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Bao G, Ashraf U, Li L, Qiao J, Wang C, Zheng Y. Transcription Factor OsbZIP60-like Regulating OsP5CS1 Gene and 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) Biosynthesis in Aromatic Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:49. [PMID: 38202357 PMCID: PMC10780308 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The most important volatile in determining the aroma of fragrant rice is 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP); however, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice is still unclear. In this study, Osp5cs1 knockout mutant lines and OsP5CS1 over-expression lines were constructed by the genetic transformation of the Indica rice cultivar, i.e., 'Zhonghua11', which knocks out OsBADH2 to produce fragrance in aromatic rice. The OsP5CS1 gene was also identified as a key gene in the 2-AP biosynthesis pathway of aromatic rice. The OsP5CS1 promoter was used as bait, and the OsbZIP60-like transcription factor was screened by yeast one-hybrid assays. The OsbZIP60-like transcription factor specifically bound to the OsP5CS1 gene. The dual luciferase reporting system found that the OsbZIP60-like transcription factor promoted the transcriptional activation of OsP5CS1. Compared with the wild type, OsP5CS1 gene expression was significantly down-regulated in the Osbzip60-like mutant and resulted in a substantial reduction in 2-AP biosynthesis. Moreover, the OsP5CS1 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in OsbZIP60-like over-expressed plants, and the 2-AP concentrations were also increased, whereas the Osbzip60-like mutants were found to be sensitive to Zn deficiency. Overall, the OsbZIP60-like transcription factor promoted the 2-AP accumulation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the transcriptional regulation mechanism of 2-AP biosynthesis and explores the function of the OsbZIP transcription factor in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.)
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Lin Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.)
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Jingxuan Qiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (L.L.); (J.Q.)
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Chunling Wang
- College of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China;
| | - Yixiong Zheng
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
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Zehra A, Dhondge HV, Barvkar VT, Singh SK, Nadaf AB. Evidence of polyamines mediated 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in aromatic rice rhizospheric fungal species Aspergillus niger. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3073-3083. [PMID: 37702923 PMCID: PMC10689589 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere soil of aromatic rice inhabits different fungal species that produce many bioactive metabolites including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). The mechanism for the biosynthesis of 2AP in the fungal system is still elusive. Hence, the present study investigates the role of possible nitrogen (N) precursors such as some amino acids and polyamines as well as the enzymes involved in 2AP synthesis in the fungal species isolated from the rhizosphere of aromatic rice varieties. Three fungal isolates were found to synthesize 2AP (0.32-1.07 ppm) and maximum 2AP was synthesized by Aspergillus niger (1.07 ppm) isolated from rhizosphere of Dehradun Basmati (DB). To determine the N source for 2AP synthesis, various N sources such as proline, glutamate, ornithine putrescine, spermine, and spermidine were used in place of putrescine in the synthetic medium (Syn18). The results showed that maximum 2AP synthesis was found with putrescine (1.07 ppm) followed by spermidine (0.89 ppm) and spermine (0.84 ppm). Further, LC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed the mobilization of spermine and spermidine into the putrescine, indicating that putrescine is the key N source for 2AP synthesis. Moreover, higher enzyme activity of DAO, PAO, and ODC as well as higher content of methylglyoxal metabolite in the A. niger NFCCI 5060 as compared to A. niger NFCCI 4064 (control) suggests the prominent role of these enzymes in the synthesis of 2AP. In conclusion, this study showed evidence of the polyamines mediated 2AP biosynthesis in A. niger NFCCI 5060.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Harshal V Dhondge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India
