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Matros A, Menz P, Gill AR, Santoscoy A, Dawson T, Seiffert U, Burton RA. Non-invasive assessment of cultivar and sex of Cannabis sativa L. by means of hyperspectral measurement. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:258-274. [PMID: 37822731 PMCID: PMC10564378 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a versatile crop attracting increasing attention for food, fiber, and medical uses. As a dioecious species, males and females are visually indistinguishable during early growth. For seed or cannabinoid production, a higher number of female plants is economically advantageous. Currently, sex determination is labor-intensive and costly. Instead, we used rapid and non-destructive hyperspectral measurement, an emerging means of assessing plant physiological status, to reliably differentiate males and females. One industrial hemp (low tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) cultivar was pre-grown in trays before transfer to the field in control soil. Reflectance spectra were acquired from leaves during flowering and machine learning algorithms applied allowed sex classification, which was best using a radial basis function (RBF) network. Eight industrial hemp (low THC) cultivars were field grown on fertilized and control soil. Reflectance spectra were acquired from leaves at early development when the plants of all cultivars had developed between four and six leaf pairs and in three cases only flower buds were visible (start of flowering). Machine learning algorithms were applied, allowing sex classification, differentiation of cultivars and fertilizer regime, again with best results for RBF networks. Differentiating nutrient status and varietal identity is feasible with high prediction accuracy. Sex classification was error-free at flowering but less accurate (between 60% and 87%) when using spectra from leaves at early growth stages. This was influenced by both cultivar and soil conditions, reflecting developmental differences between cultivars related to nutritional status. Hyperspectral measurement combined with machine learning algorithms is valuable for non-invasive assessment of C. sativa cultivar and sex. This approach can potentially improve regulatory security and productivity of cannabis farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matros
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Compolytics GmbHBarlebenSaxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Patrick Menz
- Biosystems EngineeringFraunhofer IFFMagdeburgGermany
| | - Alison R. Gill
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Tim Dawson
- Australian Hemp Seed CompanyGawlerSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Biosystems EngineeringFraunhofer IFFMagdeburgGermany
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research InstituteUniversity of AdelaideUrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Compolytics GmbHBarlebenSaxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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You J, Li H, Wang Q, Xu F, Lin S, Wang X, Huang S, Sheng Y, Zhu B, Zhang Q, Meng X, Qin L. Establishment of Male and Female Eucommia Fingerprints by UPLC Combined with OPLS-DA Model and Its Application. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201054. [PMID: 36790137 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver is a dioecious plant, which plays an important role in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there has not yet been any research on male and female E. ulmoides. The UPLC fingerprints and OPLS-DA approach were able to quickly and easily identify and quantify E. ulmoides and differentiate between the male and female fingerprints. In this study, we optimized the UPLC conditions and analyzed them to investigate fingerprints of twenty-four extracts of Eucommiae Cortex (EC) and twenty-four extracts of Eucommiae Folium (EF) under optimal conditions. It was demonstrated that thirteen and twelve substances were possible chemical markers for EC and EF male and female discrimination and that the level of these markers - chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid - was many times higher in male than in female. This approach offered a reference for quality control and precise treatment of male and female E. ulmoides in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling You
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Fanjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Shangwei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Shen Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yunjie Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiongyu Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Luping Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
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Dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants do not express significant sexually dimorphic morphology in the seedling stage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16825. [PMID: 34413374 PMCID: PMC8376874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some economically important crop species are dioecious, producing pollen and ovules on distinct, unisexual, individuals. On-the-spot diagnosis of sex is important to breeders and farmers for crop improvement and maximizing yield, yet diagnostic tools at the seedling stage are understudied and lack a scientific basis. Understanding sexual dimorphism in juvenile plants may provide key ecological, evolutionary and economic insights into dioecious plant species in addition to improving the process of crop cultivation. To address this gap in the literature, we asked: can we reliably differentiate males, females, and co-sexual individuals based on seedling morphology in Cannabis sativa, and do the traits used to distinguish sex at this stage vary between genotypes? To answer these questions, we collected data on phenotypic traits of 112 C. sativa plants (50 female, 52 male, 10 co-sexuals) from two hemp cultivars (CFX-1, CFX-2) during the second week of vegetative growth and used ANOVAs to compare morphology among sexes. We found males grew significantly longer hypocotyls than females by week 2, but this difference depended on the cultivar investigated. Preliminary evidence suggests that co-sexual plants may be distinguished from male and female plants using short hypocotyl length and seedling height, although this relationship requires more study since sample sizes of co-sexual plants were small. In one of the cultivars, two-week old male plants tend to produce longer hypocotyls than other plants, which may help to identify these plants prior to anthesis. We call for increased research effort on co-sexual plants, given their heavy economic cost in industrial contexts and rare mention in the literature. Our preliminary data suggests that short hypocotyl length may be an indicator of co-sexuality. These results are the first steps towards developing diagnostic tools for predicting sex using vegetative morphology in dioecious species and understanding how sexual dimorphism influences phenotype preceding sexual maturity.
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El-Din Solliman M, Mohasseb HAA, Al-Khateeb AA, Al-Khateeb SA, Chowdhury K, El-Shemy HA, Aldaej MI. Identification and sequencing of Date-SRY Gene: A novel tool for sex determination of date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.). Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 26:514-523. [PMID: 30899166 PMCID: PMC6410340 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioecism has always been an issue in many plant species with its numerous disadvantages, especially in woody trees such as date palms. As one of the most important crops in the Middle Eastern countries, researchers are having problems identifying of sex of the plant in its early stages of development. Hence, proper population stands in the male: female ratio for maintenance is almost impossible in the field for better production. In this study, sex determination of date palm (Phoenix dactilyfera L.) were identified in regions of the Y chromosome (Date-SRY) gene, the pivotal gene that initiates sex determination, using a new technique and thus an economically desirable objective, which will significantly impact profits in seed based cultivations. Partial sequences of the Date-SRY were taken and amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). According to the results, the exact sex of date palm was identified in all the tested plants, while amplified regions of the Date-SRY gene closely matched with the human and papaya sequences. In addition, a primer pair was designed to amplify the sequences of the SRY-date gene with confidence that it will identify male date palms. These primer sequences include SRY-date Forward 5'- cggccctctaagtatctgtgcgcaacg-3' (SRY-date F) and the SRY-date Reverse 5'- gtttgcacttcgaagcagag-3' (SRY-date R). The complete sequence of the DNA has been registered and deposited in GenBank (BankIt1598036 DPSRY1 KC577225 thenKJ873056).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohei El-Din Solliman
- Plant Biotechnology Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullatif A Al-Khateeb
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman A Al-Khateeb
- Environment and Natural Resources Department, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Alhassa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Chowdhury
- Biology Department, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC 29115, USA
| | - Hany A El-Shemy
- Cairo University Research Park (CURP) and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohammed I Aldaej
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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