The sustainability of the enzyme might serve several possible applications in the laundry detergents, leather industries, and other harsh industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.K. Shaikh
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Sub Campus, Osmanabad, India
- Deparment of Antitoxin and Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Limited, Pune, India
| | - P.P. Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Sub Campus, Osmanabad, India
| | - T.M. Shaikh
- Deparment of Antitoxin and Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Limited, Pune, India
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Thermodynamics of a Ca2+ dependent, highly thermostable and detergent compatible purified alkaline serine protease from Nocardiopsis xinjiangensis strain OM-6. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:565-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Gulmez C, Atakisi O, Dalginli KY, Atakisi E. A novel detergent additive: Organic solvent- and thermo-alkaline-stable recombinant subtilisin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:436-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Production, purification and characterization of fibrinolytic enzyme from Serratia sp. KG-2-1 using optimized media. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:184. [PMID: 28664371 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis is one of the major causes of variety of cardiovascular disorders leading to high mortality worldwide. Fibrinolytic enzymes from microbial sources possess ability to dissolve these clots and help to circumvent these problems in more efficient and safer way. In the present study, fibrinolytic protease with higher fibrinolytic activity than plasmin was obtained from Serratia sp. KG-2-1 isolated from garbage dump soil. Response surface methodology was used to study the interactive effect of concentration of maltose, yeast extract + peptone (1:1), incubation time, and pH on enzyme production and biomass. Maximum enzyme production was achieved at 33 °C after 24 h at neutral pH in media containing 1.5% Maltose, 4.0% yeast extract + peptone and other trace elements resulting in 1.82 folds increased production. The enzyme was purified from crude extract using ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography resulting in 12.9 fold purification with 14.9% yield. The purified enzyme belongs to metalloprotease class and had optimal activity in conditions similar to physiological environment with temperature optima of 40 °C and pH optima of 8. The enzyme was found to be stable in various solvents and its activity was enhanced in presence of Na+, K+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Hg2+ but inhibited by Ca2+ and Fe3+. Hence, the obtained enzyme may be used as potential therapeutic agent in combating various thrombolytic disorders.
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Jakovljević VD, Vrvić MM. Penicillium verrucosum as promising candidate for bioremediation of environment contaminated with synthetic detergent at high concentration. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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More SS, Swamy R, Mohan N, Navyashree M, Janardhan B, Niyonzima FN. Purification and Characterization of Anti-cancer l-Glutaminase of Bacillus cereus Strain LC13. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-016-0808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jakovljević VD, Vrvić MM. Potential of pure and mixed cultures of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Geotrichum candidum for application in bioremediation and detergent industry. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:529-536. [PMID: 29686515 PMCID: PMC5910629 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ethoxylated oleyl–cetyl alcohol (Henkel, “Merima”, Serbia) on the growth and metabolic activity of Cladosporium cladosporioides, Geotrichum candidum and their mixed culture was in the focus of this paper. The cultures were grown in Czapek-Dox liquid nutrient medium with the addition of 0.5% pollutant and without it. The physico-chemical and biochemical changes of pH, the total biomass dry weight, the quantity of free and total organic acids, proteolytic activity and the quality of carbohydrates were evaluated from 4th to 19th day of fungal growth. The pollutant caused an inhibitory effect on biomass dry weight of C. cladosporioides and G. candidum for 10.36% and 4.65% respectively, and stimulatory effect on biomass of mixed culture for 3.80%. The pollutant had influence on the decrease in pH value of the media in the phase of culture growth, and pH changes were correlated with the amount of excreted total organic acids. The highest quantity of free and total organic acids was noted in media with pollutant of mixed culture and C. cladosporioides, respectively. The alkaline protease activities of C. cladosporioides, G. candidum and mixed culture were enhanced by addition of pollutant for 56.88%, 55.84% and 30.94% respectively. The obtained results indicate the potential of both pure and mixed cultures in mycoremediation environment contaminated by alcohol ethoxylated and detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta D Jakovljević
- Institute for Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miroslav M Vrvić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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da Silva OS, de Oliveira RL, Souza-Motta CM, Porto ALF, Porto TS. Novel Protease from <i>Aspergillus tamarii</i> URM4634: Production and Characterization Using Inexpensive Agroindustrial Substrates by Solid-State Fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aer.2016.44012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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