| | - Altafhusain B Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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Ghosh P, Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A. Dissecting the biochemical and molecular-genetic regulation of diverse metabolic pathways governing aroma formation in indigenous aromatic indica rice varieties. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2479-2500. [PMID: 36602705 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic rice is characterized by its distinct flavor and fragrance, imparted by more than 200 volatile organic compounds. The desirable trait of aroma relies on the type of the variety, with some varieties exhibiting considerably higher aroma content. This prompted us to undergo an exhaustive study of the aroma-associated biochemical pathways and expression of related genes, encoding the enzymes involved in those pathways in indigenous aromatic rice cultivars. METHODS AND RESULTS The higher aroma level in aromatic rice varieties was attributed to higher transcript levels of PDH, P5CS, OAT, ODC, DAO and TPI, but lower P5CDH and BADH2, as revealed by comparative expression profiling of genes in 11 aromatic and four non-aromatic varieties. Some of the high-aroma containing varieties exhibited lower expression of SPDS and SPMS genes, concomitant with higher PAO expression. Protein immunoblot analyses showed lesser BADH2 protein accumulation in the aromatic varieties. The involvement of shikimate pathway in aroma formation was justified by higher levels of shikimic and ferulic acids due to higher expression of SK1, SK2 and ARD genes. The aromatic varieties exhibited higher expression of LOX3 and HPL, with higher corresponding enzyme activity, accompanied with lower accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and higher level of total terpenoids, signifying the role of oxylipin pathway and terpene-related volatiles in aroma formation. The pattern of transcript level and metabolite accumulation followed the same trend in both vegetative (seedling) and reproductive (seed) tissues. Sequence analyses revealed several mutations in the upstream region and different exons and introns of BADH2 in the examined aromatic varieties. The allele specific marker system acted as fingerprint to distinguish the selected aromatic rice varieties. The cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker established the absence of any mutation in the 14th exon of BADH2 in the aromatic varieties. CONCLUSION The present work clearly highlighted the biochemical and molecular-genetic mechanism of differential aroma levels which could be attributed to differential regulation of metabolites and genes, belonging to 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, shikimate, oxylipin and terpenoid metabolic pathways in the indigenous aromatic rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Aditya Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Discipline of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi, 110068, New Delhi, India.
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Singh A, Roychoudhury A. Salicylic acid-mediated alleviation of fluoride toxicity in rice by restricting fluoride bioaccumulation and strengthening the osmolyte, antioxidant and glyoxalase systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:25024-25036. [PMID: 34075496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the manuscript was to demonstrate the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) in abrogating the fluoride-induced oxidative damages in the susceptible rice cultivar, MTU1010. Prolonged exposure of seedlings to sodium fluoride (25 mg L-1) severely impaired growth and overall physiological parameters like germination percentage, biomass and root and shoot length and incited the formation of hydrogen peroxide that enhanced electrolyte leakage, formation of cytotoxic products like malondialdehyde and methylglyoxal and lipoxygenase activity. Exogenous application of SA (0.5 mM) enhanced the endogenous level of SA that restored the chlorophyll content and catalase activity and further escalated the activity of other enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase), formation of non-enzymatic antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, ascorbate and reduced glutathione) and osmolytes (proline, amino acids and glycine betaine) that cumulatively maintained the integrity of membrane structure and homeostatic balance of the cells by scavenging the accumulated hydrogen peroxide. SA-mediated formation of proline and flavonoids was linked with the enhanced activity of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Fluoride stress enhanced the activity of enzymes like glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II which were further aggravated in the seedlings upon treatment with SA, effectively detoxifying the methylglyoxal formed during stress. Overall, the manuscript depicts the pivotal role played by exogenous SA in ameliorating the effects of fluoride-induced damages in the seedlings and proves its potentiality as a protective chemical against fluoride stress when applied exogenously in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India.
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Bao G, Huang S, Ashraf U, Qiao J, Zheng A, Zhou Q, Li L, Wan X. Insights of Improved Aroma under Additional Nitrogen Application at Booting Stage in Fragrant Rice. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2092. [PMID: 36421767 PMCID: PMC9691032 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant mineral nutrition substantially affects the growth, yield and quality of rice, whereas nitrogen (N) application contributes significantly in this regard. Undoubtedly, N application improves rice aroma biosynthesis; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis in the presence of nitrogen application at the booting stage has remained largely unexplored. The present study examined the effects of three N levels, i.e., 0 g per pot (N0), 0.43 g per pot (N1) and 0.86 g per pot (N2) on intermediates, enzymes and genes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, as well as on the yield of two fragrant rice cultivars viz, Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan. N was additionally applied at the booting stage. The results depicted that the levels of precursor, such as proline, and the activity of enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, such as Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and diamine oxidase (DAO), and P5CS1 gene expression were comparatively higher under N1 than N0 in both fragrant rice cultivars. Moreover, the N2 treatment increased the grain panicle-1, filled grain percentage and grain yield of both rice cultivars, while the grain yield of Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan was increased by 15.87% and 12.09%, respectively, under N2 compared to N1 treatment. Hence, 0.43 g per pot of N showed positive performances in yield and aroma accumulation in fragrant rice and should be further employed in the practice and production for better cultivation in the rice market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Suihua Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Jingxuan Qiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Axiang Zheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Prodhan ZH, Islam SA, Alam MS, Li S, Jiang M, Tan Y, Shu Q. Impact of OsBadh2 Mutations on Salt Stress Response in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2829. [PMID: 36365282 PMCID: PMC9656462 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (OsBadh2) gene resulted in aroma, which is a highly preferred grain quality attribute in rice. However, research on naturally occurring aromatic rice has revealed ambiguity and controversy regarding aroma emission, stress tolerance, and response to salinity. In this study, mutant lines of two non-aromatic varieties, Huaidao#5 (WT_HD) and Jiahua#1 (WT_JH), were generated by targeted mutagenesis of OsBadh2 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The mutant lines of both varieties became aromatic; however, WT_HD mutants exhibited an improved tolerance, while those of WT_JH showed a reduced tolerance to salt stress. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism leading to the opposite effects, comparative analyses of the physiological activities and expressions of aroma- and salinity-related genes were investigated. The WT_HD mutants had a lower mean increment rate of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutamate, and proline content, with a higher mean increment rate of γ-aminobutyric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and catalase than the WT_JH mutants. Fluctuations were also detected in the salinity-related gene expression. Thus, the response mechanism of OsBadh2 mutants is complicated where the genetic makeup of the rice variety and interactions of several genes are involved, which requires more in-depth research to explore the possibility of producing highly tolerant aromatic rice genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria H. Prodhan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
| | - Shah A. Islam
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad S. Alam
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, The Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Singh A, Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A. Fluoride tolerance in rice is negatively regulated by the 'stress-phytohormone' abscisic acid (ABA), but promoted by ABA-antagonist growth regulators, melatonin, and gibberellic acid. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1331-1350. [PMID: 35084591 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present manuscript aimed at investigating whether abscisic acid (ABA) promotes fluoride tolerance, similar to inciting salt adaptation in rice. Seeds of three salt-tolerant rice genotypes were maintained at 32 °C under 16/8 h light/dark photoperiodic cycle with 700 μmol photons m-2 s-1 intensity and 50% relative humidity in a plant growth chamber for 20 days. Suppressed ABA biosynthesis, and downregulated expression of ABA-inducible genes like Rab16A, Osem, and TRAB1 triggered NaCl-induced growth inhibition and physiological injuries like chlorophyll degradation, electrolyte leakage, formation of H2O2, malondialdehyde, and methylglyoxal in Matla. Reduced ABA accumulation increased the levels of melatonin and gibberellic acid in NaF (50 mg L-1)-stressed Nonabokra and Matla, which altogether promoted fluoride tolerance. Higher ABA content in NaF-stressed Jarava stimulated fluoride uptake via chloride channels, thus exhibiting severe fluoride susceptibility, in spite of higher production of ABA-associated osmolytes like proline, glycine-betaine and polyamines via the concerted action of genes like PDH, ADC, ODC, SAMDC, SPDS, SPMS, DAO, and PAO. Increased accumulation of compatible solutes in presence of high endogenous ABA promoted salt tolerance in Jarava; the same was insufficient to ameliorate fluoride-induced injuries in this cultivar. Treatment with ABA biosynthetic inhibitor, Na2WO4 promoted fluoride tolerance in Jarava, whereas further supplementation with exogenous ABA resulted in reversion back to fluoride-susceptible phenotype. Our work clearly established that ABA cannot always be considered as a 'universal' stress hormone as known in literature, since it acts as a negative regulator of fluoride tolerance which is more tightly regulated in rice via melatonin- and gibberellic acid-dependent pathways in ABA-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Aditya Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India.
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Imran M, Shafiq S, Ilahi S, Ghahramani A, Bao G, Dessoky ES, Widemann E, Pan S, Mo Z, Tang X. Post-transcriptional regulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis pathway, silicon, and heavy metal transporters in response to Zn in fragrant rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948884. [PMID: 36061781 PMCID: PMC9428631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) has a high economic and nutritional value, and the application of micronutrients regulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) production, which is responsible for aroma in fragrant rice. Alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism to generate transcript variability and proteome diversity in plants. However, no systematic investigation of AS events in response to micronutrients (Zn) has been performed in fragrant rice. Furthermore, the post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis is also not known. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of AS events under two gradients of Zn treatment in two different fragrant rice cultivars (Meixiangzhan-2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan) was performed based on RNA-seq analysis. A total of 386 and 598 significant AS events were found in Meixiangzhan-2 treated with low and high doses of Zn, respectively. In Xiangyaxiangzhan, a total of 449 and 598 significant AS events were found in low and high doses of Zn, respectively. Go analysis indicated that these genes were highly enriched in physiological processes, metabolism, and cellular processes in both cultivars. However, genotype and dose-dependent AS events were also detected in both cultivars. By comparing differential AS (DAS) events with differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found a weak overlap among DAS and DEGs in both fragrant rice cultivars indicating that only a few genes are post-transcriptionally regulated in response to Zn treatment. We further report that Zn differentially regulates the expression of 2-AP biosynthesis-related genes in both cultivars and Zn treatment altered the editing frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in the genes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis. Finally, we showed that epigenetic modifications associated with active gene transcription are generally enriched over 2-AP biosynthesis-related genes. Similar to the 2-AP pathway, we found that heavy metal transporters (genes related to silicon, iron, Zn and other metal transport) are also regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in response to Zn in fragrant rice. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the post-transcriptional gene regulation in fragrant rice in response to Zn treatment and highlight that the 2-AP biosynthesis pathway and heavy metal transporters may also be regulated through epigenetic modifications. These findings will serve as a cornerstone for further investigation to understand the molecular mechanisms of 2-AP biosynthesis and regulation of heavy metal transporters in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sarfraz Shafiq
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Ilahi
- Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alireza Ghahramani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eldessoky S. Dessoky
- Department of Plant Genetic Transformation, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Emilie Widemann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Luo H, Duan M, Xing P, Xie H, Tang X. Foliar application of procyanidins enhanced the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:376. [PMID: 35906561 PMCID: PMC9336028 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procyanidins is a polyphenolic compound with multiple properties. However, the application of exogenous procyanidins in crops has not been reported. Aromatic rice is a high-quality rice with a special aroma and popular with consumers. The 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is a key compound of aromatic rice aroma. In the current study, aromatic rice plants were sprayed with procyanidins solutions at 0.25 (Pr0.25), 0.50 (Pr0.50), 1.00 (Pr1.00), 2.00 (Pr2.00) g L-1, respectively and treatment sprayed with distilled water was taken as control (CK). The effects of exogenous procyanidins on growth and 2-AP biosynthesis of aromatic rice plants were explored. RESULTS Compared with CK, Pr1.00 and Pr2.00 treatments significantly increased 2-AP content by 16.67% and 37.68%, respectively. Higher proline, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C), 1-pyrroline, methylglyoxal contents, and lower γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) content were recorded in Pr1.00 and Pr2.00 treatments than CK. Compared with CK, Pr1.00 and Pr2.00 treatments significantly improved the activities of P5CS and OAT and diminished the activity of BADH. Furthermore, compared with CK, Pr1.00 and Pr2.00 treatments significantly up-regulated the transcript levels of P5CS2, P5CR, OAT, DAO4 and down-regulated the transcript levels of BADH2. Exogenous procyanidins had no substantial effects on plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of aromatic rice plants. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our findings reported the increment of 2-AP content in aromatic rice under exogenous procyanidins. Our results indicated that the application of exogenous procyanidins enhanced 2-AP biosynthesis by improving proline biosynthesis and inhibiting GABA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meiyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pipeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huifang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Renuka N, Barvkar VT, Ansari Z, Zhao C, Wang C, Zhang Y, Nadaf AB. Co-functioning of 2AP precursor amino acids enhances 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline under salt stress in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3911. [PMID: 35273240 PMCID: PMC8913698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic rice (Oryza sativa) fetches a premium price due to the pleasant aroma. The major aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) has been found to be enhanced under stress. This condition can be considered to study the genes, precursors, enzymes, and metabolites involved in elevated levels of 2AP biosynthesis. In the present study, 100 mM salt treatment was given to two aromatic rice cultivars Ambemohar-157 (A-157) and Basmati-370 (B-370) at the vegetative stage (VS3). After salt treatment, in the leaves, 2AP contents were elevated by 2.2 and 1.8 fold in A-157 and B-370, respectively. Under these elevated 2AP conditions, the precursor amino acids (glutamate, putrescine, ornithine, and proline), their related genes, enzymes, and metabolites (methylglyoxal and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related to 2AP biosynthesis were analyzed. In addition, agronomic characters were also studied. It was observed that the proline content was enhanced in both the cultivars by 29% (A-157) and 40% (B-370) as compared to control. The Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) enzyme activity was increased in salt-treated plants leaf tissue by 31% (A-157) and 40% (B-370) compared to control. The P5CS gene expression was enhanced by A-157 (1.8 fold) and B-370 (2.2 fold) compared to control, putrescine content in A-157 and B-370 decreased by 2.5 and 2.7 fold respectively as compared to control. The ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was enhanced in A-157 (12%) and B-370 (35%) over control. Further, ODC gene expression was enhanced in both the cultivars A-157 (1.5 fold) and B-370 (1.3 fold). The diamino oxidase (DAO) enzyme activity was increased by 28% (A-157) and 35% (B-370) respectively over control. The GABA content marginally increased over control in both the cultivars namely, A-157 (1.9%) and B-370 (9.5%). The methylglyoxal levels were enhanced by 1.4 fold in A-157 and 1.6 fold in B-370. Interestingly, the enhancement in 2AP in the vegetative stage also helped to accumulate it in mature grains (twofold in A-157 and 1.5 fold in B-370) without test weight penalty. The study indicated that the ornithine and proline together along with methylglyoxal contribute towards the enhancement of 2AP under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Renuka
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zahid Ansari
- The University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Rice Engineering Research Centre, National Centre for Rice Improvement (Nanjing), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Cailin Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Rice Engineering Research Centre, National Centre for Rice Improvement (Nanjing), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Rice Engineering Research Centre, National Centre for Rice Improvement (Nanjing), Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Altafhusain B Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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Luo H, Duan M, Kong L, He L, Chen Y, Wang Z, Tang X. The Regulatory Mechanism of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Biosynthesis in Fragrant Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Under Different Soil Moisture Contents. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:772728. [PMID: 34899799 PMCID: PMC8660968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is the key compound of rice aroma. However, the responses of 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice under different soil moisture and the corresponding mechanism are little known. The present study evaluated the effects of different soil moisture on 2-AP biosynthesis through a pot experiment. Four soil moisture contents, that is, 50% (SM50), 40% (SM40), 30% (SM30), and 20% (SM20), were adopted, and SM50 treatment was taken as control. The pots were weighed and watered to maintain the corresponding soil moisture content. The results showed no significant difference in growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, and plant dry weight) among all treatments. Compared with SM50, SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased 2-AP content by 32.81, 23.18, and 53.12%, respectively. Between 20 to 90% higher proline content was observed in SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments than in SM50. Enzymes including proline dehydrogenase, ornithine transaminase, and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase exhibited lower activities with soil moisture declined. Higher diamine oxidase activity was observed in SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments compared with SM50, and real-time PCR analyses showed that transcript level of DAO1 was greatly increased under low soil moisture treatments, especially in SM20 treatment. Transcript levels of PRODH, DAO2, DAO4, DAO5, OAT, P5CS1, and P5CS2 decreased or maintained in SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments compared with SM50. We deduced that low soil moisture content enhanced 2-AP biosynthesis mainly by upregulating the expression of DAO1 to promote the conversion from putrescine to 2-AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Kong
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding/Guangdong Rice Engineering Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longxin He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Bao G, Ashraf U, Wan X, Zhou Q, Li S, Wang C, He L, Tang X. Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into Foliar Zinc Application Induced Upregulation in 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Related Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanism in Fragrant Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11350-11360. [PMID: 34528806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of zinc (Zn) in terms of aroma formation has been rarely investigated. This study shows that the regulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) biosynthesis was evaluated in two different rice cultivars under foliar Zn application. The results showed that the 2AP and Zn contents in leaves and grains were improved substantially under foliar Zn application. The 2AP content was positively related to the expression P5CS2 gene, contents of proline, 1-pyrroline, and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and the activity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) under Zn application in fragrant rice. Multiple transcription factors (TFs) were differently expressed, such as bZIPs, NACs, and MYBs, to play a role under Zn treatments in fragrant rice, suggesting the crucial role of 46 differently expressed TFs in 2AP improvements in fragrant rice. Furthermore, this study showed that the optimal foliar Zn application at a concentration of 30 mg L-1 could increase the 2AP content of aromatic rice and keep the yield stable or increase the yield. TFs were involved in regulating to promote the 2AP formation in aromatic rice under the foliar Zn application. However, the relationship between 2AP biosynthesis pathway genes and TFs in fragrant rice remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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Banerjee A, Singh A, Roychoudhury A. Fluoride toxicity variably affects overall physiology and grain development in three contrasting rice genotypes, representing a potential biohazard. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40220-40232. [PMID: 32930987 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of fluoride through consumption of contaminated food grains has been regarded to be hazardous for consumer health. The current study indicated the possible occurrence of such biohazard due to fluoride bioaccumulation in rice grains and straw (cattle feed). The effects of fluoride toxicity at three stages of grain development in three rice genotypes, viz., IR-64, Gobindobhog (aromatic), and Khitish, were also studied. Irrigation with fluoride-infested water inhibited grain formation in IR-64 and reduced grain yield in Gobindobhog. Fluoride toxicity promoted seed sterility in IR-64 by triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular necrosis, suppressing genes like GIF1, DEP1, and SPL14 (positively controlling seed formation) and inducing GW2 (negatively mediating grain development). Gobindobhog showed intermediate fluoride sensitivity and accumulated high levels of proline, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolics due to the induction of genes like P5CS, ANS, and PAL in developing grains. The agronomic attributes in Khitish were unaffected by fluoride stress due to regulated fluoride uptake and high expression of GIF1, DEP1, and SPL14 along with an increased synthesis of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolics. Khitish also accumulated low ROS as a result of which lowest lipoxygenase expression (among selected cultivars) was observed in developing grains. Fluoride entry was accelerated in the straw of Khitish, possibly due to the absence of regulated uptake mechanism in dead seedlings. Furthermore, the ecological concerns regarding fluoride bioaccumulation and reduced grain yield at the varietal level were also established, based on statistical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banerjee
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700016, India.
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14
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Ghosh P, Roychoudhury A. Nutrition and antioxidant profiling in the unpolished and polished grains of eleven indigenous aromatic rice cultivars. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:548. [PMID: 33269182 PMCID: PMC7683632 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study emphasized on the yet-unexplored exhaustive analyses of nutritional and antioxidant parameters in the unpolished and polished grains of eleven indigenous aromatic rice varieties. Tulaipanji appeared to be a highly demanding variety by virtue of having sufficient levels of micronutrients like Fe, Zn and Cu (linked with higher expression of fer2, ZIP and NAS3), inorganic phosphorus, hexose sugars, total amino acids and lysine (correlated with higher expression of glutelin and RLRH1), tocopherol (due to higher HGGT expression), total phenolic content, flavonoids, anthocyanins (concomitant with higher expression of PPO, PAL and ANS), LOX activity and LOX1 gene expression, and overall higher total antioxidant capacity, particularly in the polished grains. The importance of IET-21261, with regard to higher content of phytic acid and total phosphorus (with high IPK1 expression), β-carotene (with high PSY expression) and tocopherol (with high HGGT expression), and of Kalonunia, with respect to cysteine and γ-oryzanol in the polished grains, was also significant. Lower α-amylase enzyme activity and α-amylase expression led to considerable starch accumulation, with lower sucrose content, in the unpolished grains of Radhunipagal and polished grains of Pusa Basmati-1. Paramanya registered the highest content of thiamine and TH1 expression, together with minimum methylglyoxal level (low TPI expression). Paramanya and Radhunipagal maintained a higher pool of majority of the nutritional and antioxidant components in their unpolished grains. The polished grains of all the genotypes showed strikingly lower nutritional constituents, as compared to unpolished grains. The knowledge gained from this study will largely provide a road map to the farmers and rice consumers for making proper choice of the aromatic genotypes for large-scale cultivation and dietary consumption to derive maximum nutritional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Ghosh
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal 700016 India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal 700016 India
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15
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Singh A, Roychoudhury A. Silicon-regulated antioxidant and osmolyte defense and methylglyoxal detoxification functions co-ordinately in attenuating fluoride toxicity and conferring protection to rice seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:758-769. [PMID: 32801080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this manuscript was to demonstrate the efficacy of silicon supplementation in relieving the fluoride-induced damages in rice cultivar, Khitish. The exposure of seedlings to two different concentrations of fluoride, viz., 25 and 50 mg L-1 NaF caused increase in fluoride accumulation, as a result of which the seedlings suffered severe oxidative stress, as evident from growth inhibition, reduction in seed germination, tissue biomass, root and shoot length, decline in chlorophyll content, increases in electrolyte leakage, H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content and lipoxygenase activity), protein carbonylation and protease activity. The extent of damage was more at higher fluoride concentration. Silicon amendment, irrespective of fluoride concentrations, led to large build-up of endogenous silicon level and brought considerable improvement in all the parameters examined with respect to fluoride stress. The fluoride-mediated enhancement in methylglyoxal level was lowered by silicon, because of the prominent activation of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. While the stress-mediated induction in antioxidative enzymes like GPOX, APX, SOD, GPX and GR was lowered by silicon, the inhibition in CAT activity was relieved. The antioxidative defense mechanism was also boosted up via enhanced content of total phenolics and carotenoids. However, the fluoride-mediated increase in anthocyanins, flavonoids, xanthophyll, ascorbate and reduced glutathione, and osmolytes like total amino acids, proline and glycine-betaine, were all lowered in presence of silicon, together with reduced PAL and P5CS activity. Overall, silicon reduced oxidative damages to develop fluoride-tolerant rice plants through augmentation of different antioxidant and osmolyte defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, West Bengal, India.
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16
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Differential regulation of genes co-involved in aroma production and stress amelioration during salt acclimation in indica rice cultivars. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xie W, Ashraf U, Zhong D, Lin R, Xian P, Zhao T, Feng H, Wang S, Duan M, Tang X, Mo Z. Application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen regulates aroma biochemistry in fragrant rice. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3784-3796. [PMID: 31763028 PMCID: PMC6848825 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is a key aroma compound in fragrant rice. The present study assessed the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen (N) application induced regulations in the biochemical basis of rice aroma formation. Four N levels, that is, 0, 0.87, 1.75, and 2.61 g/pot, and two GABA treatments, that is, 0 mg/L (GABA0) and 250 mg/L (GABA250), were applied to three fragrant rice cultivars, that is, Yuxiangyouzhan, Yungengyou 14, and Basmati-385. Results showed that GABA250 increased 2AP, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents by 8.44%, 10.95%, 25.70%, 11.14%, and 43.30%, respectively, under N treatments across cultivars. The GABA250 further enhanced the activities of proline dehydrogenase (PDH), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) (both at 15 days after heading (d AH), and diamine oxidase (DAO) (at maturity) by 20.36%, 11.24%, and 17.71%, respectively. Significant interaction between GABA and N for Mn, Zn, and Fe contents in grains, proline content in leaves, GABA content in leaves at 15 d AH and maturity stage (MS), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) contents in leaves at 15 d AH, and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), PDH, and OAT activities in leaves at MS was noted. Moreover, the 2AP contents in grains at MS showed a significant and positive correlation with the proline contents in the leaves at 15d AH. In conclusion, GABA250 enhanced the 2AP, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents, as well as the enzyme activities involved in 2AP biosynthesis. Exogenous GABA and N application improved the 2AP contents and nutrient uptake in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xie
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Umair Ashraf
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of BotanyDivision of Science and TechnologyUniversity of EducationLahore, PunjabPakistan
| | - Dating Zhong
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rongbin Lin
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Peiqi Xian
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tong Zhao
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huoyi Feng
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shuli Wang
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
| | - Meiyang Duan
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiangru Tang
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
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18
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Mo Z, Li Y, Nie J, He L, Pan S, Duan M, Tian H, Xiao L, Zhong K, Tang X. Nitrogen application and different water regimes at booting stage improved yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) formation in fragrant rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:74. [PMID: 31583492 PMCID: PMC6776583 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water (W) and nitrogen (N) management generally cause regulations in the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) accumulation in fragrant rice; nevertheless, the feasibility of such management strategies at booting stage in improving 2AP accumulation has not been examined in details. METHODS Field experiments were conducted in the early season (March-July) and repeated in the late season (July-November) in 2013. The treatments were applied urea (90 kg ha- 1), calcium super phosphate (90 kg ha- 1) and potassium chloride (195 kg ha- 1) as basal fertilizer, and urea (65 kg ha- 1) at tillering stage. Three N levels i.e., 0 kg N ha- 1 (N1), 30 kg N ha- 1 (N2), and 60 kg N ha- 1 (N3) and three water levels i.e., W1 treatment (well-watered treatment with water layer of 2-4 cm), W2 treatment (soil water potential was - 15 ± 5 kPa), and W3 treatment (soil water potential was - 25 ± 5 kPa) at booting stage was set up for three rice varieties i.e., Nongxiang 18, Yungengyou 14 and Basmati. The grain yield, head milled rice yield, 2AP contents and the biochemical parameters related to 2AP formation were investigated. RESULTS Result indicated that W and N dynamics regulated the grain yield, head milled rice yield, and 2AP contents in brown rice across three varieties. The N2 and N3 treatment significantly increased the 2AP contents in brown rice by 9.54% and 11.95%, and 8.88% and 32.54% in the early and the late season, respectively; improved grain yield and head milled rice yield. The W3 treatment improved grain yield, head milled rice yield and 2AP content. Significant W and N interaction effect on 2AP content in brown rice was detected, where the W3 N3 treatment showed the strongest interaction regarding improvement of 2AP contents in brown rice. The 2AP accumulation and its related biochemical parameters and their relationships in different plant tissues at different growth stages under W and N treatments had also been assessed. The 2AP content, P5C content and DAO activity during grain filling periods was highly related to the 2AP content in brown rice. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the 60 kg N ha- 1 coupled with - 25 ± 5 kPa treatment showed the best positive effects on yield and aroma in fragrant rice, suggested that water and nitrogen management at booting stage can improve grain yield and fragrance in fragrant rice. However, further study to evaluate the metabolic and molecular basis of 2AP accumulation in fragrant rice is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Agro-innovative Demonstration Base Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jun Nie
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Agro-innovative Demonstration Base Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Meiyang Duan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lizhong Xiao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Keyou Zhong
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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19
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Bao G, Ashraf U, Wang C, He L, Wei X, Zheng A, Mo Z, Tang X. Molecular basis for increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline contents under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions in fragrant rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 133:149-157. [PMID: 30409674 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting rice aroma biosynthesis have been well documented previously, however the molecular mechanism lies behind the regulations in grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) biosynthesis under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) remained largely unexplored. Present study investigated the effects of three irrigation regimes i.e., conventional irrigation (CI), alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD), and alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD) on the yield, quality traits, intermediates, enzyme activities and genes involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in two fragrant rice cultivars viz, Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan. Results revealed that the levels of intermediates such as Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and Δ1-pyrroline, and the activity of enzymes such as proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), diamine oxidase (DAO), and gene expressions of PRODH, P5CS2 and DAO were comparatively higher under AWD than CI in both aromatic rice cultivars. The levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) and BADH2 gene were lower that together led to enhanced 2-AP contents in rice grains. Moreover, WMD irrigation improved yield and yield characters, while WSD irrigation reduced yield and quality traits of rice. Overall, up-regulation of P5C and Δ1-pyrroline and down-regulation of GABA under AWD treatments resulted in enhanced 2AP biosynthesis in both rice cultivars. Evaluation and adoption of AWD (within safe limits) at field level could be an alternative option to conventional flooded rice to get better yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad-Campus, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institution of Microbiology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Wei
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Axiang Zheng
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China.
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